Abimbola, W., 188, 191, 192, 194-195
Abraham, R. C., 277
Abrahams, R. D., xxx
Abrahamsson, H., 41, 308, 329, 312
accompaniment
in panegyric, 116
action songs, 253, 300, 301, 419
Adamawa-Eastern language sub-family, 58
Adande, A., 256
Adelabu, 285
AdetoyeseLaoye I, Oba, 477
Adewa, E. A., 366
Aetiological tale, 318
African Music Society, 44, 49, 210, 231, 265, 273, 289
African oral literature, study of
history of, 378
in nineteenth century, 30, 31, 33
in twentieth century: evolutionist, 36, 38-40, 309, 310, 311, 485
diffusionist, 41-42, 45, 311, 312, 313
interest in classification, 318
American anthropologists, 44-45
South African school, 37, 42-43, 45, 46
history of with special reference to prose narratives, 42, 307, 310
relevance for comparative literature, 30, 32, 503
African society, misconceptions about, 16-17, 22-23, 24, 29, 30, 51, 52, 54-55, 56, 60, 311, 504
Afrikaans, Afrikaaner, 59, 126
Afro-Asiatic language group, 58, 60
Agni, 203
Akamba. See Kaba
Akan, 93, 102, 149, 173, 214, 216, 217, 238, 255, 274, 368, 285, 391, 393, 402, 471, 472, 473-474, 477-479, 482, 483
Akan dirges, 5, 24, 146-148, 150-151. See also elegiac poetry
Albert, E. M., 435, 436, 437, 438
allegory, 365, 433. See also parable
in Southern Bantu panegyric, 129
Alur, 358
Amazulu. See Zulu
Amandebele. See Ndebele
Ambede. See Mbeti
Ambo hunting songs, 220-223
Ambo, 220
Uncle Remus tales in, 343
American Folklore Society, 45
Anang Ibibio, 381, 396, 397, 401, 402, 418, 426, 431, 432-433
Andrzejewski, B. W., xxxi, 75, 80, 105, 205, 238, 242, 247, 248, 267, 277, 289
Angola, 345
animal stories, 117, 122, 180, 328-329, 335-338, 342, 343, 244, 353, 354, 364
proportion of exaggerated, 23, 245, 307, 344
animals
as metaphors in panegyric, 117, 122, 125, 127, 131, 133, 245
praises of, 243, 244, 245, 382
proverbs about, 337, 381-382, 385, 392, 393, 395
songs associated with, 242, 243, 244
See also animal stories; cattle; praise poetry
Ankole, 10, 68, 75, 111, 114, 115, 119, 121, 207, 455, 463
American anthropologists, xxxvi, 44, 45,
development of in relation to study of oral literature, 37, 41
antiphony, 252, 253, 254, 255, 260, 262, 446
Anya-Noa, L., 242
Anyumba. See Owuor, H.
Appiah, K. A., xxx
Armstrong, R. G., 472, 473, 475-476, 482
influence on vernacular literature, 359
scholarship, 52
Arabs, Arabia, 95, 169, 312, 489
Arewa, E. O., 383
Aranzadi, I. X., 429
Aristotle, 414
Arnett, E. J., 361
Arnott, D. W., 391, 414, 416, 417, 420, 452, 454
Arnott, K., 358
Ashanti, 84, 86, 88, 116, 207, 211, 212, 214, 277, 336, 355, 381, 382, 385, 394, 431, 434, 470, 479
Asu, 271
atabele. See Ndebele
audience
as chorus, 7, 13, 182, 238, 374, 375, 488
in drama, 488, 489, 491, 493, 498, 499, 500
participation of, 12, 263, 364, 442
for proverbs, 402
significance of in oral literature, 12, 13
in story-telling, 12-13, 308, 364, 368-369, 374, 375
See also chorus
authorship. See Individual originality; Poet
Awona, A., 110
Azande. See Zande
azmaris, 92, 98
Ba, A. Hampaté, 201
Baamilembwe. See Milembwe
babalawo, 97
Babalola, S. A., xxxv, 72, 78, 217, 218
Babemba. See Bemba
background, 9, 106, 225, 230, 231, 302
Bagaudu, Song of, 168
Bahima. See Hima
Bahunde. See Hunde
Bakoko, 525
Bakongo. See Kongo
Balandier, G., 274
Baluba. See Luba
Bambala. See Mbala
Bambara, 402, 423, 424, 428, 492
Bambuti, 358
Bamesemola, 184
Bang, D. N., 136
Bansisa, Y., 292
Bantu, 138-139, 379, 385, 390-391, 393, 402, 422, 424, 425, 426, 431, 488
panegyric, 117
Baoule. See Baule
Baraguyu, 201
Barber, Karin, xxvii, xxx, 275
Bari, 301
Bascom, W. R., xxxv, 121, 190, 191, 198, 318, 219, 327, 350, 379, 423, 427, 467
Bashi. See Shi
Basotho. See Sotho
Baule, 272
Bauman, R., xxvii
Beidelman, T. O., 201, 323-324
Beier, H. U., 112-114, 148, 173-174, 195, 196, 197, 201, 219, 220, 267, 268, 299, 300, 387, 392, 393, 427, 457, 482
Belinga, M. S. E., xxxii, 44, 97, 111, 238, 294, 375
Belmont, xxx
Bena Kanioka, 462
Ben-Amos, Dan, xxvii, xxx, xxxii
Bender, C. J., 35
Benedict, R., 320
Benzies, W. R., 390
Bérenger-Féraud, L. J. B., 31
Beti, 242
Biebuyck, B., 537
birds, 330-333
bird riddles, 418
songs associated with, 242, 243
Bisset, C. J., 390
Bivar, A. D. H., 52
Blacking, J., 44, 291, 297, 428
Blair, D. S., 97
Bleek, W. H. I., 32, 33-34, 415, 148
Bmbala. See Mbala Bambara
Bmbuti, 358
Boas, F., 42
Boccassino, R., 451
Bohannan, P., 307
Bondei, 35
Boston, J. S., 496
Bouillon, A., 223
Bounfour, A., xxx
Bowers, C., 116
Bowra, C., xxxv
Brakeley, T. C., 234
Brazil, 112
Brown, D., xxx
Bufe, E., 35
Bull, A. F., 271
Bulu, 363
Bura, 368
Burbridge, A., 68
Burundi. See Rundi
Bushmen, Bushman, 52, 59, 149, 177-178, 215, 255, 337, 356, 373, 379, 488
Bynon, J., 429
Callaway, H., 422
Cameroons, Cameroun, 109, 242, 470
Carrington, J. F., 118, 462, 468, 469, 471, 472, 473, 482
Carter, H., 367
Casalis, E., 31
cattle
names for, 463
poetry connected with, 89, 90-91, 112, 122, 125, 127, 131, 132, 133, 139, 184, 296-201, 203-204, 245
in riddles, 422
Cendrars, B., 308
Central Africa, 178, 329, 335, 344, 363, 423, 425
Central African Republic(s), 73, 77, 78
Central Bantu, 418
Central language sub-family, 58, 59
Central Saharan language group, 59
Cerulli, E., 454
Chad
Lake, 59
language sub-group, 59
Chadwick, N. K., 99, 114, 147, 202, 205, 216, 270, 362
Chadwick, H., 99, 114, 147, 202, 205, 216, 270, 362
characterization, 341-342, 371, 373, 493
characters
animals, 328-329, 334, 335-337, 341, 342, 373
overlap of, 334-335
See also myths; historical narratives
Chatelain, H., 32, 353, 369, 381, 383, 391
Chaytor, H. J., 21
Cherbonneau, A., 52-53
Chewa, 273
chiasmus. See parallelism
Chikaranga. See Karanga
Chikunda, 228
children’s poetry
games and verses, 253, 291, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300-304
lullabies, 104, 105, 291, 292, 293
See also riddles
Chinamwanga. See Nyamwanga
Chinyanja. See Nyanja
Chiwale, J. C, 122
Chopi, 76, 246, 260, 263, 266, 267, 270
chorus
in lyrics, 235, 238, 244, 252, 253, 255, 258, 260
in political songs, 271
in religious poetry, 178, 179, 182, 192
in stories, 374
in work songs, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 234
Christaller, J. G., 31
Christian, Christianity, 31, 54, 172, 181, 227, 366, 451
lyrics, 78, 165, 168, 172, 181, 182-183
effect on religious poetry, 54, 92, 200
effect on political poetry, 172, 275, 278, 281, 289
Church of Nazareth, 181
Clark, J. P., xxxii, 108, 237, 500
Clarke, K. W., 41
Clarke, R. T., 472
class system (in languages), 59, 63-65
use of in Southern Bantu panegyric, 65
in stories, 64-66
classification
difficulty of constructing for African oral literature, 1, 318, 319, 320, 334-335, 357
native classification of literature: neglect by collectors 320, 354-355
of ‘myths’, 41, 319, 322, 324, 351, 352-355, 357
of riddles, 420
Click language family, 59
composers and reciters
in hunting poetry, 218, 220, 221
in ‘modern’ situations, 49, 505
and military poetry, 205, 207, 210, 211-212
nature and distribution of, 16, 91-92, 139-140
performance of, 11, 16, 135-136, 138
self-praises, 111, 114, 115, 119, 123, 137, 142, 460
in Southern Bantu languages, 65
in Southern Bantu praise poetry, 6, 116-117, 121, 128, 135-138, 137, 141
style of in general, 136
verbal element in, 7, 26, 76, 86, 374. See also court poets; oriki
compound nouns. See noun formation
Colin, R., 366
Collier, F. S., 220
Collins, J., 512
Comhaire-Sylvain, S., 418, 423
communal creation, as supposed characteristic of oral literature, 107
competition, 103-104
in children’s games, 299
in proverb telling, 342, 399, 402
in riddle asking, 402-403, 318, 425, 427
composition
connection with performance, 11, 100-101, 106, 107, 137
among Chopi, 10
in Luonyatiti songs, 100-101
in lyric, 252, 258, 260, 262, 263
in Southern Bantu panegyric, 129-130, 136
in special purpose poetry, 202, 214, 218, 227, 228, 231
in stories, 11
in Zambia, 261, 262. See also individual originality
Congo, 46, 78, 79, 85, 109, 118, 229, 246, 268, 274, 345, 354, 259, 379, 415, 423, 433, 448, 462, 463, 468, 470
content, 471
nature and types of, 14
occasions and functions, 14, 102
Conti Rossini, C., 54
Cook, P. A. W., 126
Cornevin, R., 108
Cornford, F., 485
Coulon, V., xxx
Coupez, A., 207
court poets, 7, 52, 84-86, 88, 89, 90-91, 94, 98, 105, 111
Cronise, F. and Ward, H. W., 33, 308, 363
Crowder, 517
Crowley, D. J., 308
Cummins, S. L., 245
cumulative story, 157
curses, 443-446
dabteras,165
Dadié, B., 366
Dahle, P. B., 215
Dahomey, 86, 93, 112, 116, 117, 271, 352, 381, 484
Dale, A. M., 337, 338, 351, 369, 370, 385, 387, 418, 420, 423, 428
dance
songs, 106, 259, 260. See also action songs
in drama, 486, 487, 491, 493, 494, 495, 496-497, 498, 499, 500
associated with elegiac poetry, 146
associated with praise poetry, 140
in war songs, 204, 205, 209, 210, 214
in work songs, 226, 227, 228, 231, 232
dance songs, 231, 254, 259, 260. See also action songs
Danquah, J. B., 434
Dauphin-Tinturier A., xxx
de Aranzadi, I. X., 429
de Clercq, A., 358
de Dampierre, E., 47, 94, 107, 263
de Ganay, S., 461
de Pélichy, A. G., 451
de Rop, A., 109
de Vries, J., 108
death, 146, 149, 150, 152-153, 155, 162, 113, 440
in proverbs, 393
in stories, 329
deities, 52, 65, 93, 102, 112, 173, 188, 191, 319, 352, 359, 478
in stories, 165, 178, 181, 182. See also myths
Delafosse, M., 203, 487, 490, 492, 493
Deng, F., 105
Denisoff, R. S., 265
Dennett, R. E., 368
Denny, S. R., 228
derivative verbal forms, 62-63, 65
Derive, J., xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxix
Dewar, E. H., 414
Dahle, P. G., 215
Dhlomo, H. I. E., 134, 140, 141, 208, 216, 249
dialogue
in bird songs, 243
in children’s games, etc., 297-298, 299
in hunting song, 218
in riddles, 414, 415, 417, 418, 426
in stories, 317, 368, 369. See also antiphony; leader
Didinga, 201
diffusionism, 41, 311, 312, 313
Dijkmans, J. J., 363
dilemma story, 318, 320, 413, 420
Dingane, 127
Dinka, 105, 176, 204, 245, 301, 463
Diop, A. B., xxxii
Dipumba, 527
dirge. See Akan dirges
domestic songs. See work songs
Dogon, 77, 269, 276, 293, 295, 296, 299, 300, 353, 355, 364, 457
Doke, C. M., 60, 62, 69, 334, 337, 371, 374, 379, 414, 424, 425, 426, 431, 488
on style of proverbs, 380, 381, 383, 386, 388, 389, 390, 394, 395, 397
Doke collection, xxvii, xxxix, 383
Donohugh, A. C. L., 363
Dorson, R. M., 30
drama, xxxii, 485-487, 490, 491, 493-494, 497-498, 499-501
Drewal, T., xxvii
Driberg, J. H., 201
drinking songs, 237
drum literature, 78, 467-470, 482, 483-484
in announcements, 470-472
as history, 470, 473, 479-481, 482
limitations of, 483
as panegyric, 470, 473, 475-477, 482
principles of drum language, 468, 469-470, 484-484
in rituals, 482
Drum proverbs, 381, 382, 391, 402, 468, 473-474, 484
Dschagganeger. See Chaga
du Toit, B. M., 429
Dufays, F., 236
Dundes, A., 421
Dunning, R. G., 242, 243, 244, 387, 408
Dupire, M. and Tressan, L., 428
dyalo, 97
dynastic poetry, 89, 90, 106, 116, 122
Dzalamo. See Zaramo
Earthy, D., 252
East Africa, 52, 94, 100, 103, 168, 265, 330, 344, 259, 363, 463
East African rhyming area, 74
as factor in prosody, 74
in proverbs, 390
tone as substitute for, 390
in Swahili tenzi, 172
East, R., 361
Echegaray, C. G., 110
Economic position
of poets, 83, 89, 91, 101, 105, 108, 120
of story-tellers, 308, 363, 364
Edo, 15
education,
as possible function, 47, 321, 365, 366
in riddles, 427-428
in stories, 365. See also moralizing
Eiselen, W. M., 184
Ekine society, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500
Ela. See Ifa
Elegy, Elegiac poetry, 145-164
distribution and nature of, 145-147
Akan dirges: content and themes, 5-6, 148, 152-154, 155, 162, 163
structure and style, 147
occasions and functions, 146, 149, 161
Luo nyatiti laments, 100-101, 103, 107, 381
Ellis, A. B., 146, 148, 368, 387, 396, 397, 452
Ellison, R. E., 489
Emsheimer, E., 237
Endemann, C., 415
Englebrecht, J. A., 298
entertainment
in proverbs, 402-403
in stories, 341, 353, 354, 355, 361, 365
epic
in Africa, xxxi, xxxii, 108, 109, 110
‘epic laws’, 3
epigram, 391, 402, 413, 420, 428, 454
Equilbecq, F. V., 42, 73, 308, 363
Eshu-Elegba, 173
Ethiopia, 54, 59, 74, 94, 98-99, 147, 165, 216
European languages in Africa, 57, 59, 92
Evans-Pritchard, E. E., xxxv, 104, 105, 234, 337, 354, 379, 409-410, 463
Evheer. See Ewe
Ewe, 71, 72, 232, 254, 259, 368, 387
Ezeigbo, T. A., xxx
Fali, 521
Fang, 88, 109, 335, 364, 402, 423, 425
Fante, Fanti, 182, 183, 211, 382, 395, 401, 402
Fardon, R., xxx
Fell, J. R., 414
Fernandez, J. W., 365
fiction, fictional, 207
tales distinct from historical narratives, 357-358
distinct from ‘myths’, 319, 321-322, 352, 353. See also stories
figurative expression, 112-114, 117, 133
in names, 350, 355, 458, 460, 463
in prayers, 446, 447, 448, 449
in proverbs, 380, 384, 385, 388
in religious poetry, 112-114
in riddles, 421
in Somali balwo, 247
in Southern Bantu panegyric, 117, 122, 127, 131, 132, 200. See also praise names
Finland, Finnish, 311
Finnegan, A., xxxv
Finnegan, R. H., 238, 271, 443
Fisher, J. L., 365
Fivaz, D., 67
Fjort, 368
Fletcher, R. S., 112, 201, 247, 420, 429, 451, 453, 455
Foley, J. Miles, xxvii
folk songs, 259
folklore, xxviii, 29, 32, 39, 41-42, 49, 309
contrasted to myths, 353, 354, 355. See also fiction
Fon, 93, 173, 352, 353, 355, 403, 457,459
formulae, in stories, 368, 369
Fortune, G., xxvii, 66, 414, 415, 417, 423, 424, 427
French Soudan, 490
French
concept of ‘griot’, 97
language in Africa, 59
scholars, 37, 43, 47. See also Négritude
Freud, 46
Fuchs, H., 35
Fula. See Fulani
Fulani, 53, 73, 77, 84, 87, 97, 98, 107, 172, 201, 380, 387, 391, 393, 394, 414, 415, 416, 417, 420, 422, 452, 454
Functional approach, 40-41, 47, 92, 321, 322, 323-324
Fulbe. See Fulani
functions of oral literature
of Akan dirges, 24
of political songs, 267, 268, 271, 276
of praise poetry, 118
of proverbs, 395-398, 399, 400-401, 402, 406, 407, 408, 410
in religious poetry, 165, 166, 199
of stories, 321-322, 338, 364-365, 366
political functions, 47, 214, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 274, 275, 276-277, 289, 361, 365, 434, 439. See also education; functional approach; utility
Furniss, G., xxxi
Games. See children’s poetry
Ga, 253
gabay,106
Galla, 74, 111, 202, 205, 270, 364, 453, 454
Ganda, 63, 72, 114, 236, 246, 299, 380, 389, 390, 458
Gaskin, L. J. P., 256
Gates, H. L., xxx
Gbadamosi, B., 112-114, 148, 173-174, 195, 196, 197, 201, 219, 220, 299, 300, 387, 392, 393, 427, 457, 482
Gbeho, P., 269
Ge’ez, 74
genre
types of in African oral literature, 26, 70, 79, 80
Georges, R. A., 421
German East Africa, 35
Germany, Germans, 19, 31, 36-37
contribution of early German scholars, 34-36
Gérard, A. S., xxx
Ghana, Ghanaian, 79, 105, 117, 151, 182, 255, 257, 269, 335, 336, 379, 381, 472, 484
gheraera, geeraar, 205
Ghilardi, V., 419
Gibbs, J. L., 177
Gibbs, J. M., 500
Gidley, C. G. B., 96
Gikandi, S., xxx
Golden Bough, The, 485, 500
Goldstein, K. S., xxvii
Goody, J., 4
Görög-Karady, V., xxx
Grant, E. W., 86, 111, 124, 128, 135, 136, 138
Gray, E., 381, 387, 390, 393, 396, 398, 404, 414, 424, 426
Greek, Greeks, 60
Green, M. M., 259, 270-271, 401
Greenway, J., 45
greetings. See salutations
Grimm brothers, 31
Griaule, M., 293, 294, 295, 296-297, 299, 463
Gulliver, P. H., 463
Gunner, E., xxxi
Gur, 58
Hadendiwa, 535
Hale, T. A., xxx, xxxii, xxxiii
Hama, B., 167
Hamburg, 35
Hamitic, 379
Hamito-Semitic language group, 58
Hanks, W. F., xxxvii
Harari, 236
hare, as central figure in stories, 323, 329, 334, 335, 336
Harries, L., 74, 169, 414, 416,417, 419, 422, 424
Hartland, E. S., 38
Hartter, G., 35
Hattingh, S. C, 41
Hausa, Haussa, xxxi, 53, 59, 73, 77, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 94, 95-96, 103, 104, 107, 111, 112, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 145, 167, 168, 172, 201, 207, 246-247, 268, 310, 335, 346-347, 351, 363, 364, 366-367, 368, 369, 373, 379, 385, 386, 387, 393, 394, 418, 420, 422, 429, 451, 452, 455, 460, 472
Haya, 110,
Hayford, C, 434
Heath, F., 115
Hebrew, 222
Hecklinger, P., 35
Heraclios, 169
Heroic age, 83
poetry. See epic
recitations, 121. See also epic
Herskovits, M. J., 276, 352-353, 356, 403-404, 467
Herskovits, M. J. and F. S., 271, 272
Herzog, G., 381, 404, 405, 406, 407
Hichens, W., 74
Hillelson, S., 295
Hinaway, M. A., 266
historical
background. See social background
evidence, oral literature as, 47
narratives, 140-141, 353, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361
Arabic influence on, 110, 358, 359, 360
on drums, 479-481
poetry, 117, 141. See also epic
Historical-geographical school. See diffusionism
Homer, 20
Hodgkin, T., 289
Hoernlé, A. W., 184
Holas, B., 463
Hollis, A. C., 425
Honko, L., xxvii
Hopkins, N. S., 494
hortatory poetry, 54
Horton, R., xxxv, 78, 343, 362, 496, 497, 498, 499
Hottentot, 59, 244,268, 270, 271, 300, 336
Houdas, O., 361
Houis, 463
Huffman, R., 424
Hughes-Freeland, F., xxvii
Hulstaert, G., 63, 380, 383, 390, 394, 402, 404, 455
Humbi, 523
humour, 453. See also wordplay
Hunde, 354
Hungarian, 60
hunting poetry, 79, 102, 201, 215, 219-220
Ijala, 9, 13, 72, 101, 102, 202, 218, 219, 220
occasions for, 216, 217, 218, 221, 223
Huntingford, G. W. B., 54
Hunwick, J. O.,
Hunwick, O., 52
Hurel, E., 363
Hurutsche, 244
Hutu, 435, 436. See also Rwanda
Hymns. See prayers; religious poetry
Improvisation
significance of in oral literature, 10
in lyrics, 100, 182, 235, 252, 254, 259, 260, 263
in work songs, 232
in written literature, 12
Ibadan, University of, Institute of African studies, xxvii, xxxv, 200
Ibibio, 415, 416, 424, 494, 496. See also Anang Ibibio
Ibo, 25, 71, 78, 105, 115, 147, 201, 236, 259, 270, 271, 297, 364, 399, 401, 431, 459, 494, 495, 496
in Bantu languages, 66, 72, 73
in other African languages, 72
in panegyric, 131
in riddles, 416, 417, 419, 423
Idoma, 473
Ifa,
literature, 106, 165, 187-193, 196, 197, 198-199, 200
Igala,
Igbo. See Ibo
Ijebu Yoruba, 500
Ila, 65, 79, 104, 147, 296, 329, 335, 338, 351, 370, 386, 387, 395, 397, 398, 418, 419-420, 428
Imbongi, 85-86, 138. See also court poets, imigubo
improvisation, significance of in oral literature
in work songs, 232
See also composition; individual originality
incantations, 179, 180, 181, 199
India, 312
individual originality
in curses, prayers, 443
in drum literature, 483
existence of denied in oral literature 23, 375-376
lack of in Ambo hunting songs, 221
by leader in lyrics, 182, 252, 253, 263
in mantic poetry, 184
in proverbs, 404
in stories, 311, 317, 319-320, 371, 373, 374, 375, 376
Indo-European, 83
initiation, literature connected with, 102, 104, 122, 137, 201, 296, 400, 419, 426, 437, 439
Inkishafi, 170
innovation. See composition; improvisation
intoned literature. See recitative
invocation. See religious poetry
Irele, A. F., xxx
Islam, Islamic, 52, 119, 145, 345
magic, 179
as patron of poetry, 91
religious poetry, 167, 168, 451
war poetry, 207. See also tenzi
poetic forms in, xxxiii
political songs in, 281
James, W., 341
Jacobs, J., 30, 47, 108, 429, 484
Jacobs, M., 42
Jacottet, E., 31, 34, 308, 334, 336, 344, 356
Jahn, J., 470
James, W., 336
Jans, P., 341
Jaques, A. A., 385, 386, 392, 393, 398, 415, 416, 422
Jie, 455
Job, 169
Johnson, F., xxx, xxxii, 64, 85, 359, 369
Johnston, J. W., 310
Jones, A. M., 44, 79, 104, 143, 146, 147, 215, 234, 254, 255, 256, 257, 261, 262, 296, 304, 367, 386, 390, 432
Joseph, 169
Jousse, M., 3
Joyce, James, 311
Jung, 46
Junod, H. A., 11, 31, 42, 216, 236, 308, 320, 376
Junod, H. P., 33, 67, 371, 385, 386, 392, 393, 398, 415, 416, 422, 424, 456, 457
Kaffir. See Xhosa
Kaguru, 323
Kagwa, 359
Kalabari, 362, 496, 497, 498, 499
Kalanda, A., 79
Kalanga, 295
Kamanzi, Th., 207
Kamba, 68, 205, 231, 259, 293, 351, 362, 368, 369, 380, 398, 416, 422, 427, 428
Kamerun, 35
Kanuri, 53, 73. See also Bornu
Karanga, 390, 399, 415, 417, 456
Kassena-Nankani, 255
Kauffman, R., 181
Kawada, Junzo, xxx
Kele 118, 468-469, 470-472, 482, 484
Kensdale, W. E. N., 52
Kesteloot, L., xxx, xxxii, 108
Khoi-Khoi. See Hottentot
Khoisan, 59
Kikuyu, 278, 279, 280, 289, 330, 334, 336, 338-341, 348-350, 393, 397, 419
Kilson, M. D. de B., 364
Kimbundu, 353, 355, 368, 369, 381, 395
King, A., 257
King, A. V., 183
Kingslake, B., 181
Kingsley, M., 33
Kiniramba. See Nilyamba
kirari,112, 460
Kirkby, P. R., 215
Klipple, M., 312
Koelle, S. W., 32
Konate, M., 108
Koranic. See Arabic; Islamic
Koranko, Kooranko, 36
Koritschoner, H., 104
Kosi, 275
Krappe, A. H., 30,485
Krieger, K., 304
Krige, E. J., 208, 209-210, 370
Krio, 432
Kronenberg, A., 334
Kuba, 252
Kunene, R., 56
Kuper, H., 488
Kwa, 77
kwadwumfo,86
Kxatla. See Kgatla
Labouret, H., 489, 490, 491, 493
Lacroix, P. F., 47, 53, 97, 107, 167
Lamba, 9, 62, 63, 65, 337, 371, 374, 386, 389, 397, 401, 414, 422, 424, 426, 428
Lambert, H. E., 269
lampoons, 266, 270, 271. See also political songs
Lane, M. G. M. 272
languages, African, 6, 34-35, 45, 46, 53, 59, 70
Larson, T. J., 345
Lasebikan, E. L., 71-72, 195, 482
Laydevant, F., 105, 137, 185, 186, 187
in stories, 375
in work songs, 227
See also soloist
Leakey, L. S. B., 277-280, 289
Leaver, K. D., 385
Lega, 382
legend. See historical narrative
Leith-Ross, S., 363
Lele, 432
Leslau, W., 236
Lestrade, G. P., 70, 75, 122, 124, 128, 129, 402, 403, 456
Lévi-Strauss, C., 503
Lewis, I., 75, 80, 205, 248, 289
Lhote, H., 54
Limba, xxvi, xxx, xliii, 10, 79, 102, 103, 105, 146, 216, 225, 231, 232, 238, 239, 253, 255, 296, 313-317, 323, 329, 331-333, 336, 337, 354, 363, 374, 369, 370, 371, 374, 380, 391, 397, 416, 423, 435, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442
Lienhardt, G., xxxv, 104, 105, 176, 177, 203-204
Lienhardt, P., 169
Lifchitz, Lifszyc, D., 354, 457, 461, 462
Ligers, Z., 345
Lindblom, G., 205, 231, 259, 294, 368, 369, 370, 380, 398, 416, 422, 427, 428
Lindfors, B., xxx
Lingala. See Ngala
linguist (Akan), 434
linguistic basis of African literature, 58, 70. See also tone
linguistic studies of African oral literature, 31, 36, 47
literacy
amount of in contemporary Africa, 56-57, 107, 285
in Arabic or Arabic script, 52-53, 360
literature, oral literature as one form of, 1
difficulty of defining, 1, 26
difficulty of differentiating from non-literary forms in oral cultures, 17, 26, 27
African forms in nineteenth-century, 27, 30-32
lithoko, 143, 184
Lloyd, P. C., 359
Lomax, A., 255
Lomongo. See Mongo
Loeb, E., 248
Lokele. See Kele
Longmore, L., 252
Lonkundo. See Nkundo
Lord, A. B., 3
love songs, 229, 246, 248, 249-250
religious, 248,
themes of, 246, 247. See also Christian lyrics
Lovedu, 121
Lozi, 228
Luba, 58, 72, 79, 336, 337, 369, 370, 379, 380, 415, 447
Luganda. See Ganda
Lugbara, 361
Lullabies, 104, 105, 255, 291-293
Lulua, 65
Luthuli, Chief, 274
lyrics, 44, 235, 237-239, 254, 256
composition in, 252, 258, 259, 262
connection with hunting songs, 221, 222, 223
with military poetry, 202, 203, 205
form and style of, 239, 239, 252, 253, 255, 258
love songs, 256
occasions for, 235, 236, 237, 259
religious, 183
themes of, 241-242, 244, 245, 246, 247. See also Christian lyrics
Mabogunje, A., 270
MacCulloch, J. A., 38
Mackenzie, A. S., 38
McLaren J., 384, 386, 387, 393, 394, 403
McLuhan, 21
Macrosudanic language group, 59
Madan, A. C., 63
Madumere, A., 270
Maes, J., 358
Maes, V., 335
magic, magical, 39, 179-180, 181, 187, 199, 202, 217
Makua, 416, 419, 422, 424, 426
Malawi, 79, 121, 141, 204, 272, 277, 285, 292, 345, 354
Malinke. See Mandingo
Mandinka. See Mandingo
Mandishona, G., 122
Mangoaela, Z. D., 141
Mantic poetry. See Religious poetry, maroka
Mapanje, J., xxx
marriage
songs connected with, 150, 243, 245, 246, 393, 440. See also wedding songs
Marshall L., 215-216
Mashona. See Shona
masquerades, 201, 485, 494, 496. See also drama
Matswa, 274
hymns, 181, 275, 277-278, 280-281
Mavuso, 126
Mayr, F., 386
Mayssal, H., 247
Mba, 473
Mbala, 433
Mbole (Bambuli), 525
Mboro, 317
Mbundu, 413
McLaren, J., 384, 386, 387, 393, 394, 403
McLuhan, M., 21
Meillassoux, C., 118
Melanesia, 179
memorization, 10, 12, 53, 85, 90, 187, 197, 352, 451
Mende, 362
Mensah, A. A., 182
Merwe, D. F. v. d., 142, 143, 244, 245
Messenger, J. C, 396, 397, 402, 418, 426, 427, 431, 433, 495
Messing, S. D., 453
metaphor. See figurative expression
absence of, 75
as prosodic factor, 73. See also prosody
Migeod, F. W. H., 167
military poetry, 201, 202, 203, 207, 209, 212, 213, 214, 215, 274
occasions of, 202, 204, 206, 207, 209, 214
recent uses of, 207, 210, 214-215
Miqdad, 169
Mischlich, A., 167
Mitchell, J. C., 269
mmoki, 138
Mofokeng, S. M., xxvii, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 140
Mohammed, 169
Mongo, 63, 109, 380, 394, 402, 404
Monod, Th., 167
Monteil, C., 531
Monteil, V., 52
Moore, G., 151
moralizing
in stories, 366-367
Morgan, L. H., 309
morphology, language, 59
in Bantu languages, 61
Morris, H. F., 115, 119, 121, 125, 207, 463
Morton-Williams, P., 187
Moru, 297
Moses, 169
motif, 130, 155, 173, 312, 313, 317, 333, 369. See also themes
motif indexing, 312
Moyo, S. P. C., 532
Mpama-Bakutu, 304
Mpongwe, 329
Mqhayi, ii
Mulford, D. C, 287
Muller, Max, 37
Munonga, A., 215
Murray, D. J., xxxv, 20, 55, 139, 505
music
in African literature, 6, 7, 76
different words to same tune, 239
in lyric poetry, 7, 76, 236-264
in panegyric, 136
in relgious songs, 169, 178, 182, 183
in stories, 375
in Swahili tenzi, 169
musical setting as prosodic factor, 75
‘Music of Africa’ series. See African Music Society
Muslim. See Islam
Mutesa, 114
Muyaka, 381
MwanaKupona, utendiwa, 171
Mwera, 417
Mynors, T. H. B., 297-298
myths, xxxii, 167, 173, 187, 319, 321, 322, 323, 351-355, 356-357, 373
Nadel, S. F., 120
Namaqa Hottentot, 33-34
in Akan dirges, 152-153, 156, 157, 159, 160, 457
drum names, 472-473
functions of, 455-457, 459, 460-461, 463
proverb names, 387, 399, 458, 462, See also praise names
narrative
absence of music in, 76
ideophones in, 367
in military poetry, 66
in religious poetry, 192
syntax in, 65. See also prose narrative
narrator. See poet, story-teller
Nassau, R. H., 375
nature, 185
in riddles, 424
Ndebele, 132, 208, 289, 362, 385, 386, 390
Newell, S., xxx
Ngandu Nkashama, P., xxx
Ngoni, 79, 121, 125,141, 149, 150, 204, 208, 210, 292
Ngubane, J. K., 137
Ngwana, 141
Niane, D. T., 108
Nicolas, F., 54
Nicolas, F. J., 418, 429, 460, 462
Niger-Congo language group, 58
Nigeria, 79, 93, 114, 119, 224, 285, 289, 336, 365, 415, 418, 423, 426, 431, 461, 472, 473, 475, 484, 485, 489, 494
Nilyamba, 64
Nketia, J. H. K., xxxv, 79, 104, 105, 212, 213, 216, 217, 218, 274, 336, 379, 391, 458, 471, 474, 475, 478, 479, 482, 483
on Akan dirges, 24, 79, 103, 145, 146, 151-155, 157, 158-159, 161-162
on form and style in lyrics, 159, 160, 211, 238, 240, 241, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257-258
Nkrumah, 275
Nkumbula, 286
North-West Africa, 205
Northern Rhodesia. See Zambia
Norton, W. A., 125
noun classes. See class system
noun formation in Bantu languages, 59, 61, 63, 65
in praise names, 68
Nsimbi, B., 458
Nubians, 74
Nurse, G., 288
nursery rhymes, 294, 295. See also children’s poetry
Nyanja, 244, 380, 381, 387, 393, 395, 398, 401, 404, 414, 423, 424, 425, 426
Nyasaland. See Malawi
nyatiti, 100
Nyembezi, C. L. S. 141, 383, 385, 387, 388, 394, 402, 404, 407
Nyerere, 172
Nzakara, 94
occasions
significance of in oral literature, 14, 362
for Akan dirges, 161-162
for Dogon praise names, 457, 461, 462
as factor in classical ‘myths’, 355
for hunting songs, 216, 217, 218
of oratory, 432, 437, 439, 440, 441
for praise poetry, 118, 119, 135, 136, 137, 138
for proverbs, 384, 395-397, 400-401, 402, 403, 404
for riddles, 384, 425, 426, 427, 428
in special purpose poetry, 205
of story-telling, 362, 363, 364, 365
for war songs, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209
of work songs, 224, 225, 226, 234
Odu Ifa. See Ifa literature
Oduduwa, 359
ogres in stories, 345
Ogumefu, 358
oigo, 249-252
Ojea, 147-148
Okpewho, I., xxxii
onomatopoeia, 294, 373-374, 416, 417
oracular poetry.See Religious poetry,
oral literature
concept and nature of, xxx, xxxiv, xxxix, 3-4, 504-505, 506
difficulty of distinguishing from non-literary speech forms, 17, 26-27
interplay between written and oral forms, 18, 20, 21-22, 60
not rigidly distinguishable from written literature, 24-26, 202, 464
should it be classified as literature?, 17-18, 25, 27, 33, 49
oral transmission of written forms, 12,20-21, 53, 55, 370-371
oratory
proverbs in, 381, 395, 432, 433, 438, 441
relative neglect of in study of oral literature, 432. See also Speeches
originality. See Individual originality
Ovimbundu, 381, 390, 457, 459, 463
Owuor, H. (alias Anyumba), 98, 100-101, 107, 250, 251
Pageard, R., 489
Pahouin-Bantu, 110
Palmer, E., 526
panegyric. See Praise poetry
Papadopoullos, T., 108
Pâques, V., 116
parallelism
in Ambo hunting songs, 222
in Bantu languages, 69, 72, 75
in Bushman hymns, 178
in children’s songs, 298
cross-parallelism (chiasmus), 69, 130, 389, 408
in curses, 444
in prayers, 447
in proverbs, 391
in Southern Bantu panegyric, 75, 128, 130
tonal parallelism, 72
Paredes, A., xxvii
Parrinder, E. G., 197
pastoral poetry, 122. See also Cattle
Patterson, J. R., 120
Paulay, G., 223
Paulme, D., 382, 457, 461, 462
Pedi, 528
Peek, P., xxx
Pemba, 95
performance
in Akan dirges, 103, 151, 160,162
connection with composition, 100, 106, 107, 311
in curses, 444
in drama, 486, 489, 490-491, 499
implications for study of oral literature, xxxiii, 362, 370, 454
in prayers, 446
in proverbs, 382, 383, 388, 391, 392
significance of in oral literature, 4, 5, 7, 355, 362
in speeches, 431-432, 434, 441-442
in story-telling, 7, 311, 313, 319, 333, 346, 363, 370, 371, 373, 487
in Swahili tenzi, 169, 170, 172
personification, 64
Peul. See Fulani
Pfeffer, G., 167
Phillips, H. R., 272
Pilaszewicz, S., xxxi
Plass, W., 382
Plato, 14
Poet Awona, S., 110
poet
of elegiac poetry, 145, 146, 147, 149, 152, 155, 161, 162, 163
ignorance of or misconceptions about position of poet, 48, 83-84
of ijala, 218
of mantic poetry,183
non-specialist poets, 99
and patronage, Ch. 4, 84, 88, 95,101, 102, 103, 118
position of poet, 83, 89, 91, 101, 105, 108, 120
of praise poetry, 90-91
wandering poets, 84, 93-95, 96-97, 98-99
effect of on cultural uniformity, 98-99
See also composition; court poets; professional poets
Poetry, Part II
difficulty of distinguishing from prose, xxxii, 76-77, 78
more highly valued than prose, 79, 307
music in, 5-7, 12, 13, 20-21, 24, 26, 44, 71, 72, 75, 76-77, Part II
poetic forms among Akan, Yoruba, 9, 71
and patronage, Ch. 4, 84, 88, 95,101, 102, 103, 118
relative neglect of in study of oral literature, 77
tone in, 6, 46, 70-73, 75, 77. See also Tone, children’s songs, elegiac poetry, hunting poetry, lyric, military poetry, political poetry, praise poetry, religious poetry, topical literature, work songs
poets, wandering, 84, 93-95, 96-97, 98-99
political poetry
in elections, 57, 281-282, 285, 287
in Guinea, 281
Mau Mau hymns, 181, 275, 277-278, 280-281
associated with political parties, 274, 275, 276, 281, 285, 286, 287, 289
in Zambia, 285-286
political songs, 49, 266, 270, 274, 276-277, 281-283, 284, 288
Polynesia, Polynesian, 364, 379
Posselt, F., 345
possession songs. See Religious poetry, Mantic
praise names, 111, 118, 459-460, 461, 462
in Akan dirges, 148, 152-153, 457
in Bantu languages, 68, 70, 118, 130
in hunting poetry, 111, 217, 218
inmilitary poetry, 114, 207, 213
in riddles, 418
praise poetry, 6,9, 49, 57, 68, 84, 85, 91, 108-109, Ch. 5, 111, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 125, 134, 139, 140, 141, 142
Présenceafricaine, 43
Prince, R., 198
professional jesters, 453
professional orators, 434
professional poets, 52, 84, 93-94, 95, 96, 352. See also court poets
professional story-tellers, 363, 425
Prose, Part II
absence of music in, 76
contrasted with poetry, xxxii, 76-77, 78
difficulty of distinguishing from verse, 75. See also Prose narratives
prose narratives, Chs. 12, 13, 49, 312
in Ifa literature, 193
over-emphasis on, 41, 42, 48, 307-308
study of, Ch. 12, 308, 309, 310, 321, 322, 323-323, 324, 325, 369, 378
evolutionist approach to, 309, 310, 311, 321
diffusionist approach to, 311, 313, 317, 318, 320, 321
attempts to classify, 312, 318, 319, 320, 324, 352, 353-354, 356
See also stories; historical narratives; myths
prosody, in African verse, 73
in Akan dirges, 160
in Bantu languages, 75
in Hausa Song of Bagaudu, 168
in Southern Bantu panegyric, 75, 128
Prouteaux, M., 493
proverb names, 381, 387, 457-459
proverb-riddles, 380, 381, 413, 417-418, 427
proverbs, Ch. 14
absence of music in, 76
among Azande, 381, 398, 399, 409
collections of, 392
concept of, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383
drum proverbs, 25, 381, 382, 391, 402, 462, 468, 473-474, 482
among Jabo, 78, 381, 394, 405-406, 407
occasions and functions, 384, 385, 395-397, 398-399, 400-401, 402, 404-405, 407, 408, 410
in oratory, 381, 395, 432, 438, 441
significance, 379, 380, 383, 408, 410-411
similarity to riddles, 381, 402, 413. See also Proverb-riddles
in stories, 366
structure and style, 383, 387, 388-392, 395, 398-399, 406-407
subject-matter, 392, 393-394, 395, 408-409
among Zulu, 69, 381, 386, 387, 389, 394, 399, 401, 402, 404, 407-408, 409.See also proverb names; proverb-poems
psychological functions of literature, 43, 455. See also functions of oral literature
Puplampu, D. A., 202
qasidah,74, 168
quantity, as factor in prosody, 73
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., 40, 321
Ras-al-ghul, 169
Rattray, R. S., 244, 382, 385, 393, 394, 402, 479
Rautenbach, S. C. H., 313
recording of oral literature, 15, 328
Reichard, G., 45
religion
significance in Kalabari masquerades, 497, 498, 499
as subject in stories, 256
types of in Africa, 52. See also myths; religious poetry
religious poetry, Ch. 7, 92, 177, 184-185, 455
types of, 165, 166, 199, 392-393
Christian influence on, 165, 200
didactic and narrative, 167, 168, 200
Fante Methodist lyrics, 78, 182-183
generalisations about, 199, 200
hymns, 49, 92, 166, 173, 176, 181, 200, 275
incantations, 451
Sotho divining verse, 184, 185
Swahili tenzi, 168, 169, 171-172
Yoruba Ifa poetry, 187-190, 198, 478
repetition
in Akan dirges, 160
in Bushman hymns, 178
in curses, 444
in lyrics, 236, 238, 239, 244, 253, 255
in proverbs, 389
in religious poetry, 177, 180, 183
in Southern Bantu panegyric, 128, 130
in speeches, 439
in work songs, 230, 232. See also parallelism
rhetoric. See oratory
rhythm
in children’s poetry, 292, 294
in curses, 444
in masquerades, 497-498
in prayers, 446,
Rhodes, W., x, 265, 274-275, 277, 286, 287
Rhodesia. See Southern Rhodesia
Rhodesia and Nyasaland, University College, library of, xxvii, xxxv
rhyme
East African rhyming area, 74
in Swahili tenzi, 172
Ricard, A., xxx
riddles
content, 423-424
nature and types of, 414, 415, 417, 419, 421
occasions and functions, 425, 426, 427, 428
style, 414, 415-416, 421, 423, 428
Riesz. J., xxx
Roberts, J., 276
Robinson, C. H., 145
Rodegem, F., 432
Ronga, 236
Rossini, C. Conti, 54
Rozi, 122
Rwanda, Ruanda, 8, 45, 79, 88, 89-90, 106, 116, 117, 122, 201, 207, 363
Rundi, 294, 379, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439
Rycroft, D., xxxv, 128, 129, 136, 142
Sachs, J., 288
Sacleux, C., 452
by drums, 116, 118, 461, 462, 482
Sanger, C, 272
sanza, 409, 410
satire, satirical, 272, 276, 337, 341, 373, 386, 398, 458, 490, 493, 496. See also drama; Mande comedies, 490-493, 494, 500
Savard, G. C., 215
Sayers, E. F., 167
Schachter, R., 281, 282, 283, 284, 285
Schapera, I., 125, 130, 132, 137, 138, 423, 424, 425, 428, 488
Schechner, R., xxvii
Scheub, H., xxxix
Schipper, xxx
Schlenker, C. F., 31
Schön, J. F., 31
School of Oriental (and African) Studies, xxix, 37, 47
Schtirle, G., 252
Schulien, 201
Scott, C. T., 421
Sechuana. See Tswana
secret societies, 201, 494, 495
Sékou Touré, 281, 282-283, 284, 285
Sempebwa, E. K. K., 236, 246, 299
Senghor, L. S., 43
Shaka, 111, 123, 125, 127, 133, 141, 208, 408
Shakespeare, 311
Shangana-Tsonga, Shangaan. See Thonga
Shango, 174
Sherzer, J., xxvii
Shona, 105, 203, 300, 329, 414, 417, 423, 424
Shore, H. L., 499
Sierra Leone, 99, 116, 119, 216, 285, 313, 331-333, 335, 346, 435, 438
Silla, O., 99
Simmons, D. C., 397, 415, 416, 418, 424, 427
singer. See poet
Sklar, R. L., 285
Smith, E. W., 9, 33, 42, 308, 337, 338, 341-342, 351, 365, 366, 369, 370, 371, 385, 386, 387, 397, 398, 418, 420, 423, 428
Smith, M. G., 87, 95, 96, 103, 112, 115, 116, 117
Snoxall, R. A., 390
social anthropology. See anthropology
social background, in Africa generally, 50, 55-56, 58, 200, 312, 320-321
sociology,
relevance of African oral literature for, 504
Sölken, H., 361
solo, soloist, Ch. 4, 104, 118
in religious songs, 178
solo songs, 106
in work songs, 202, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232
See also court poets; leader; poet, wandering
Somali, xxxi, 74, 75, 79, 100, 105, 172, 205, 237, 242, 277, 289, 506
Somaliland, 106
songs, 236
as lyric poems, Ch. 9
connected with proverbs, 381, 382
in speeches, 433-434
in stories, 374, 375. See also poetry
Soninke, 118
Soolima, 36
Sotho, 60, 61, 84, 104, 115, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133, 135, 138, 143, 185, 231, 273, 336, 337, 386, 415
Soudan, 494
sound system in Bantu languages, 68-69
source for, 506
South Africa, xxxi, 121,125,143, 224, 274, 344, 384
Southern Rhodesia, 165, 211, 224, 225, 232, 260, 423
Spanish Guinea, 109
speeches, 285, 373, 426, 432, 438, 439, 440, 443, 451
Spider, as central figure in stories, 329, 334, 335, 336, 337, 369, 374
St. John-Parsons, D., 358
Stappers, L., 72, 337, 365, 370, 447
Stead, W. G., 225
Stefaniszyn, B., 220, 221, 222, 223
Stern, T., 484
Stilz, E. B., 397
stories
absence of music in, 76
composition, 375
functions of, 321, 364-365, 366
‘modern’ themes in, 49, 57, 142, 265-266, 289, 393
occasions for, 362, 363, 364, 365
over-emphasis on study of, 308
performance of, 333, 346, 270-371, 373
story-teller, 9, 238, 308, 313-317, 346, 363, 364, 368-369, 370-371, 373
study of, Ch. 12, 308, 309, 310
style of, 375.
See also Animal stories; Myths; Prose narratives.
story-teller, 11, 308, 313-317, 346, 363, 364, 368, 369, 370-371, 373, 375-376, 487-488
as song leader, 375
stress, as factor in prosody, 73, 75
in Southern Bantu pangyric, 75, 128, 129
structural analysis, 321, 421, 503. See also functional approach
structural-functional. See functional approach
Stuhardt, J. G., 387
style
of Akan dirges, 5, 156-157, 160
in Ambo hunting songs, 221-222
of Busman hymns, 177-178
in Limba curses, 443, 444, 445
in Luo oigo, 249-252
‘miniature’ forms of Somali balwo, 247
in oratory, 434, 435, 437-438, 439, 441, 442
of praise poetry, 121, 127-128, 131
in proverbs, 383, 387, 388-392, 395, 398-399, 407
of qene 92,
in religious poetry, 165-166, 167, 168, 169, 172, 182, 183-184, 188-191, 200
in riddles, 414, 415-416, 421, 422, 423, 428
of Southern Bantu praise poetry, 116, 117, 120-122, 126-127, 132, 141
in story-telling, 238
Suaheli. See Swahili
Sudan region, 52
Sudan, 52, 94, 105, 297, 300, 360
Sudanese action songs, 300-303
Sudanic languages, 59
Sundkler, B. G., 275
Susu, 281
Swahili tenzi, 168-172, 173, 207, 224, 292, 368, 374, 381, 385, 389, 395, 452
Swahili, 46, 53, 58, 69, 73, 92, 107, 166, 168, 172, 231
Swanepoel, C. F., 535
syntax, Bantu, 65
takhmis,74
Tanganyika, Tanzania, 103, 248, 269, 271, 289
Tanghe, J., 229
Tarsitani, B. A., xxx
tasmit, 74
Taylor, W. E., 31, 381, 385, 390
Tedlock, D., xxvii
tegble, 202
television, 22
Ten Raa, E., 427
Terrisse, A., 358
Tetela, 397
Tew, M., 432
texts, collections of
emphasis on in nineteenth century, 30-36
over-emphasis on, 49
See also recording
Theal, G., 385
themes
in animal stories, 186, 329, 335, 337-338, 341, 342, 343
in hunting poetry, 216, 218, 220, 222
in Islamic religious poetry, 169, 206
of lyrics, 241-242, 244, 245, 246, 247
in mantic poetry, 185-187
of praise poetry, 207
of proverbs, 382, 398, 399, 403, 409
in riddles, 424
in stories about people, 344-345, 351
Thiam, 366
Thompson, Stith, 312, 318, 319
Thonga, 11, 67, 384, 385, 386, 389, 392, 393, 398, 415, 416, 422, 424, 456
tifinagh script, 54
Tigre, 74
Timannee. See Temne
Tiv, 272
Tlokwa, 418, 422, 423, 425, 426
Togo, 35
in drum language, 6, 71, 467-468, 469, 473
relationship of sung and spoken tone, 71, 256-257, 258
tonal structure in poetry, 71, 72
topical literature
elegies, 147
neglect of, 18, 40, 41, 44, 49, 265, 266, 289, 505, 506
topical poems, topical songs, 49, 202, 265, 268-270, 273-274. See also political songs
Torrend, J., 374
tortoise, 329, 334, 335, 336, 343, 373, 374
Touareg. See Tuareg
Toucouleur, 99
Towo-Atangana, 110
Tracey, Hugh, 137, 210, 232, 237, 246, 248, 249, 259, 260, 261, 265-267, 270, 273-274, 277
traditional, over-emphasis of, xxviii, 3, 12, 16, 18, 19, 26, 40-42, 43, 46, 44, 49, 51, 265, 266, 504, 505
tragedy, 500
training of orators, 435, 436, 439
in Ethiopia, 92
in mantic poetry, 184, 197-198
among Rwanda, 88-91
Traoré, B., xxxii, 43, 237, 485, 500
Travélé, M., 402, 424, 428, 489, 490, 491, 493
Tremearne, A. J., 112, 346-347, 373, 385
Tressan, L., 428
trickster, 188, 334-338, 343, 350, 353
Trifles, H., 363
Tsala, T., 252
Tshi. See Twi
Tsonga, 121. See also Thonga
Tswana, 64, 121, 127, 137, 388, 395
Tucker, A. N., 300, 301, 302, 303, 304
tug of war, in stories, 312, 328, 335
Tumba, 471
Tumbuka-Kamanga, 390
Turnbull, C., 358
Turner, H. W., 451
Tutsi, 435, 436. See also Rwanda
Twi, 31
Tyloch, W., xxxi
Tylor, E., 309
Tyo (Teka), 426
Ullendorf, E., 54
Uppsala, 41
Utenzi. See tenzi
utility, assumed as main function of oral literature, 40, 321. See also functional approach
Vai, 54
Vail, L., xxx
Vajda, G., 52
Van Avermaet, E., 46, 72, 390, 415
Van Caethem, R., 451
Van Goethem, E., 397
Van Spanndonck, 168
Van Warmelo, J., 540
Van Wing, J., 504
Van Zyl, H. J., 143
Vanneste, M., 358
Vansina, J., 455
variability, of oral literature generally, 10-11, 12
verb system in Bantu languages, 61-62
derivative verbal forms, 59
Verger, P., 174-176
verse, difficulty of distinguishing from prose, 75
Verwilghen, L. A., 434
Viaene, L., 354
Vilakazi, B. W., 132, 133, 134, 138, 141, 294
Vili. See Fjort
vocabulary, in African languages, 60-61
in Ambo hunting songs, 222
special in poetry, 407
Von Funke, E., 252
Von Hornbostel, E., 35
Von Tiling, M., 292
Wa-Bondei. See Bondei
Wabvuwi, 181
Wade, A., 361
Wakweli. See Kweli
Walker, S. H., 257
Wängler, H. H., 257
Wanyamwezi, 248
War song. See Military poetry
Warren, A., 19
Watt, I., 4
Wedding poems, songs, 103, 119, 123, 138, 255
Wellek, R. and Warren, A., 19
Wellerism, 389
Werner, A., 345
Werner, J., 37, 53, 168, 172, 224, 231, 308, 328, 329, 334, 345, 351, 358, 387, 411, 425, 451
Wescott, R. W., 257
West Africa, 58, 94, 96, 116, 217, 277, 329, 335, 345, 256, 363, 368, 375, 379, 380, 422, 458, 470, 475, 482, 485, 488-489, 490, 500-501
associations in, 102, 103, 104
West Atlantic, 58
West Central Africa, 297
West Equatorial Africa, 329, 335, 363, 368, 375, 423, 426
West Indies, 335
Westcott, J., 173
Westermann, D., 215
Westphal, E., 257
White, L., xxx
Whiteley, W. H., xxxv, 95, 269, 432
Whitting, C. E. J., 379, 386, 387, 393
Wieschhoff, H. H., 456
Wilson, C. B., 234
Windels, A., 304
Witwatersrand, University of, xxxvii, 313
Wolfson, F., 431
as poets, relatively rare, 54, 99
in Christian lyrics, 182-183, 185, 186
as elegiac poets, 145, 146, 147, 151, 157-158, 162, 163, Ch. 6
among Ila and Tonga, 104, 261-263
in lampoons, 268, 270, 272, 284
in love songs, 246, 247-48, 249, 250-251
in political songs, 268, 270, 272, 284
as story-tellers, 364
in work songs, 99, 224, 225, 230, 231
wordplay, 452-453
dance songs, 228
style of, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 234
Wright, M. J., 328
written literature, 328
contrasted with oral forms: in approach to its study, 5, 6, 10
in audience involvement, 13, 240
in mode of transmission, 12, 21, 22, 370-371
written literature in Africa, 1, 311. See also Arabic
Wyndham, J., 359
Xhosa, xxxiii, 61, 65, 121, 336, 384, 385, 389, 394
Yankah, K., xxx
Yoruba, 71, 72, 78, 79, 88, 93, 102, 112, 118, 119, 146, 148, 165, 173, 174, 187, 198, 200, 201, 218, 267, 270, 299, 335, 359, 363, 381, 387, 391, 392, 393, 396, 397, 423, 427, 452, 455, 457, 460, 470, 476-477, 482, 483
Young, T. Cullen, 390
Zambia, 79, 104, 105, 146, 147, 225, 261, 285, 335, 338, 397, 415, 419
Zande, 73, 179, 250, 334, 335, 336, 354, 381, 398, 411
Zaramo, 252
zitengulo, 147
ziyabilo, 296
Zulu, xxxiii, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 67, 84, 85, 86, 116, 120, 121, 122, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 181, 207, 208, 237, 242, 243, 249, 255, 273, 293, 294, 295, 334, 336, 362, 370, 381, 385, 389, 422, 460
Zuni, 320
Zuure, B., 294
Zwide, 124