Afghanistan 49, 65–67, 69–70, 76–80, 82–85, 182, 296, 298
agriculture 90, 142, 151, 155, 157–158, 166–167, 171, 182
collective farms 156, 182, 188
farming 158, 170–171, 182, 187
Amu Darya 61, 64–66, 82, 154–155
Armenia 16, 229–230, 237, 242, 246–247, 249, 252, 274, 361
Basmachi 41, 63, 74, 77–78, 83–85
bazaar 94–95, 97, 105, 179, 187, 189–190, 233, 237–239, 244–245, 247–248, 250–251, 263, 265–266, 268–271, 275, 309
biography 45–46, 243, 304, 306, 346
spatial 45
Bolshevism/Bolsheviks 62, 68, 73–74, 77–78, 80, 84, 86
borders 6, 16–17, 27–29, 31, 33–36, 39–43, 46, 48–52, 61–62, 65–67, 70–72, 74, 76, 78, 81–82, 85, 126, 133, 135, 138, 144, 159, 178, 182–183, 186, 188, 193, 196–197, 207, 219–220, 222, 229–231, 233–236, 242, 246–247, 251, 263, 267, 278, 281, 284, 295–296, 343, 349–350, 353, 361
cross-border 16, 28–29, 33–36, 41–43, 46, 48–49, 52, 178, 188, 193, 196–197, 295–296
policy 66
boundaries 10, 13, 20, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 40, 42, 44, 46–47, 51, 59, 64, 72–73, 79, 86, 89, 91–92, 100–102, 112, 124, 131, 159, 185, 231, 233–235, 263–264, 270, 282, 296, 311, 322, 335, 346, 350
crossing 35
transgressing 33, 46–47, 50, 207
Bukhara 15–16, 63–66, 68, 72, 74–76, 80, 82, 84–86, 129, 132–133, 136, 138
capital 6, 8, 14, 29–30, 32, 37–38, 46, 48–49, 51, 65, 68, 73, 82, 90, 92, 94, 99, 105, 108, 112, 134, 137, 139, 153, 186, 188, 190, 196, 229, 236, 239, 245–247, 254, 256, 263, 266, 268, 278, 284, 291, 293, 296, 298, 319, 336, 339–340, 344
economic 298
social 112
capitalism 14, 30, 51, 153, 256, 263, 278, 284, 336, 339–340, 344
Caucasus, the 2, 5, 16–17, 27, 29–34, 40–41, 47–48, 50, 52, 72, 80, 105, 107, 229–232, 235–239, 244, 246, 249, 252, 254, 256, 268, 278, 351, 361
Central Asia 1–3, 5, 15–18, 27, 29–37, 40–41, 47–49, 51, 61–66, 68–86, 91, 95, 99, 104–105, 107, 110, 112–114, 121–125, 127–129, 131–135, 137, 139–141, 144–145, 151, 154, 178–180, 187–189, 194, 196, 207–209, 211, 217, 219–221, 229–232, 235, 244, 246, 252, 265, 268, 278–279, 292, 295, 298, 339, 341, 343, 351, 361–363
China 1–2, 16–17, 29–30, 35–37, 41, 43, 48–50, 62, 64, 66–71, 76, 91, 125, 165, 178–183, 185, 187–199, 210, 218–219, 221, 231, 235, 243–247, 250, 263–264, 267, 277–283, 297, 309, 326, 343, 351, 355, 361–363
CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) 91, 97–98, 108
clan 121, 123, 129, 132, 137, 140, 208–210, 218
community 6, 13–14, 18, 35, 41, 46, 70, 78, 81–83, 85, 102–105, 107–109, 111–112, 123–125, 127, 132–133, 155, 179, 182, 186, 193, 221, 246, 254, 266, 270, 274, 277–279, 281, 283, 296, 299, 302, 331, 335–336, 339, 341, 350, 352, 354
construction 15, 41, 45, 89, 133–134, 138, 183, 190, 199, 212, 219, 221, 270, 310, 335
consumption 32, 91, 165, 247, 251, 264, 302–303, 357, 362
connections 94
culture 27, 36, 47, 51, 62, 69, 72, 81, 84, 86, 91, 99, 104–105, 112, 126, 135, 138–139, 141, 143, 145, 154, 165, 170, 177–178, 181, 191, 196–197, 217, 232, 235, 273, 297, 299–300, 322, 327, 337, 361–363
development 8, 17, 27, 32, 36, 46, 51, 84, 124, 126, 135, 153, 157, 159, 184, 192–194, 196–197, 199, 252, 268, 270
diaspora 9, 44, 46, 50, 62, 81–82, 96, 99, 177, 213, 264, 268, 273–275, 277–279, 281–283
digital 13–14, 49, 145, 276–277, 291–294, 300–304, 307–312
Dubai 36, 38, 46–48, 50, 89–93, 96–101, 103–114, 196–197, 291–293, 295, 297–298, 305–306, 308–309
economy 17, 30, 51, 90, 92–95, 99, 103, 113, 156, 170, 195, 231, 235, 243, 248, 252, 256, 268, 279, 336–337, 344, 362
economics 90, 102, 105, 232, 242, 264, 281, 338
informal 30, 90, 92, 94–95, 113, 231
emotion 3, 30, 37–38, 44, 82, 274, 276, 285, 291–294, 300–304, 307–308, 311–312, 351, 356–357
employment 27, 94, 98–99, 101, 109–110, 154, 156–158, 182, 327
entrepreneur 36, 49, 90, 93–95, 98–99, 107, 109, 112, 178–179, 186–187, 189–190, 192–193, 198, 230–233, 241, 244, 249–251, 256, 263, 283, 292, 298, 302, 363
entrepreneurial 94, 107, 109, 192–193, 230
entrepreneurship 244, 283, 363
ethnicity/ethnic group 1, 30, 36, 40, 74, 81–82, 86, 99–100, 103, 105, 107, 121, 123, 132–133, 180, 271, 280, 325, 362
ethnography 1, 28, 37, 45, 125, 151–153, 155, 158, 160–164, 213, 264, 276, 282, 299–300, 310–312, 354, 363
Eurasia 15–16, 29, 36–37, 48–49, 65, 96–97, 104–105, 112, 114, 182, 198, 211, 222, 229, 263–264, 282, 296, 361
export 89, 108–109, 152, 155–156, 161, 165–166, 189
genealogy 123, 126, 128, 131, 133, 138, 140, 143, 209
generation 8, 42, 44, 46, 48, 84, 132–133, 138, 141–144, 188, 195, 199, 243, 264, 266, 270, 273–277, 281–283, 285
Georgia 31, 39, 50, 229–230, 232, 236–237, 242–243, 245–247, 249–252, 254, 256, 356
globalization 5–7, 29–34, 36, 42, 91, 112–113, 124, 139, 159–160, 186, 207, 223, 229–231, 233–237, 250, 254–256, 299, 350, 361
governance 16, 34, 50, 70–71, 90, 161, 166, 173, 339
Gulf 91–96, 107, 111–114, 297, 363
region 93
heritage 211–212, 219, 252, 270
hijra 35, 37–38, 41, 63, 76, 79–81, 294, 319, 345–346
historiography 34, 61, 77, 222
home 1, 14–15, 28, 31, 37, 42, 44, 46–49, 75, 81, 92–94, 98, 100–101, 103, 106–107, 109–110, 112, 114, 135, 152–153, 158–159, 164, 195–197, 236, 252, 255, 263, 269, 272–277, 281–283, 294–295, 301, 303–306, 309, 311–312, 319, 324, 326, 329, 333, 346, 363
homeland 42, 44, 81, 135, 197, 273–274, 282
identity 1, 30, 32, 36–37, 40, 42, 44–45, 47–48, 71, 76, 78–79, 81–82, 86, 99, 111–112, 121–126, 131, 133–136, 139, 144, 180, 205, 208, 252, 254, 263, 265, 269–270, 281, 299, 301, 303, 320, 322, 339, 361–363
ethnic 269
religious 45, 76, 81, 112, 134, 303
ideology 15, 125, 134–136, 142, 192, 242–243, 252, 268, 270, 337–339
imperialism 78
independence 37, 41, 68, 77, 86, 109, 134–135, 154, 166, 182, 217, 246, 252, 274
informality 93, 98, 230–235, 237, 245, 250–251, 255–256
institutions 1, 6, 9, 20, 28, 30, 32–35, 38–39, 46, 50–51, 71, 78, 100, 102–103, 105, 122, 126, 136, 144, 151–155, 157–165, 167, 169, 173, 181, 185, 197, 220, 231–235, 238, 246, 251, 271, 281, 284–285, 297, 303, 355
integration 93, 95, 182, 273, 353, 363
internet 3, 14, 32, 37, 39, 42, 44, 48, 139, 145, 244, 274, 276–277, 305
Iran 17, 35–36, 48, 50, 61–62, 68–70, 76–77, 84, 89–91, 93, 97, 99, 101, 103–108, 111–112, 137, 230, 242, 245, 247, 291–292, 295, 297–298
Persia/Persian 36, 50, 77, 84, 89, 94, 99, 105, 122, 127–128, 230, 298
Turko-Iranian 68
Islam 1, 9–10, 15–16, 30, 33, 35–36, 48–49, 70, 72–73, 75–76, 78, 80–84, 90–91, 94, 99, 104, 111, 122, 129, 132–133, 135–136, 138, 142, 144, 183, 208, 274, 291–297, 302, 304–308, 331, 334, 341, 344–345, 352, 362–363
holy group 121–129, 135, 139–140, 144
mosque 31, 45, 142, 305–307, 319–320, 326, 331–333, 335–336
piety 38, 48, 82, 105, 293–295, 300, 302, 305–306, 309–310, 312, 343, 345
sacred lineage 121, 123, 125, 127, 131, 133–134, 136, 138–142, 144
saints 121–123, 128, 132–134, 136, 140, 145
Shia 99
shrines 79–80, 123, 125, 132–134, 136–138, 140
Sufi 121–123, 125–126, 129, 131–133, 135, 140, 144–145
Sunni 36, 50, 75, 91, 99, 104, 112, 135
jihad 70, 76, 78, 80, 83–84, 331
muhajeer/muhajed 76, 78, 80–83
Kazakhstan 16, 32, 35–36, 41, 48–49, 69, 76, 95, 123–126, 131, 134–145, 158, 177–183, 186, 188–192, 194–198, 210, 278, 326, 352, 355, 361
kin/kinship 99–100, 103, 105, 107, 123, 138, 143, 188, 232–233, 235, 241, 250, 303
Kyrgyzstan 1–2, 14, 16, 30–31, 34, 37–38, 40, 45–46, 69, 76, 125, 153, 177, 180–183, 189, 198, 205–209, 211–213, 216–219, 221, 223, 263, 266–268, 271–279, 281–283, 319–321, 331, 338–339, 341–342, 344, 352, 361–363
landowners 33
smallholders 152–153, 156–159, 161, 163–164, 166–167, 169–173
language 2–3, 48–49, 62, 69, 74, 81, 89–90, 94, 104–105, 110, 112, 123, 125, 133, 137, 143–144, 166, 178, 181, 194–197, 205, 209–211, 213–216, 219–220, 222, 235, 265, 272–273, 277–279, 296, 298, 331
linguistic 46, 104, 126, 136, 140, 182, 188, 211–212, 215, 217–218, 221, 264, 274
market 48, 50, 70, 90–91, 93, 95–97, 103–104, 106–109, 111–112, 114, 156, 165–166, 182, 187, 230–231, 233, 235–247, 251, 253–256, 265, 268, 279, 281, 297, 336–337, 344, 356, 361
media 2, 13–14, 18, 32, 37, 48–49, 51, 76, 90–91, 94, 104, 107, 111, 113–114, 122–123, 126, 132, 136, 139, 144, 163, 173, 178, 196–198, 206, 211, 219, 224, 232, 249, 256, 277, 279, 282, 284–285, 291–294, 297, 301–305, 307–309, 311–312, 337, 345
digital 14, 294, 302, 307, 309, 312
mediation
material 293
methods/methodology 2, 6, 8–10, 12, 19, 27–28, 30, 33–34, 36, 40, 42, 47, 125, 144, 151–152, 159–160, 163, 179–180, 186, 205, 207, 211, 215, 220, 222–224, 264, 271, 284, 300, 310–311, 351, 354
middlemen 48–49, 90–94, 101–109, 111–114, 197, 246, 263, 277–279, 281–282, 298, 351
migration 6, 16, 27–28, 32–33, 35–36, 38, 41, 47, 49, 51–52, 61–63, 68, 71, 73–79, 81, 84–86, 91–92, 95–96, 98, 109–110, 112–113, 143, 151–153, 160, 167, 194–196, 199, 232–233, 282, 284, 293, 296–297, 299, 301, 309, 345, 353, 355–356, 361–363
emgration/emigrants 76
emigration/emigrants 36, 38, 41, 62, 73–75, 77, 79, 81, 84, 95
immigration/immigrants 84, 110, 153
labour 6, 33, 38, 47, 51, 68, 91, 167, 232, 296–297
migrant guesthouse 92, 100–101, 103
migrants 32, 38, 44, 46, 48–49, 51, 76, 80, 82, 84, 89, 92–97, 99–103, 108–112, 158–159, 167, 196–197, 234, 255, 266, 272, 274–275, 295, 298, 301, 312, 327, 362
temporary migrants 100
traveller 8, 13, 30, 36, 43–44, 48–49, 51, 230, 247, 294–295, 297, 301–303, 309–311, 352
mobility/mobilities 2–3, 5–13, 15–18, 27–32, 35–36, 38–43, 46–47, 49–51, 84, 92–93, 112, 153, 159–160, 180, 184, 186, 190, 195–196, 199, 229–230, 234–237, 242, 244–245, 253–256, 279, 283, 293–294, 296–301, 307–310, 312, 349–357, 361, 363
mobilities studies 356
modern 6–7, 11, 13, 18, 27, 29, 32–34, 43, 45, 49, 69, 71–72, 76–77, 84–86, 90, 94, 125, 129, 131, 133–134, 137, 139, 192–194, 198–199, 209, 212, 221, 239, 243, 251, 256, 272, 298–299, 309, 336, 352, 355
Moscow 16, 65, 67, 72, 89–90, 97, 105, 154, 213, 276, 296
nationalism 27, 30, 36–37, 40–41, 45, 62, 78, 81, 95, 134, 144, 186, 213, 217–218, 220, 270, 274, 284, 353
networks 9, 13, 17, 31, 35–36, 39, 46, 48, 50, 70, 83, 91–92, 98–100, 103–104, 107–108, 110, 112, 123, 125–126, 132, 139, 160, 178, 183–185, 187–188, 193–194, 196, 199, 219, 221–222, 231–235, 239, 241, 246, 250, 254–255, 268, 276, 279, 282, 284, 291, 296, 298, 363
nomads 12, 17, 73, 85, 135, 270
nomadic 17, 74–75, 85, 132, 139, 212, 218, 269, 361
semi-nomads 85
place 3, 7, 10–14, 18–20, 28–29, 34–40, 42–47, 49–51, 61, 68, 71, 75, 80, 82, 84, 90, 92, 96–98, 100–103, 106, 108, 112–114, 121–122, 124–127, 132–134, 136–138, 144–145, 151–156, 158, 172, 178–179, 184–188, 194–199, 206, 210, 214, 218–219, 222, 230, 233–240, 244–245, 247, 251, 253, 255, 265, 268, 270, 272–273, 276, 279, 292–294, 297–298, 300–301, 303–307, 309–312, 320–321, 324, 326, 333, 335, 341–342, 345–346, 350, 353–354, 356–357
power 17–18, 28, 34, 42, 45, 50, 64–65, 68–69, 72, 74–75, 77–78, 81–82, 86, 105, 133, 139, 151–152, 154–155, 159–160, 162, 173, 178, 184, 198, 218–219, 230, 234, 276, 282, 284, 341–343, 350
refugee 6, 17, 51, 76, 82–83, 86, 178, 181–182, 188, 333
relations 1, 5–6, 13, 18–19, 28–37, 40, 43, 45, 50–51, 67–68, 70–73, 90, 92–93, 96, 99, 102, 108, 113–114, 122–123, 125–127, 132, 134, 137, 139–141, 151–154, 159–165, 177, 179–180, 182–187, 194, 196, 199, 209–211, 213–216, 219, 234–235, 241–242, 244–246, 249, 253, 255, 265, 271, 276, 278, 283, 296, 299, 310–311, 330, 335, 355–356, 362
relationships 6, 19, 29, 33, 73, 93, 102, 123, 125, 127, 132, 137, 140–141, 160, 213–215, 244, 283, 311, 330, 335, 356
social 13, 18, 32, 34, 43, 122, 126, 154, 160–163, 235, 241, 362
research 1–3, 5–11, 14, 19, 27–29, 32–34, 37, 40, 42, 46, 49–50, 62, 77, 86, 90, 113, 123–126, 128, 131, 135, 140, 144–145, 152–154, 158, 160–164, 167, 177, 179–180, 185, 192, 195, 207–208, 213, 220, 222, 230, 234, 236, 253, 263–266, 268–269, 271, 277, 281–282, 285, 300, 310–312, 320, 322, 339, 345, 350–351, 353–355, 361–363
methods 163
perspective 5, 27, 33, 42, 86, 113, 144, 185, 207, 222, 300, 310, 350
resident 45–46, 50, 62, 78, 93, 97, 101–102, 155–156, 177, 179, 272, 295, 297, 320, 326–328, 335, 345–346
residency permits 112
rural 17, 32–33, 36, 42, 50–51, 70, 110–111, 127, 129, 134, 151–152, 154, 156–159, 161, 166, 182, 186–187, 192, 195, 244
Russia 1–2, 16–18, 36–37, 41, 44, 46, 48, 50, 61, 64–74, 76–77, 83–86, 89–91, 94–98, 103–108, 110–113, 124–125, 137, 140, 158, 171, 178, 181, 189–190, 196–197, 205–206, 209–215, 219–221, 230–231, 244–246, 263–268, 271–279, 281–283, 292, 296–298, 306, 325–327, 329, 331, 343, 351, 361, 363. See also Soviet Union/USSR
Russian Empire 16, 71, 124, 178
secular 63, 70–71, 78, 81, 291–292, 297
Silk Road 5, 49, 70, 178, 198–199, 245, 252, 263, 352, 361
socialism 16, 31, 336, 340, 344
socioeconomic status/class 13, 61, 78, 91, 93–96, 99, 128, 243, 268, 273, 283, 324, 337
Soviet Union/USSR 15–16, 41, 61, 67–68, 78, 82, 86, 104, 134, 156, 165, 178, 181–183, 187–188, 208, 231, 252–254, 267, 272, 278, 296, 321, 326–327, 336, 338
Soviet 14–17, 29–31, 35–36, 38–43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 61–62, 66–70, 74–81, 83, 85–86, 91, 96–98, 104, 113, 121, 123–126, 129, 131–135, 137, 140–144, 154, 156, 165, 178–179, 181–183, 186–189, 194, 197, 207–208, 213, 216–217, 220, 222–223, 229, 231, 239, 242–243, 246, 252–254, 263, 265–267, 269–273, 278–279, 284, 291, 295–296, 319, 321–322, 326–327, 330, 335–339, 346, 352, 355, 361
spatialisation/spatiality 30, 33–34, 37–38, 51, 186, 311
state 1, 6, 28, 30–31, 33, 39–42, 50–51, 68, 70–72, 78, 80–82, 93–94, 99, 112–113, 123, 125, 133, 136, 142, 152–156, 159, 161, 165–166, 169–170, 177–178, 182–183, 187–188, 193–195, 197–198, 208, 217, 220, 231–233, 235, 238–240, 242, 245, 247, 256, 264, 281, 284, 291–292, 296–297, 299, 305, 319, 329–330, 338, 341, 361–362
status 71, 74, 82, 98–99, 107, 110, 112, 121, 123, 125, 128–129, 131, 134, 141, 158, 223, 242, 253, 271, 279, 310
students 1, 16, 46, 179–180, 182, 194–196, 199, 242, 279, 292–296, 299, 302–303, 305, 307–309, 320, 326, 328, 351, 356–357
Tajikistan 1, 16, 30, 36, 44, 66–69, 74–77, 79–80, 82, 85, 89–96, 98–99, 101, 105–108, 110–113, 125, 143, 210, 272, 291, 293, 295–297, 303–307, 309, 361–363
Tashkent 64–65, 68, 74, 124–126, 129, 132, 134–135, 137–144
technology 13–14, 32, 41, 139, 190, 293, 300, 302, 309, 312
texts 2, 13, 31–32, 36–37, 40, 47, 73, 122, 127, 154, 161–164, 167, 170–171, 173, 197, 217, 232, 236, 252, 254, 294, 308–309, 356–357
tourism 6, 15, 41, 48, 90–91, 93, 95–96, 101, 103, 111, 191–192, 233, 246, 297
trade 1, 12, 15–17, 30–31, 33, 36, 39, 41, 44, 46, 48, 50–52, 68, 90, 92–93, 95, 98–99, 101, 103–104, 106–109, 111, 159–160, 165, 170, 178–180, 182, 186–187, 189–190, 192–193, 195, 197, 229–256, 263–266, 268–271, 283, 294, 298, 309, 327, 335, 351, 355–356, 363
business people 48, 50, 90, 92, 99, 109, 177, 179, 189, 194, 230, 243–244, 246, 250, 252, 270, 277–278
petty trade 39, 50, 229–230, 232–234, 236, 242–243, 246, 249, 252–256, 356
transformation 6–8, 10, 13, 19, 29–30, 37, 42–46, 70, 78, 84, 123–124, 127, 134, 185–186, 194, 199, 239, 266, 268, 278, 311, 321, 336–337, 340, 342, 344, 346, 349, 362
transgression 31, 39, 42, 48, 185, 220, 234, 264, 349
transition 38, 80, 156, 243, 297, 311, 321, 336–337, 340–345, 355
translation 31, 46–52, 179, 185, 212–213, 220, 278, 285, 349
translocal 1–3, 5–6, 8–12, 15–19, 27–34, 36–52, 61, 63, 68, 83–84, 89–94, 101, 107, 109, 111–113, 121–122, 124–127, 131–134, 136, 138–139, 141, 144–145, 151–153, 159–162, 164, 169–170, 173, 177–180, 184–186, 189–190, 193–194, 196–197, 199, 205, 207, 218–220, 222–223, 229–231, 234–237, 241–242, 244–245, 250, 254–256, 263–264, 271, 278, 281–282, 284–285, 291, 293–295, 299–300, 302, 304, 309–312, 319–321, 336, 345–346, 349–357, 362–363
translocality/translocalism 2–3, 5–6, 8–10, 12, 18–19, 27–34, 36–39, 41–45, 51–52, 84, 109, 111–113, 122, 124–127, 132, 138, 144, 159–160, 184–186, 199, 207, 229–231, 234–235, 237, 242, 254–256, 281, 299–300, 304, 311–312, 320–321, 336, 345–346, 349–357
transnationalism 5–7, 28, 33, 62, 109, 159, 234, 350, 353, 363
transtemporality 18–19, 44–45, 312, 346
Turkey 18, 50, 62, 76–78, 84, 95, 231, 235, 243, 245–247, 249–250, 252, 295, 326
Turkistan/Turkestan 16, 63, 65–66, 68–69, 72, 83–84, 124–126, 129, 131–132, 135–138, 140–143
Turko-Iranian 68
umma 35, 50, 81–82, 185, 235, 281–282, 296, 331, 352
United Arab Emirates 1–2, 89–90, 92–95, 98, 101, 107, 109–112, 291, 293, 295, 298, 303, 307, 309, 311, 352, 362
urban 17, 28–29, 36–38, 45–46, 70, 72–73, 75, 91–92, 94–95, 97, 100–101, 110–113, 127, 132, 134, 156, 158, 186, 189–190, 192, 236, 239, 244–246, 272, 282, 296, 305, 319–322, 331, 336, 338, 345–346, 361–363
Uzbekistan 32–34, 36, 50–51, 66, 69, 74–76, 85, 123–124, 126, 129, 135, 138–139, 142, 144–145, 151–152, 154–158, 161, 165–166, 170, 173, 210, 232, 272, 362
water 32, 34, 42, 50–51, 66, 152, 154–158, 161, 164–173, 332
