1801–1809
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President Thomas Jefferson’s term.
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1801, Toussaint L’Ouverture, black hero of Haiti’s revolt against France, becomes its first governor and helps forward Emerson’s times, an “Age of Revolution”.
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1803
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Born 25 May, Boston, 2nd son of 5 surviving children.
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Louisiana Purchase for $15 million doubles U.S. land area.
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1804
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Louis & Clark explore Louisiana Purchase.
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Napoleon’s Civil Code completed.
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1806
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Webster compiles first American Dictionary.
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British gain control of Cape Colony, South Africa.
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1807
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U.S. ignores slave trade prohibition for high cotton profits.
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UK ends slave trade, serfdom abolished in Prussia.
Fulton’s steamboat.
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1809–1817
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President James Madison’s term.
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1811
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Father dies; his sister, Mary Moody Emerson (MME), helps educate family.
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Simón Bolívar declares Venezuela independent of Spain.
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1812–1817
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Attends Boys’ Latin School, begins writing poetry, in Concord during part of war.
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1812–1814, war with England.
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Brothers Grimm Fairy Tales, Jane Austin, Pride and Prejudice.
Cylinder printing press.
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1814
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Writes rebus letter to brother William.
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White House burned, Creeks defeated in South.
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First practical steam locomotive.
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1815
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Corresponds with MME.
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U.S. society begins transformation by market economy.
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Napoleon defeated, European monarchies return.
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1817–1825
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President James Monroe’s term.
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1817–1821
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At Harvard College, freshman orderly to president, witnesses theological rifts in Congregationalism.
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First Seminole War.
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1818
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Works in Commons to pay college fees, supports sophomore rebellion.
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British gain virtual rule over India.
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1819
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Impressed by young professors of elocution and of Germany’s “higher criticism”.
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Sermon “Unitarian Christianity” by W. E. Channing, Financial Panic, Florida Purchase, whaling industry starts in Pacific.
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Savannah first steamship to cross Atlantic.
Stethoscope.
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1820
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At 16, begins journal, berates self for being “idle, vagrant, stupid & hollow”. Essay “The Character of Socrates”, wins 2nd place, Bowdoin prize.
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The Missouri Compromise, first Christian missionaries in Hawaii.
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In 1820s, U.S. manufacturers produce interchangeable parts, and in same period, Latin American revolts lead to strongmen rule (caudillos) rather than republics, Romanticism at height in Europe.
Galvanometer.
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1821
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“Dissertation on the Present State of Ethical Philosophy” wins 2nd place, Bowdoin Prize, ranked 30th of 59 in class, gives class poem.
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Peru declares independence from Spain.
Faraday’s electric motor/generator.
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1822
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Teaches school, in journal: “Let those who would pluck the lot of Immortality from Fate’s Urn, look well to the future prospects of America”.
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Publishes essay, “The Religion of the Middle Ages”, in The Christian Disciple, a Unitarian review.
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American abolitionists found Monrovia, Liberia’s future capital.
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Brazil separates from Portugal.
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1823
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Walks to Western Massachusetts, in journal: “The true epochs of history should be those successive triumphs … such as the Reformation, the Revival of letters, the progressive Abolition of the Slave-trade”.
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Monroe Doctrine strengthens U.S. independence by declaring the American continents closed to European colonization and affirming U.S. lack of interest in Europe’s quarrels.
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1824
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Decides on the ministry as a vocation largely based on his oratorical gifts.
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Henry Clay’s American System, Marshall decision strengthens interstate commerce.
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Mexico becomes a republic.
Electromagnet.
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1825–1829
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President John Quincy Adams’ term.
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1825
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Enters Harvard Divinity School, but eye complaints interrupt studies, resumes school-teaching.
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American Unitarian Association formed, Erie Canal opens.
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1825–1830: Indonesians revolt vs. Dutch rule.
First English passenger railway, friction match.
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1826
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Licensed to preach, but ill health leads to trip to Charleston SC, supported by Uncle Samuel Ripley.
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First photographic image produced in France, Ohm’s Law measures electrical resistance.
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1827
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Arrives St. Augustine, FL, reports on a slave auction, makes friends with Achille Murat, Napoleon’s nephew, meets Ellen Louisa Tucker in NH.
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48 sermons.
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Uruguay becomes independent state.
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1828
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Engaged to Ellen, brother Edward has nervous breakdown.
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109 sermons.
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Workingman’s Party forms in Philadelphia, NYC and Boston, Cherokees cede homelands to U.S. in Alabama.
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First steam railroad in the U.S.
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1829–1837
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President Andrew Jackson’s term
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1829
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Marries Ellen Tucker, in journal: “We live among eggs, embryos, & seminal principles & the wisest is the most prophetic eye”.
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At Second Church, Boston: junior, then senior pastor; chaplain to MA state senate, 209 sermons.
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James Marsh’s American edition of Coleridge’s Aids to Reflection.
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Greece wins independence from Turks.
Typewriter, practical locomotive.
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1830
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In journal: “‘Alii disputent, ego mirabor’ [Let others wrangle, I will wonder], said Augustin. It shall be my speech to the Calvinist & the Unitarian”.
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100 sermons.
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Indian Removal Act, first wagon trains cross Rockies to California.
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French invade Algeria vs. the Ottomans.
First U.S. locomotive.
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1831
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Ellen (19) dies of TB (Feb), walks daily from Boston to her grave in Roxbury.
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Boston School Committee, “Lord’s Supper” sermon to his congregation.
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Nat Turner’s Rebellion, National Lyceum Association, Garrison’s “Liberator”.
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Mazzini founds Young Italy.
Electromagnetic induction.
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1832
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Opens Ellen’s coffin, months later resigns pastorate, sails for Europe (Dec. 25) for 9 months.
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68 sermons.
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Tocqueville in U.S. (Boston, NY, Philadelphia), Jackson’s Nullification Proclamation,Bank Bill veto.
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Goethe dies
First electric carriage, Braille developed in France.
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1833
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Travels from Malta to Continent and UK, returns to Boston (Oct).
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Meets leading English writers, including Carlyle, begins “The Uses of Natural History” series, preaches most Sundays.
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Factory Act in Britain limits work day for all ages.
Calculating machine (mechanical computer) improves on Pascal’s seventeenth century adding/subtracting device.
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1834
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Moves to Concord, brother Edward dies (Oct), inherits first half of Ellen’s estate, begins writing Carlyle.
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“Natural History” lectures continue, 78 sermons.
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Middlesex County, Mass., Anti-Slavery Society begins.
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UK slavery ends in West Indies.
First mechanical reaper.
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1835
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Buys house (“Bush”), marries Lydia Jackson of Plymouth, Mass.
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Gives Concord’s 200th anniversary address, “Lives of Great Men” & “English Literature” series, 71 sermons, 26 lectures.
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New York Herald and Roger’s Herald of Freedom begin, Tocqueville’s Democracy in America I is published, Second Seminole War.
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Ottomans regain control in Tripoli & Benghazi, North Africa.
Photographic paper.
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1836
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Meets Margaret Fuller, brother Charles dies (May), son Waldo born (Oct), reads Institutes of Hindu Law.
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Transcendental Club formed, Nature published, “Philosophy of History” series, 73 sermons, 27 lectures.
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Texas wins Mexican War after defeat at the Alamo.
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Colt revolver, Prussian “needle gun” introduces breech-loading.
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1837–1841
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President Martin Van Buren’s term.
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1837
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Meets Thoreau, inherits second half of Ellen’s estate, Grimké sisters in Concord.
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“Concord Hymn”, poem; “American Scholar” Address, “Human Culture” series, briefly speaks vs. slavery, 73 sermons, 29 lectures.
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Concord Female Anti-Slavery Society formed, First American Women’s Anti-Slavery Convention, Financial Panic.
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DC motor, magnetic telescope, S.F.B. Morse’s telegraph.
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1838
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Emerson and Thoreau agree: self-reform first, then society’s; Mary M. Brooks leads Concord women & town vs. slavery.
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Protests Cherokee removal from GA, “Divinity School Address”, “Human Life” series, 13 sermons, 44 lectures.
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Cherokees forced out of GA, Second American Women’s Anti-Slavery Convention: A. Grimke & L. Mott are notable leaders.
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French begin to read Emerson.
Stereoscope.
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1839
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Daughter Ellen born (Feb).
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3 sermons, ends preaching;44 lectures; “The Present Age” series.
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Abolitionists divide in New England.
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1839: Opium War begins between Britain and China.
Vulcanized rubber, Daguerreotype.
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1840
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Attends reformers’ Chardon Street Convention, Boston, declines to join Brook Farm.
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The Dial begins with Fuller as editor, 31 lectures.
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F. Douglass’s first speech in Concord, Boston Vigilance Committee (multiracial), Tocqueville’s Democracy in America II is published.
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First World Anti-Slavery Convention, London.
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1841–1845
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Presidents Harrison and Tyler’s terms.
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1841
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Thoreau temporarily moves into “Bush”, daughter Edith born (Nov), reads Persian poets (Saadi, Hafiz) & more Eastern literature.
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Essays I published,
“The Times” series, “Man the Reformer” in UK press, 11 lectures.
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Brook Farm community (ongoing for 6 years), Fruitland―Alcott’s utopian experiment― (lasts 7 months).
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Carlyle: Emerson is “a voice of the heart of Nature”.
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1842
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Son Waldo dies (Jan), funds Alcott trip to England, in NYC meets Henry James, Sr. & Horace Greeley.
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Becomes editor of The Dial and in it prints “Ethnical Scriptures”, 19 lectures.
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Treaty establishes U.S.-Canada border, Wm Phillips delivers “Slavery” speech at Concord Lyceum.
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Opium War ends: Britain forces China to open more ports, cede Hong Kong.
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1843
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Sends Thoreau to NYC, Daniel Webster at “Bush”, promotes Phillips’ speeches on slavery.
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Translates Dante’s Vita Nuova, speaks in Boston series on reform with Thoreau, “New England” lecture series, 26 lectures The Dial focus: Confucian sayings.
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Phillips twice more speaks on slavery at Concord Lyceum.
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Mercerized textiles (stimulus to more cotton production).
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1844
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Son Edward born (July), buys 41 acres near Walden Pond, decries Samuel Hoar’s eviction from Charleston SC, opposes Texas Annex. and Mexican War, reads Bhagavad Gita.
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Essays II published, Concord address on anniversary of slavery’s end in the West Indies, last issue of The Dial, 30 lectures.
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Railroad comes to Concord, New England Anti-Slavery Convention: disunion of the U.S.; F. Douglass favors disunion in Concord address.
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Dominican Republic becomes independent of Haiti.
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1845–1849
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President James K. Polk’s term.
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1845
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Permits Thoreau to build cabin on his Walden Pond land, continues to promote Phillips, refuses to lecture in New Bedford lyceum over blacks’ segregated seating, reads classical Hindu texts.
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“Representative Men” lecture series, 14 lectures.
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Phillips in Concord opposes Texas statehood and slavery, Texas (& CA) annexed by U.S.
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Irish Potato Famine, 1 million emigrate.
Rotary printing press, double tube tires.
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1846
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Calls Thoreau’s night in jail to protest the Mexican War, “one step to suicide”; does not sign Concord’s disunion petition.
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Poems published, speaks at Thoreau’s cabin on second anniversary of end of West Indian slavery, 55 lectures.
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Defeat of Wilmot Proviso ends hope of prohibiting slavery in any territory previously owned by Mexico, Bear Republic established in California; in Boston, a fugitive slave led to safety.
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War with Mexico, 1846–1847.
Sewing machine, coal-gas 4 cycle engine.
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1847–1848
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Lectures in UK (Oct-July), disagrees with Carlyle, Thoreau at “Bush” with Lidian , children.
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Lectures to UK workers and elite.
In Paris, meets de Tocqueville.
1847, 55 lectures 1848, 53 lectures (abroad, 40; U.S., 13).
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1847–1848 Mormons in Utah 1848, Seneca Falls Convention, Free Soil Party (lasts 6 years).
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1847, Liberia established as home for freed American slaves, Istanbul slave market abolished, Revolutions in Europe, 1848; Second French Republic; Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto.
Arc light.
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1849–1853
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Presidents Taylor and Fillmore’s terms.
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1849
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Prepares lectures, begins smoking cigars, Frederika Bremer at “Bush”, on Hindu texts: “excellent gymnastics for the mind”.
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“Mind and Matters” series, 54 lectures, Nature; Addresses and Lectures published, speaks on third anniversary of end of West Indian slavery.
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California Gold Rush, Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience”, Harriet Tubman escapes slavery, leads 300 to freedom on Underground RR.
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Missionary-explorer David Livingstone reaches Africa’s interior, Lake Ngami; construction begins on Suez Canal.
Hydraulic turbine, safety pin.
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1850
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Mourns Fuller’s death in shipwreck off Fire Island.
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Representative Men, “Conduct of Life” lectures begin; first western tour Ohio; from 1850 to last work, refers to Hindu texts, 48 lectures.
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Webster’s March 7th speech in Congress, Compromise of 1850 includes Fugitive Slave Act, Boston Vigilance Committee accelerates activities, Melville’s Moby Dick.
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1850s South American Republics end slavery, apogee of Romantic music, 1850–1864: Taiping Rebellion, Chinese immigrate to U.S.
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1851
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Excoriates Webster’s “betrayal” of North, supports Thoreau & family’s aid to escaped slaves via Concord’s Underground RR.
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Speaks vs. Fugitive Slave Act 9 times, 34 lectures.
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Boston: escaped slave Thomas Sims returned to SC, Charles Sumner elected MA Senator, U.S. Underground RR grows.
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First industrial fair, London.
Electric locomotive, icemaking machine, ophthalmoscope.
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1852
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Praises Stowe’s novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
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Edits Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli, 69 lectures in N.E., Canada, Middle Atlantic states, delegate to woman’s rights convention, Worcester, Mass.
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Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin sells 10,000 copies in U.S. in first week; 300,000 in the U.S. and 1.5 million in the UK in first year, revolutionizes attitudes toward slavery.
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Napoleon III crowned Emperor of France.
Airship, elevator and its brake, Singer’s sewing machine, gyroscope.
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1853–1857
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President Franklin Pierce’s term.
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1853
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Mother dies (Nov); in journal, quotes Elizabeth Hoar: “… Bloomer dress is very good & reconcilable to men’s taste, if only it be not offensively sudden; so a woman may speak, & vote, & legislate, & drive coach, if only it comes by degrees”.
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44 lectures extend to Mid-West for first time; in IL, Lincoln hears him.
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Gadsden Purchase: Mexican land for RR to Pacific becomes part of New Mexico Territory.
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Commodore Mathew Perry sails into Japan’s Edo bay, forcing trade with U.S.; India has RR and telegraph lines.
Glider, potato chip.
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1854
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In journal: “… the races … must be used temporarily … by the Linnaean classification … not as true and ultimate”. Thoreau in Walden: “Plainly Boston does not wish liberty, & can only be tricked into a rescue of a slave”.
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60 widely given lectures, speaks vs. Fugitive Slave Law in NYC.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act, Boston: fugitive slave Anthony Burns returned to VA, Boston conventions: Free Soil Society and New England Anti-Slavery Society.
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1854–1856 Crimean War, Russia defeated by UK, France.
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1855
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Praises Leaves of Grass, helps found Concord Academy and Saturday Club.
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Anti-slavery addresses in Boston, New York, Philadelphia; “Woman” speech at Woman’s Rights Convention, Boston; 59 lectures.
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Whitman’s Leaves of Grass published.
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India begins to read Emerson.
Bessemer furnace.
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1856
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In journal: “If I knew only Thoreau, I should think cooperation of good men impossible”.
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English Traits, speaks for Kansas Relief, 66 lectures from N.E. to Mid-West.
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Civil War in Kansas, John Brown’s Massacre, Sumner beaten on Senate floor for Kansas speech.
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1856–1860 Second Opium War between Britain and China.
Steel converter.
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1857–1861
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President James Buchanan’s term.
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1857
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Entertains John Brown with Thoreau at “Bush”, donates to Harriet Tubman in Concord.
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Praises Brown’s speech in Concord, “Brahma”, poem, 48 lectures.
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Dred Scott Decision, Harper’s Weekly, Financial Panic.
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Mutiny in India vs. UK, Africa slave trade ends in Ottoman Empire.
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1858
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Declares self “absolute” abolitionist, camps in Adirondacks.
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36 lectures.
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Lincoln’s “House Divided” speech, Lincoln/Douglas Debates.
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Tolstoy praises Emerson on Goethe and Shakespeare.
Steelmaking furnace, Mason jar.
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1859
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Agitated re Brown, journal entries lapse, begins transcribing MME’s “Almanack”, brother Bulkley dies (May).
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Quotes friend: Brown’s gallows will be as “sacred as the cross”, 44 lectures.
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John Brown raid and capture at Harper’s Ferry.
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Darwin’s Origin of Species.
Spectroscope, storage battery, escalator.
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1860
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fails to persuade Whitman to minimize sex in Leaves of Grass.
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The Conduct of Life, 54 lectures in NE, NY, Mid-West, Toronto.
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Lincoln elected, SC secedes, U.S. Pony Express, U.S. slaves at c. 4 million, nearly 60% more than in 1820.
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Italian unification begins, Japanese cross Pacific in Western-style ship.
Vacuum cleaner, linoleum, repeating rifle.
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1861–1865
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President Abraham Lincoln’s term.
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1861
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In journal: “only as our existence is shared, not as it is self-hood … is [it] divine”.
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Pro-Union crowd hoots him off stage; at Anti-Slavery Soc. in Charleston, Mass.: “sometimes gunpowder smells good”. 30 lectures.
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Lincoln’s first Inaugural, Confederate Constitution, Civil War begins at Fort Sumter, Lincoln asks for volunteers.
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Russian serfs emancipated, Pasteur popularizes germ theory of disease.
Machine gun.
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1862
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Quotes dying Thoreau: “I wish so to live … that … I may dream of no heaven but that which lies about me”. Thoreau dies (May), gives funeral oration.
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Delivers “American Civilization” at Smithsonian, meets Lincoln in White House, address printed in Atlantic Monthly, 29 lectures.
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Civil War on sea/land, Homestead Act, Pacific Railroad Act.
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1862–1867 French puppet empire in Mexico, Nietzsche reads & copies Emerson verbatim, Bismarck appointed Prussian Prime Minister.
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1863
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In journal: “I am a bard least of bards”. MME dies (Oct).
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“Boston Hymn”, poem, celebrates Emancipation, reviews cadets at West Point, 31 lectures.
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Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address.
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Player piano.
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1864
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In journal: “If we escape bravely from the present war, America will be the controlling power”.
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Gives “American Life” and “Fortune of the Republic”, elected to new American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 17 lectures.
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Cheyenne Massacre, Atlanta Campaign.
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Baudelaire echoes Emerson.
Experimental automobile.
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1865–1869
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Presidents Lincoln and Johnson’s term.
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1865
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Eulogy for Lincoln, “the true representative of this continent”.
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Writes preface to Saadi’s Gulistan, 77 lectures from NE to Mid-West.
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Civil war ends, Lincoln shot.
13th Amendment ends slavery in U.S.
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Young Ottoman Society founded.
RR sleeping car, pneumatic tool.
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1866
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Reads poem “Terminus” to son Edward.
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Receives LLD, Harvard University, 43 lectures.
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Transatlantic Cable, Freedman’s Bureau Act, Civil Rights Act.
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American University founded in Beirut, diamonds discovered in South Africa. Dynamite.
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1867
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In journal: “… a cleavage is occurring in the hitherto firm granite of the past, and a new era is nearly arrived”.
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May-Day and Other Pieces published, delivers Harvard PBK Address, elected Harvard Overseer, Free Religious Assoc. and Radical Club, 80 lectures.
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Johnson vetoes 1st Reconstruction Act and Reconstruction Acts 2–4, Alaska bought from Russia.
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Dominion of Canada declared, Austria-Hungary monarchy established.
Typewriter.
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1868
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In journal: “… the delight in another’s superiority, is as M.M.E. Says, ‘My best gift from God’. … the moral nature is … higher than the intellectual”; brother William dies (Sept).
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Meets Emma Lazarus, NYC; speaks to Chinese officials, Boston; extols Confucius; 25 lectures.
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Ku-Klux-Klan.
14th Amendment.
Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women.
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Meiji (Enlightened) Restoration in Japan.
Air brake.
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1869–1877
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President Ulysses S. Grant’s term.
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1869
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In journal: “… the charm of [studying religion] is in finding the agreements & identities in all the religions of men”.
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Elected VP, NE Women’s Suffrage Association, profiles MME (“Amita”) for NE Women’s Club, 37 lectures.
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Transcontinental RR, reduces Native American buffalo herds by half.
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Suez Canal opens, Mohandas Gandhi born.
Oleomargarine.
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1870
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Wishes Julia Ward Howe (“Battle Hymn”) of NYC were Massachusetts born: “We have no such poetess in New England”.
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“National History of the Intellect”, Harvard philosophy course; preface, Plutarch’s Morals; Society and Solitude, 27 lectures.
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15th Amendment, Enforcement Acts re 14th, 15th Amendments.
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Franco-Prussian War, German Empire, 1870–1900 11 million Europeans immigrate to U.S., transatlantic slave trade ends.
Celluloid, stock ticker.
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1871
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Aborts Harvard course for trip to CA by RR, meets John Muir, Bret Harte visits him in Concord.
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39 lectures from Chicago to DC.
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Apache War begins, Ku-Klux-Klan Act, Chicago Fire.
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Japanese Mission to study Western ideas.
Compressed air rock drill.
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1872
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Memory lapses increase after fire to “Bush”, trip to Europe, Egypt, sees Henry James in Paris.
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Speaks at Howard Institute (later University), addresses Japanese in Boston, is feted in Europe, 20 lectures.
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Liberal Republican Party.
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Japan claims Ryuku Islands.
Gasoline engine.
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1873
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Returns home (May), more conscious of memory loss.
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begins new term as Harvard Overseer
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Financial Panic.
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Car coupler, blue jeans.
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1874
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Excludes himself, Whitman & Poe in new poetry collection.
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Parnassus, anthology of his favorite poems.
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Independent Greenback Party formed.
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Barbed wire.
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1875
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Ends journal entries.
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Reads Minutemen Memorial in Concord, centennial of Revolution, Letters and Social Aims.
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Civil Rights Act.
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Magazine gun.
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1876
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Hosts Emma Lazarus; on Virginians: “They are very brave people down there, and say just what they think”.
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Selected Poems, lectures at the University of Virginia to indifferent audience.
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Sioux War ends, Mark Twain’s Tom Sawyer.
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Carpet sweeper, Bell’s telephone, refrigerator.
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1877–1882
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President Rutherford B. Hayes’ term.
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1877
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Increasingly withdrawn, unable to converse at length.
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Southern sentiment vs. blacks rises, North loses interest in Reconstruction.
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Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India.
Microphone, phonograph.
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1878
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On himself: “a lecturer who has no idea what he’s lecturing about, and an audience who don’t know what he can mean”.
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Reads “Education” at Concord Lyceum.
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Reconstruction ends.
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Edison’s electric light, cream separator, disc cultivator, cystoscope.
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1879
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“Strange that the kind Heavens should keep us on earth after they have destroyed our connection with things!”
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Lectures at Amherst College, speaks on memory at Concord School of Philosophy (CSP).
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Japanese student at Amherst College takes Emerson’s work to Tokyo University.
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Second Afghan War: Britain controls Afghanistan.
Cash register, incandescent light bulb, Ivory soap.
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1880
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Family asks James E. Cabot to be literary executor/biographer.
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Speaks on aristocracy at CSP, reads 1867 lecture at Concord Lyceum.
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James Garfield elected president.
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Kipling at 15 lists Emerson his 2nd favorite poet.
Photophone.
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1881
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Whitman on Emerson at home, “A good color in his face … and the old clear-peering aspect quite the same”.
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Reads paper on Carlyle at Massachusetts Historical Society.
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Clara Barton founds American Red Cross.
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Carbon filament.
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1882
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27 April, dies of pneumonia at home, buried Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord.
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Late March, attends Longfellow’s funeral but cannot remember his name.
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Oscar Wilde tours US, often quotes Emerson.
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Cuban José Martí writes “Emerson” in Spanish.
Electric fan, electric flatiron, Christmas lights.
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