List of Illustrations

Note to the Reader

Mary Garden as Jean the juggler in Jules Massenet’s Le jongleur de Notre-Dame. Photograph by Aimé Dupont, 1909

Preface

Chapter 1

1.1	Stemma of Our Lady’s Tumbler. Vector Art by Melissa Tandysh (2014) after Hermann Wächter, “Der Springer unserer lieben Frau,” Romanische Forschungen 11.1 (1901): 299. Image courtesy of Melissa Tandysh. All rights reserved.	24
1.2	Gautier de Coinci at work. Miniature by Fauvel Master, 1327. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek 71 A 24, fol. 49v. Image from Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gautier_de_Coinsi.jpg	26
1.3	Gautier de Coinci (detail). Miniature, 1260–1270. Brussels, Bibliothèque royale Albert I, MS 10747, fol. 3r. Image courtesy of Bibliothèque royale Albert I, Brussels. All rights reserved.	27
1.4	Postcard depicting Notre-Dame de Soissons in the eighteenth century (Soissons, France: Nougarède, 1903).	27
1.5	Ruins of Notre-Dame de Soissons. Photograph, 1938. Photographer unknown.	28
1.6	Postcard depicting the Abbey of Saint-Jean-des-Vignes (Paris: Levy Fils et Cie, early twentieth century).	28
1.7	Postcard depicting the cloisters at the Abbey of Saint-Jean-des-Vignes (Paris: Neurdein et Cie, early twentieth century)	28
1.8	L’Abbaye de Saint-Médard, Soissons. Engraving, date and artist unknown.	29
1.9	The crypt of the abbey of Saint-Médard, Soissons. Engraving by Léon Gaucherel, date unknown.	30
1.10	Gautier de Coinci. Miniature, 1260–1270. Brussels, Bibliothèque royale Albert 1, MS 10747, fol. 3r. Image courtesy of Bibliothèque royale Albert I, Brussels. All rights reserved.	31
1.11	The Knight of the Barrel. Miniature, from an unidentified manuscript in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris. Reproduced in Émile Abry et al., Histoire illustrée de la littérature française (Paris: Henri Didier, 1946), 32.	36
1.12	The Knight of the Barrel. Illustration by Pio Santini, 1946. Published in Jérôme and Jean Tharaud, Les contes de la Vierge (Paris: Société d’éditions littéraires françaises, 1946), between pp. 140 and 141.	36
1.13	“Can I just look at the pictures?” © Paul Taylor. All rights reserved.	38
1.14	The jongleur before the Virgin and Child. An angelic hand delivers a towel from the heavens while a vielle lies at the Virgin’s feet. Miniature, thirteenth century. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS Arsenal 3516, fol. 127r. Image courtesy of Bibliothèque national de France, Paris. All rights reserved.	39
1.15	Musician and tumbler. Miniature by Petrus de Raimbaucourt, 1323. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, 78 D 40, fol. 108r. Image courtesy of Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague. All rights reserved.	43
1.16	Musician and tumbler. Miniature, late thirteenth century. Lausanne, Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire de Lausanne, U 964, fol. 343v. Image courtesy of the Virtual Manuscript Library of Switzerland, www.e-codices.unifr.ch, CC BY-NC.	43
1.17	Musicians, dancers, and tumblers. Miniature by Jehan de Grise, 1338–1344. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodl. 264, fol. 90r. Image courtesy of the Bodleian Library, Oxford. All rights reserved.	44
1.18	The jongleur before the Virgin and Child. Miniature, thirteenth century. Paris, Bibliothѐque nationale de France, MS Arsenal 3516, fol. 127r. Monochrome facsimile, published in Alice Kemp-Welch, trans., Of the Tumbler of Our Lady & Other Miracles (London: Chatto & Windus, 1908), frontispiece.	44
1.19	Portion of a pilaster with an acrobat, ca. 1150–1170, Lyonnais. Limestone, 30.8 × 21 × 26.7 cm. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art.	45
1.20	Alexander the Great encounters Blemmyes. Miniature, ca. 1445. London, British Library, Royal 15 E. vi, fol. 21v.	46
1.21	The Virgin wipes sweat from the juggler’s brow. Illustration by Henry Morin, 1928. Published in Anatole France, Abeille / Le Jongleur de Notre-Dame / Les Pains noirs, ed. R. L. Graeme Ritchie (London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1928), 133.	47
1.22	The Japanese komejirushi (“rice symbol”), so called for its similarity to the kanji for kome (“rice”) and used in Japanese writing to denote an important sentence or thought. Unicode U+203B. Vector art by Melissa Tandysh, 2014. Image courtesy of Melissa Tandysh. All rights reserved.	49
1.23	Giotto, Vault of Cappella degli Scrovegni, 1303–1306. Fresco. Padua, Capella degli Scrovegni. Image from Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Giotto_di_Bondone_-_Vault_-_WGA09168.jpg	49
1.24	Ceiling of the Lower Chapel of Sainte-Chapelle, Paris. Photograph by Benh Lieu Song (2007). Image from Wikimedia Commons, © Benh Lieu Song (2007), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ste_Chapelle_Basse_s.jpg	49
1.25	Fiddler and dancer. Miniature. Graz, Universitätbibliothek Graz, MS 32, fol. 106v. Image courtesy of Universitätsbibliothek Graz. All rights reserved.	50
1.26	Postcard depicting a musician and his vielle à roue, also known as a hurdy-gurdy (Le Puy-en-Velay, France: Margerit-Brémond, early twentieth century).	51
1.27	Postcard depicting dancers and a man with a vielle à roue, also known as a hurdy-gurdy (L. Ferrand, 1911).	51
1.28	Frauenlob and his fellow performers. Miniature, 1300–1340. Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, Bibliotheca Palatina, Cod. Pal. Germ. 848, fol. 399r. Image courtesy of Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, CC BY-SA 3.0.	51
1.29	Damaged corbel of Exeter Cathedral. Photograph by Anna Hulbert, no date. Image courtesy of Anna Hulbert’s Estate. All rights reserved.	53
1.30	Corbel of Exeter Cathedral. Photograph by Anna Hulbert, no date. Image courtesy of Anna Hulbert’s Estate. All rights reserved.	53
1.31	Corbel of Exeter Cathedral, no date. Image courtesy of the University of Exeter. All rights reserved.	53
1.32, 1.33	Panel from the Church of Saint Thomas, New York City. Photograph by David M. Daniels, no date. Image courtesy of David M. Daniels. All rights reserved.	54
1.34	Excerpt from Liber exemplorum secundum ordinem alphabeti, chap. 49, no. 28, “Gaudium.” London, British Library, MS Additional 18351. Image courtesy of British Library, London. All rights reserved.	59
1.35	Postcard depicting Thomas Frederick Crane (left) and David Hoy (right), ca. 1910. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Archives. Image from Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davy_and_TF_Crane_1910.jpg	60
1.36	Kneeling monk (Matthew Paris). Miniature by Matthew Paris, 1250–1259. London, British Library, MS Royal 14 C VII, fol. 6r. Image courtesy of British Library, London. All rights reserved.	68

Chapter 2

2.1	Edward Maran, The “Santa Maria,” 1492, 1892. Painting, reproduced on color print from original The Santa Maria, Niña and Pinta (Evening of October 11, 1492).	76
2.2	Postcard depicting court jesters (L. Vandamme et Cie, 1905).	80
2.3	Musicians before the Virgin and Child, as depicted in the Cantigas de Santa Maria (Codice Rico). Madrid, Real Biblioteca del Escorial, MS T.I.1., fol. 170v.	85
2.4	Postcard depicting Fijian fire-walking (Suva, Fiji: Stinsons, 1967).	92
2.5	Trade card depicting a flagellant procession in Avignon, 1574 (London: Liebig’s Extract of Meat Company, 1903).	92
2.6	Pieter Brueghel the Younger (attributed), The Pilgrimage of the Epileptics to Molenbeek, late sixteenth to early seventeenth century. Oil on panel, 29.2 × 62.2 cm. Image from Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dance_at_Molenbeek.jpg	93
2.7	Front cover of Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges and Théophile Gautier, Giselle, ou les Wilis, illus. Célestin Nanteuil (Paris: J. Meissonnier, 1841). Image courtesy of Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris. All rights reserved.	95
2.8	Film poster for Francesco, guillare di Dio, dir. Roberto Rossellini (Minerva Film, 1950). © Minerva Pictures. All rights reserved.	98
2.9	John Buoni. Engraving by Adriaen Collaert after Maerten de Vos, 1585–1586. Published in Jan Sadeler, Solitudo, sive vitae Patrum Eremicolarum (Antwerp: Jan Sadeler, ca. 1590s).	99
2.10	San Pascual Bailón. Comic illustration, 1961. Published in Vidas ejemplares 7.113 (November 15, 1961).	105
2.11	Statue of Our Lady of Salambao, Obando Church, The Philippines. Photograph by Ramon Velasquez, 2012. Image from Wikimedia Commons, © Ramon Velasquez (2012), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salambaojf.JPG	107
2.12	Teresio Bosco, The Children’s Priest: St. John Bosco, illus. Alarico Gattia (Turin, Italy: Editrice L.D.C., 1988), 8. All rights reserved.	107
2.13	Teresio Bosco, The Children’s Priest: St. John Bosco, illus. Alarico Gattia (Turin, Italy: Editrice L.D.C., 1988), 9. All rights reserved.	108
2.14	Teresio Bosco, The Children’s Priest: St. John Bosco, illus. Alarico Gattia (Turin, Italy: Editrice L.D.C., 1988), 10. All rights reserved.	109
2.15	Front cover of Catherine Beebe, Saint John Bosco and the Children’s Saint Dominic Savio, illus. Robb Beebe (London: Vision Books, 1955). All rights reserved.	110
2.16	Ruth St. Denis as the White Madonna in The Masque of Mary (Riverside Church, New York). Photograph, date unknown.	111
2.17	Ruth St. Denis as the Madonna in The Masque of Mary. Photograph, 1934.	111
2.18	Ruth St. Denis as the Madonna in The Masque of Mary. Photograph, 1934.	112
2.19	Portrait of Mireille Negre. Photograph, 1973. Photographer unknown. © Argenta Images. All rights reserved.	113

Chapter 3

3.1	Postcard depicting l’Abbaye de Cîteaux, Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux (early twentieth century).	119
3.2	Floor plan of a typical Cistercian monastery. Vector art by Melissa Tandysh, 2014. Image courtesy of Melissa Tandysh. All rights reserved.	124
3.3	Jehan Bellegambe, The Virgin Sheltering the Order of Cîteaux, 1507. Oil on panel, 91 x 74 cm. Douai, Musée de la Chartreuse. Image courtesy of Musée de la Chartreuse, Douai.	126
3.4	Cistercian seal depicting the Virgin surrounded by devotees. Seal (modern cast from original), ca. 1300–1500. Paris, Archives nationales. © Genevra Kornbluth, 2011. All rights reserved.	128
3.5	St. Alberic receives the Cistercian habit from the Virgin. Fresco, 1732–1752. Zirc, Zirc Abbey Church. Image from Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alberic_receives_habit.jpg	130
3.6	Master I. A. M. of Zwolle, Saint Bernard Kneeling before the Virgin, ca. 1480–1485. Engraving, 32 × 24.1 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Image from Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StBernardFS.jpg	132
3.7	Master of the Life of the Virgin, The Virgin of Mercy, ca. 1463–1480. Tempera on oak panel, 129.5 × 65.5 cm. Budapest, Szépmüvészeti Múzeum. Image from Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Master_of_the_Life_of_the_Virgin_-_The_Virgin_of_Mercy_-_WGA14594.jpg	134
3.8	Virgin and Child enthroned between angels. Mosaic, sixth century. Ravenna, Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, north wall. Image from Wikimedia, © José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro (2016), CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Madonna_and_Child_-_Madonna_and_Child_between_Angels_mosaic_-_Sant'Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenn.jpg	137
3.9	Virgin and Child enthroned. Mosaic, ninth century. Istanbul, Hagia Sophia, apse semidome. Image from Wikimedia Commons, © Sbarnes (2007), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_Interior_Virgin_2007.JPG	139
3.10	Cistercian monks and conversi before the Virgin. Miniature. Wrocław, Biblioteka Uniwersytecka, MS IF 413, fol. 145r. Image courtesy of Biblioteka Uniwersytecka, Wrocław. All rights reserved.	141
3.11	The adoration of Mary. Stained glass window, ca. 1280. Wettingen, Kloster Wettingen, cloister, north walk. Image courtesy of Swiss National Library. All rights reserved.	144
3.12	Benedict of Nursia (left) and Caesarius von Heisterbach (right). Miniature, early fourteenth century. Düsseldorf, Universitätsbibliothek Düsseldorf, MS C-27, fol. 2r.	146
3.13	The Monk of Montaudon. Miniature, thirteenth century. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS Fr. 854, fol. 135r. Image courtesy of Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris.	147
3.14	Folquet de Marseille. Miniature, thirteenth century. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS Fr. 854, fol. 61r. Image courtesy of Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris.	147
3.15	St. Benedict’s monastic rotation. Vector art by Melissa Tandysh, 2014. Image courtesy of Melissa Tandysh. All rights reserved.	151
3.16	Alexander the Great encounters gymnosophists in India. Miniature by Maître François, 1475–1480. The Hague, Museum Meermanno, MS 10 A 11, fol. 93v. Image courtesy of Museum Meermanno, The Hague.	156
3.17	The crucifixion of Christ, with soldiers shown casting lots at the foot of the cross. Miniature by Queen Mary Master, 1310–1320. London, British Library, MS Royal 2 B VII, fol. 256v. Image courtesy of the British Library, London.	157
3.18	The Shroud of Turin (original on left, processed negative by Dianelos Georgoudis on right). Image from Wikimedia Commons, © Dianelos Georgoudis (2014), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Turin_shroud_positive_and_negative_displaying_original_color_information_708_x_465_pixels_94_KB.jpg	160
3.19	Martin Shongauer, Saint Veronica, ca. 1480. Engraving. Washington, D.C., National Gallery of Art, Rosenwald Collection. Image courtesy of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.	160
3.20	Hans Memling, Saint Veronica, ca. 1470–1475. Oil on panel, 31.2 × 24.4 cm. Washington, D.C., National Gallery of Art, Samuel H. Kress Collection. Image courtesy of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.	160
3.21	Martin Shongauer, The Bearing of the Cross with Saint Veronica, ca. 1480. Engraving, 16.5 × 11.8 cm. Washington, D.C., National Gallery of Art. Courtesy of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.	161
3.22	The archangel Michael and the act of psychostasis. Mural, fifteenth century. Burgos, Iglesia de San Nicolás de Bari. Image courtesy of Ramón Muñoz. All rights reserved.	165
3.23	The juggler is lifted up by angels, rescued from the clutches of a demon. Illustration by Henri Malatesta, 1906. Published in Anatole France, Le jongleur de Notre-Dame (Paris: F. Ferroud, 1906), 9.	165
3.24	Frederic Vanson, age 70. Photograph by Kurt Mitherell, 2012. All rights reserved.	169

Chapter 4

4.1	Google Books Ngram data for “Jongleur de Notre-Dame,” showing a sharp rise in the first decades of the twentieth century and then a steady decline. Vector art by Melissa Tandysh, 2014. Image courtesy of Melissa Tandysh. All rights reserved.	172
4.2	Google Books Ngram data for “Our Lady’s Tumbler.” As with “Jongleur de Notre-Dame,” the phrase peaks in the two decades before 1920; unlike “Jongleur,” the decline is more fitful, dropping deepest only after 1980. Vector art by Melissa Tandysh, 2014. Image courtesy of Melissa Tandysh. All rights reserved.	173
4.3	Lady Chapel, Ely Cathedral. Photograph by Max Gilead, 2010. Image from Wikimedia Commons, © Maxgilead (2010), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DSCF0563,_UK,_Ely,_Cathedral,_Lady_Chapel.jpg	176
4.4	The remains of Walsingham Priory, Norfolk. Photograph by John Armagh, 2011. Image from Wikimedia Commons, © JohnArmagh (2011), CC BY-SA 3.0, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WalsinghamPriory.jpg	178
4.5	The Walsingham Virgin and Child. Seal (obverse), late twelfth to early thirteenth century. Cambridge, Archives of King’s College. Image courtesy of King’s College, Cambridge.	178
4.6	Postcard depicting the miraculous transfer of the Holy House of Loreto (Milan, Italy: Tipografia Santa Lega Eucaristica, 1899).	181
4.7	Postcard depicting Slipper Chapel, Walsingham (Norwich, UK: Jarrold & Sons, early twentieth century). © Jarrold & Sons. All rights reserved.	181
4.8	Unknown artist, Hugh Latimer, late sixteenth century. Oil on panel, 55.9 × 41.9 cm. London, National Portrait Gallery. Image courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London. All rights reserved.	183
4.9	Unknown artist, King Edward VI and the Pope, ca. 1575. Oil on panel, 62.2 × 90.8 cm. London, National Portrait Gallery. Image courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London. All rights reserved.	185
4.10	Nuestra Señora de la Vulnerata. Statue, sixteenth century. Valladolid, Real Colegio de San Albano. Photograph by Rubén Ojeda, 2010. Image from Wikimedia Commons, © Rodelar (2010), CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nuestra_Señora_de_la_Vulnerata.jpg	185
4.11, 4.12	Title page and title illustration of Wilhelm Gumppenberg, Atlas Marianus sive de imaginibus Deiparae per orbem christianum miraculosis, vol. 1 (Ingolstadt, Germany: Haenlin, 1657).	186
4.13	Postcard depicting a damaged thirteenth-century statue of the Virgin after the bombardment of Reims (Paris: H. George, 1914).	188
4.14	Postcard depicting a ruined chapel of the church of Bouchoir, with the miraculously unharmed Virgin in the background (ca. 1915).	188
4.15	Postcard depicting the “Golden Virgin of Albert” dangling atop the Basilique de Notre-Dame de Brebières (Amiens, France: G. Lelong, ca. 1914).	189
4.16	Postcard depicting the “suspended Virgin of Albert Cathedral” (London: Pictorial Newspaper Co., ca. 1914).	189
4.17	Statue of the Virgin in the ruins of Le Gleize Church, Belgium, after the Battle of the Bulge. Photograph, 1945. Washington, D.C., Archives of American Art, Thomas Carr Howe papers, 1932–1984. Image courtesy of the Archives of American Art, Washington, D.C. All rights reserved.	190
4.18	A Madonna statue among the wreckage of Hurricane Sandy in Breezy Point, New York. Photograph by Mark Lennihan, 2012. Image courtesy of the Associated Press. All rights reserved.	191
4.19	Guido Reni, Madonna col Bambino in gloria e i santi Petronio, Francesco, Ignazio, Francesco Saverio, Procolo e Floriano, 1631–1632. Oil on silk, 390 × 220 cm. Bologna, Pinacoteca nazionale di Bologna. Image from Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guido_Reni_057.jpg	194
4.20	Pierre Subleyras, Benedictus XIV, eighteenth century. Oil on canvas. Palace of Versailles. Image from Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Benoit_XIV.jpg	196
4.21	Juan Diego’s image of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, 1531. Mexico City, Nueva Basílica de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe. Image from Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Virgen_de_guadalupe1.jpg	197
4.22	Postcard depicting Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe (Zurich: Kunzli Hermanos y Cias, early twentieth century).	198
4.23	Postcard depicting Our Lady of Fátima appearing before shepherd children (Porto, Portugal: V. Matos Trigo, 1960s).	199
4.24	Postcard depicting Our Lady of Fátima (Porto, Portugal, 1967).	199
4.25	Postcard depicting Our Lady of Fátima (Zurich: Hermanos S. A., early twentieth century).	199

Chapter 5

5.1	King David the harpist. Miniature, fourteenth century. Dublin, Trinity College, MS 53, fol. 151r. Image courtesy of Trinity College, Dublin. All rights reserved.	205
5.2	King David dancing. Miniature. Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. Vindobonensis 2554, fol. 44r.	205
5.3	“Le jongleur de Notre Dame.” Printed in Le Croisé: Organe belge de la croisade eucharistique 23.5 (October 1949): 76.	207
5.4	Paolo Uccello, Presentazione di Maria al Tempio, ca. 1435. Fresco. Prato, Duomo di Prato. Image from Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paolo_uccello,_presentazione_di_maria_al_tempio.jpg	209
5.5	Alexandre Bida, The Widow’s Mite, 1874. Etching. Published in Edward Eggleston, Christ in Art; or, The Gospel Life of Jesus: With the Bida Illustrations (New York: Fords, Howard, & Hulbert, 1874), 293.	210
5.6	Dancers celebrate Cruz de Mayo in Spain. Albumen print. Illustration by J. Turina, 1875.	212
5.7	The cursed dancers of Kölbigk. Etching, 1674. Artist unknown. Published in Johann Ludwig Gottfried, Historische Chronick oder Beschreibung der Merckwürdigsten Geschichte, vol. 1 (Frankfurt, Germany: Merian, 1674), 505. Image courtesy of Universitätsbibliothek Düsseldorf.	213
5.8	Gottfried Keller, age 54. Photograph by Jean Gut, 1873.	214
5.9	Gottfried Keller. Photograph, before 1929. Photographer unknown.	214
5.10	Title page of Gottfried Keller, Das Tanzlegendchen (Berlin-Charlottenburg, Germany: Axel Juncker, 1919).	214
5.11	Musa dancing. Drawing by Hannes M. Avenarius, 1919. Published in G. Keller, Das Tanzlegendchen, 9.	214
5.12	Musa speaks with King David. Drawing by Hannes M. Avenarius, 1919. Published in Gottfried Keller, Das Tanzlegendchen (Berlin-Charlottenburg, Germany: Axel Juncker, 1919), 13.	215
5.13	Musa dances in heaven. Drawing by G. Traub, 1921. Published in Gottfried Keller, Sieben Legenden (Munich, Germany: Franz Hanfstaengl, 1921), 139.	215
5.14	Musical performers before the Virgin, as depicted in the Cantigas de Santa Maria (Codice Rico). Madrid, Real Biblioteca del Escorial, MS T.I.1., fol. 14v. Image courtesy of Real Biblioteca del Escorial, Madrid.	219
5.15	A taper miraculously alights upon a jongleur’s vielle, prompting wonder from bystanders. Illustration by Pio Santini, 1946. Published in Jérôme and Jean Tharaud, Les contes de la Vierge (Paris: Société d’éditions littéraires françaises, 1946), between pp. 130 and 131.	220
5.16	Postcard depicting Rocamadour’s “Chapelle miraculeuse” (Saint-Céré, France: J. Vertuel, 1977).	221
5.17	The Black Madonna of Rocamadour. Photograph by Martin Irvine, no date. Image courtesy of Martin Irvine. All rights reserved.	222
5.18	Mary as Blachernitissa on Byzantine coinage. Coin (obverse), two-thirds miliaresion of Constantine IX Monomachos, 1075–1077. Washington, D.C., Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. Image courtesy of Joe Mills. All rights reserved.	223
5.19	A pilgrim’s badge depicting the Black Madonna and child. Metal badge, late twelfth to early thirteenth century.	224
5.20	Holy card depicting the miracle at Arras (Bruges, Belgium, ca. 1890).	225
5.21	“Normand kills Itier’s brother in a quarrel.” Illustration, 1853. Published in Auguste Terninck, Notre-Dame du Joyel, ou Histoire légendaire et numismatique de la chandelle d’Arras… (Arras, France: A. Brissy, 1853), 111.	226
5.22	“In a vision, Itier receives the order to go to Arras.” Illustration, 1853. Published in A. Terninck, Notre-Dame du Joyel, ou Histoire légendaire et numismatique de la chandelle d’Arras…, 111.	226
5.23	“Normand receives the same order.” Illustration, 1853. Published in A. Terninck, Notre-Dame du Joyel, ou Histoire légendaire et numismatique de la chandelle d’Arras…, 111.	227
5.24	“Normand makes his prayer at the door of the cathedral.” Illustration, 1853. Published in A. Terninck, Notre-Dame du Joyel, ou Histoire légendaire et numismatique de la chandelle d’Arras…, 111.	227
5.25	“The Bishop Lambert reconciles Itier with Normand.” Illustration, 1853. Published in A. Terninck, Notre-Dame du Joyel, ou Histoire légendaire et numismatique de la chandelle d’Arras…, 113.	227
5.26	Mary appears to the bishop and jugglers. Illustration, 1876. Published in Le Monde illustré (1876), 356.	227
5.27	“The Holy Virgin brings the miraculous candle.” Illustration, 1853. A. Terninck, Notre-Dame du Joyel, ou Histoire légendaire et numismatique de la chandelle d’Arras…, 113.	228
5.28	“The bishop blesses the water where the drops of the candle fall.” Illustration, 1853. A. Terninck, Notre-Dame du Joyel, ou Histoire légendaire et numismatique de la chandelle d’Arras…, 113.	228
5.29	“Healing the sick.” Illustration, 1853. Published in A. Terninck, Notre-Dame du Joyel, ou Histoire légendaire et numismatique de la chandelle d’Arras…, 113.	229
5.30	Interior view of the Cathédrale d’Arras. Drawing, 1853. Published in A. Terninck, Essai historique et monographique sur l’ancienne Cathédrale d’Arras (Paris and Arras, France: La Société de Saint-Victor, à Plancy [Aube], 1853), between pp. 42 and 43.	229
5.31	The Holy Candle. Miniature, fourteenth century. Private collection. Reproduced in Auguste Terninck, Notre-Dame du Joyel, ou Histoire légendaire et numismatique de la chandelle d’Arras (Arras, France: A. Brissy, 1853), 99.	230
5.32	“Domina Nostra Ardentium.” Illustration, 1910. Published in Cavrois de Saternault, Histoire du Saint-Cierge d’Arras et de la Confrérie de Notre-Dame des Ardents, 3rd ed. (Arras, France: La Société du Pas-de-Calais, 1910), frontispiece.	230
5.33	“Vue perspective d’une partie de la petite place d’Arras, vis à vis l’hôtel-de-ville.” Drawing by Joseph Victor David, 1773. Reproduced in Cavrois de Saternault, Histoire du Saint-Cierge d’Arras et de la Confrérie de Notre-Dame des Ardents, 3rd ed. (Arras, France: La Société du Pas-de-Calais, 1910), 41.	231
5.34	Front cover of Prosper Mérimée, La Vénus d’Ille / La double méprise / Les âmes du purgatoire, illus. Mario Labocetta (Paris: Nilsson, 1930).	236
5.35	Postcard depicting the Volto Santo in the church of St. Martin, Lucca (Milan, Italy: Cesare Capello, early twentieth century).	236
5.36	Postcard reproduction of Vincenzo Barsotti’s L’arrivo a Lucca del Volto Santo (Lucca, Italy: Archivio di Stato, early twentieth century).	238
5.37	Jenois before the Holy Face. Miniature, fifteenth century. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Palatinus Latinus 1988, fol. 1r.	239
5.38	Unknown artist, St. Kümmernis, 1678. Oil on panel. Museum im Prediger, Schwäbisch Gmünd. Image from Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kuemmernis_museum_schwaebischgmuend.JPG	241
5.39	St. Kümmernis. Woodcut by Hans Burgkmair, 1507. Augsburg. Image from Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Burgkmair_Kuemmernis.JPG	242
5.40	A fiddler plays before the Virgin, with a crowd assembled. Drawing by Herman Kanckfuss, 1871.	242
5.41	Arnold Böcklin, Der Einsiedler, 1884. Painting. Berlin, Museum Alte Nationalgalerie. Image from Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Böcklin_Einsiedler.jpg	244
5.42	“Der Spielmann.” Illustration by Wilhelm Schäfer, 1925. Published in Fritz Schloß, ed., Legenden: Alte Erzählungen in der Dichtung unserer Zeit (Sannerz, Germany: Eberhard Arnold, 1925), 35.	245
5.43	Front cover of Friedrich Hedler, Der Tänzer unserer Lieben Frau: Ein Spiel nach altfranzösischen und altdeutschen Motiven, illus. P. J. Paffenholz (Munich, Germany: Buchner, 1950).	245

Notes

n.1	The Hermit and the Provost. Miniature, fourteenth century. Paris, Bibliothѐque nationale de France, MS français 25440, fol. 54v. Image courtesy of Bibliothѐque nationale de France, Paris. All rights reserved.	255
n.2	Christ Pantokrator, sixth century. Mosaic. Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna. Image from Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg	257
n.3	Consecration of the new Cathédrale d’Arras. Illustration, 1876. Published in Le Monde illustré (1876), 356.	326