1870 5, 7–9, 11, 40–41, 52, 59, 86, 88, 90, 96–97, 100, 103, 115, 126–128, 133, 138, 148, 173, 178, 180–182, 184–185, 188, 204–205, 210, 223–224, 229–230, 238, 241–244, 247–249, 252–253, 260, 285, 288, 294, 303, 317–319, 321, 328, 348, 350, 352, 354, 368, 374
abortifacients, newspaper advertisements 44, 46. See also advertising
Accrington 181, 279, 329, 333, 374
Advertisement Duty 4
advertising 12, 21–22, 38, 43–45, 55, 73–74, 81, 123, 146, 148–149, 155, 159, 164, 174, 178, 185, 210–211, 226, 228, 256, 263–265, 282–283, 298–299, 313, 376, 391–392. See also abortifacients, newspaper advertisements
Afghanistan 32
Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 74, 132
almanacs 122, 190, 278, 285–286, 315
Altick, Richard 42
The English Common Reader 42
‘amateur’ contributors 22. See also non-journalists as producers of journalism
amateur writers 12, 22, 192–196, 373
Ambler, Edward 65, 70, 367, 372
America, American 22, 68, 155, 160, 162, 168, 171, 173, 201–202, 204–206, 208, 315, 372
American content in UK local newspapers 160
American influence 160, 201–202, 205–206
Americanisation 24
Amundsen, Roald 133
anachronistic views of nineteenth-century newspapers 10, 195, 318, 384
Anderson, Benedict 14, 29, 113, 116–117, 299, 359
Anglican 12, 32, 45, 61, 87, 136, 161, 173, 200, 363, 369–370. See also Church of England
Animals’ Friend Society 53, 291, 358
anonymity
of letter writers 353, 362–363, 367
of London editors 187
provincial editors’ lack of 200–201, 385
anti-Catholicism 45–46, 163, 292, 363–364
Anti-Corn Law League 153
apprentices, printers’ 144, 164, 179, 197
Arnold, George 160
Aspinall, Arthur 18
assaults on editors 187, 201, 367
Aston Villa 335
Athenaeum 222–224, 228–229, 248, 253
Atlantic magazine 190, 193, 205
Bacup 231–233, 244, 251, 259–260
Bagehot, Walter 11
Baines, Edward 179, 220, 245, 259–260, 352
Bakhtin, Mikhail 204
balanced news reporting 153, 160–162
Band of Hope 12
The Manchester Man 26
Baptist 44
Barker, Hannah 363
Barmby, Goodwyn 144
Barrow 49, 54–55, 58, 88, 119, 122, 124, 215, 225, 228, 230, 235–236, 239–241, 243–244, 250–253, 256, 258–259, 271, 274–276, 278, 287–288, 292, 299, 355, 366, 371, 374–375, 379, 387–388
Barrow Herald 236, 274–275, 278, 287–288
Barrow-in-Furness 215, 224, 259, 271, 292
Barrow Times 256, 278, 287–288
Barton, David 15
Bath 132
Bauman, Zygmunt 113
Beattie, Edwin 278
Beetham, Margaret 20, 26, 112, 124, 385
Bell, Florence 38, 42, 49, 54, 57, 119, 242, 254
Bell’s Life in London 250, 253
Ben Brierley’s Journal 26
Ben Brierley’s Seaside Annual 123
Bennett, James Gordon 130, 204
betting 107, 240, 255, 258, 333, 356
Biggs, William 352
biographies 27, 42, 49, 115, 285, 343, 352, 385
Birmingham 57, 96–97, 113, 115, 149, 216, 225, 246, 250, 281, 338–339
bi-weekly newspapers 4, 6, 44, 114, 118, 125, 133–134, 141, 144, 146, 148–149, 152, 154, 195–196, 245, 331, 333
Blackburn 27, 46, 67, 74, 76, 82, 95, 100, 144, 166, 171, 173, 178–179, 181, 206–207, 209, 216, 238, 242, 293, 295, 301–303, 312–314, 317, 324, 329, 336–337, 341, 344, 367, 376
Blackburn Mercury 301, 303, 324
Blackburn Standard 173, 303, 317
Blackburn Times 179, 181, 206, 314, 317, 329, 367
Blair, Tony 364
Blanchard, Samuel Laman 155
Blanchard, Sidney Laman 155
Bobbin, Tim [John Collier] 238, 308, 322
Boer War 97, 127–129, 185, 207
Bolton 57, 64, 115, 122, 138, 149, 154, 161–162, 172, 181, 189, 206, 218, 238, 241, 276, 283, 308, 358, 388
Bolton Evening News 172, 206, 241
Bolton Free Press 308
book production by local newspaper publishers 208
book reviews in local newspapers 22, 385
bookshop as newspaper-reading place 69–70, 81, 87
books, less popular than newspapers 38, 43, 77, 225–226
boosterism 287–289, 328, 345, 348, 379, 387
Borlase, James 280
bound volumes of newspapers 72, 94, 131–132, 134, 261, 355, 386
Bourdieu, Pierre Felix 309
Bradford 5, 245–246, 259, 388–389
Bright, John 3, 44, 74, 123, 161
Bright’s Intelligencer 123
Britain, British 16–17, 20, 22, 24–25, 43, 79, 82, 89, 96, 105, 138, 152, 160, 167–170, 180, 183, 186, 199, 201–202, 204–206, 213–214, 227, 252, 263, 277, 305, 310, 327, 343, 350, 375, 385, 392
British Broadcasting Company 207
British Library 82, 89, 96, 105, 152, 183, 199, 213, 227, 350
British Newspaper Archive (BNA) 17, 167–168, 305, 317
broadside ballads 68
Brontë, Branwell 193
Brontë, Charlotte 311–312, 318
Shirley 311
Brontë, Emily 318
Brontës, the 12
Brooks, Joseph Barlow 64, 189, 218, 259
Browning, Robert 196
Buchanan, James 130
Burnley 97, 171, 216, 231, 285, 287, 313, 317
Burnley Advertiser 287, 313, 317
Burnley Express 313
Burnley Football Club 313
Burt, Arnold G. 225
Burton Daily Mail 263–264, 351
Bury 23, 92, 168–169, 218, 222–223, 228–229, 231–233, 248, 253, 308
Butterworth, Edwin 164
Canning, Charles John 156
Carey, James 15–16, 27, 29, 357
Carlisle 56, 64–65, 77–79, 91, 119, 126, 129, 133, 154, 217, 375–376, 387
Carlisle Express 65
Carlisle Observer 65
Carlyle, Thomas 196
Carnegie, Andrew 173
Carnegie-Storey syndicate 173
Carrington, Frederick George 159
Cass, Eddie 20
Cassell’s Illustrated Family Newspaper 150, 214
Catholic 31–32, 41, 44–48, 61, 70, 72, 86–87, 95, 163, 172, 174, 185, 194, 197, 209, 251, 290–291, 325, 355, 363–364, 366, 368–370, 388. See also anti-Catholic
Catholic Institution 72
Catholic local newspapers and periodicals 32, 46, 48, 172, 174, 185, 209, 364, 368
Catholic News 48, 209, 364, 368
Catholic Times 172
Catton, James 331
Caunce, Stephen 311
Cavendish, Louisa 161
Caxton, William 88
Central Press news agency 168, 170, 173, 241, 388
Chalaby, Jean 23–24, 162, 386, 389
Chambers’s Journal 150, 221, 252
Charcot, Jean 132
Chartism, Chartist 11, 19, 47, 57, 67, 147, 154, 232, 308, 310, 367
children as newspaper readers 45, 50, 52–53, 66
Christmas 75, 121–122, 190, 278, 280, 337
Christmas annuals 122
chronologies 105, 193, 285–286, 389
Church of England 10, 44, 67, 78, 92. See also Anglican
Church reading rooms 215
circulation 4–5, 7–8, 10–11, 14, 23, 29, 31, 38, 117–118, 126, 128, 135, 147–149, 152–153, 158, 161, 164, 178, 180, 185–186, 194, 214, 218, 221, 242, 249, 275, 278, 333, 350, 364, 372, 381, 385, 387, 391
increase in wartime 126–128, 217, 241, 245, 353
Clarion 218
class conflict 294–295, 302, 307, 309, 317, 321, 325
classification of newspapers, geographical 12
Clinton, Bill 364
Clitheroe 36, 46, 49, 63–64, 73–75, 83, 90–91, 113, 119, 126, 165, 171, 189, 216–217, 247, 254, 376
Clynes, J. R. 351
Cobbett’s Political Register 12
Cocker, Moses 301–304, 307, 324
Colclough, Stephen 49
Collins, Mortimer 7
communal newspaper reading 16, 28–29, 36, 38, 48, 66, 73, 211, 349. See also listening to newspapers being read aloud
competition between newspapers 12, 57, 209, 331–332
competitions for readers 54, 185, 203–204, 252, 272, 292, 317, 322, 338, 358, 378
compositor 126, 145, 162–163, 197, 199, 357, 391
Congregational, Congregationalist 44, 65, 163, 172
Conservatism, Conservative 32, 45, 48, 61, 87, 90, 92, 94, 102, 128, 145, 153–156, 162, 172, 180, 187, 206, 209, 216–217, 231–232, 242, 245, 256–257, 278, 294–295, 309–310, 317, 335, 368, 370
Conservative Reading Room 87
Conservative Working Men’s Club 94, 278, 295
Cooke, John Parsons 138
Co-operative reading room 64
Co-operative Society 47, 92, 103–104, 107, 109, 218, 222–223, 228–229, 248, 253, 384
core and periphery 114, 167, 205
Cotton Famine 1861-65 125, 312, 315
county newspapers 10, 149, 186
Coupe, Francis 334
cover price 133–135, 149, 189, 211, 257
Cowper’s Penny News & Reading Room 69, 77, 115, 213–215
Cup Final 328, 336, 339. See also FA Cup
curation of material for local readers 191–192, 338, 372
Curran, James 23
dailies 3, 5, 21–22, 24, 117, 133, 143, 146–148, 157, 160, 167–168, 184, 217, 221, 226, 228, 245–248, 250, 377, 389. See also daily newspapers
Daily Mail 139, 174, 206, 210, 248–249, 252, 330, 381
Daily News 7, 146, 167, 226, 234, 248, 250, 338
daily newspapers 133, 173, 231. See also dailies
Daily Telegraph 56, 146, 205, 226, 234, 249–250
Danson, Robert 164
Darlington 205, 223, 229–230, 247–248, 251
Darnton, Robert 34
default 25, 50, 55, 60, 101, 109, 249, 354
grievance 354
dialect literature 306, 314–321, 324
dialect writing 38, 218, 285, 306, 314, 316, 320, 322, 378
Diamond, Charles 173, 209, 388
diaries of newspaper readers 27, 33, 46, 49, 64, 73, 91, 114, 130, 143, 157, 161, 163, 166–167, 175, 177, 185, 194, 196, 201, 208–209, 216, 247, 333–334, 351–353, 365, 375–376
Dickens, Charles 14–15, 31, 36, 43, 54–55, 153, 155, 163, 214, 252, 307
All The Year Round 15, 104, 107, 150, 221, 252, 255
Household Words 43, 45, 215, 235
disabled men as newspaper sellers 95
Tancred 365
distribution of newspapers 8, 12, 22, 34, 388
district correspondents 164–167, 174, 195
Dobson, William 68, 87, 180, 194, 198
Donaldson, William 318
Dundee Advertiser 167
Dundee People’s Journal 148, 184
eavesdropping readers 48, 138, 260
Echo 50, 115, 147, 237, 241, 243, 250, 258, 352
editors 7, 19, 25, 27, 33, 37, 48, 52, 56, 62, 65, 80, 125–126, 128, 130, 137, 144–145, 154–155, 159, 165, 172, 178–179, 182, 187–188, 193–194, 196–201, 205–206, 209–211, 228, 257, 265, 287, 295–298, 301, 311, 314, 323, 328, 350–352, 360–361, 366–369, 372–373, 377, 385. See also assaults on editors
as communications brokers 201
Edward Smith-Stanley, Lord Derby 305
Eliot, George 12
Eliot, Thomas Stearns 13
Ellegard, Henrik Alvar 219
Engels, Friedrich 305
England, English 4, 6–7, 10, 14–15, 18, 20, 25, 29, 31, 33–34, 39, 42, 49, 69, 94, 134, 144, 146, 158, 174, 181, 190, 192, 194, 204, 206–207, 220, 255, 267, 279–281, 284, 292, 301, 303–307, 309, 311–314, 320–324, 337, 352, 360, 365, 369, 385, 387
Standard English 279, 303–307, 309, 311–314, 321, 323–324
ephemeral, newspapers as 81, 131–132, 136, 138
evening newspapers 5, 9, 37–38, 46, 50, 57–58, 93, 95, 97–98, 115, 127, 129, 139, 141, 147, 168, 181, 195, 198, 203, 205, 207–210, 219, 228, 235, 238–245, 250, 256, 258, 260, 327, 329–330, 332–333, 367, 382, 386, 391
provincial 205
Exchange and News Room 93, 216, 247, 371
Exchange Commercial News Room 69, 85, 109
Exchange News Room 223–224, 233–234
Eyre, John Macklin 282
FA Cup 327–329, 335–337, 339, 341–342, 344–345, 348. See also Cup Final
Fenianism, Fenian 154–155, 159, 161, 165, 171
fiction 4, 10–11, 55, 109, 116, 130, 132–133, 140, 147–148, 150, 186, 192, 203–204, 206–207, 224, 251–252, 269, 279–280, 285, 298, 305–306, 311–312, 314, 317–319, 324, 356, 378, 383, 385, 390
local 280
serial 10, 55, 130, 148, 150, 186, 204, 251
Fielden, Samuel 310
First Division 330
Fishergate 60, 68–69, 72–73, 85, 87, 89, 92, 95, 97–98, 115, 136, 157, 162, 181, 187, 217, 280–281, 297, 334, 336, 343
football 12, 16, 46–47, 67, 91, 95, 97, 124, 141, 185, 209–210, 240, 242, 253–254, 258, 273, 289, 292, 313, 325, 327–350, 357, 377–378, 381–382, 392
Football Association 327, 329, 342, 345–346, 348
Football League 153–154, 242, 309, 327, 333, 336–338, 341, 344, 346
France, French 26, 46, 132, 161, 168, 181, 321
Franco-Prussian War 52, 66, 91, 115, 127, 129, 181, 185, 241, 354
Fraser, Nancy 364
Free Library 59, 93–94, 104–105, 224–225, 230, 236. See also public library
Furness 56, 58, 215, 259, 271, 275, 278, 292, 296, 316, 373–374
Fyfe, Paul 170
Garvey, Ellen Gruber 49, 128, 136
Gascoyne-Cecil, Robert, Lord Salisbury 278, 295
Gaskell, Elizabeth 31, 304, 311–312, 318
gender 34, 50, 54, 83, 107, 195, 214, 252, 256, 258–259, 261, 353
gender differences in newspaper reading 50, 83, 214, 252, 256, 258–259, 261
genre 22, 26, 57, 124, 129, 133, 148–150, 175, 192, 195, 202–205, 234–235, 239, 241, 243, 245, 251–252, 254, 256, 259–261, 284–285, 305–306, 314, 317–318, 322, 352, 373, 381–382, 385, 389–390
Gentlemen’s News Room 71
geography of newspapers 26, 108
Gillow, Joseph 194
Gissing, George 9
New Grub Street 9
Glasgow 3, 126–127, 148, 288, 336, 388
global, localization of 31, 206, 281
Goffman, Erving 28
Goldgel-Carballo, Victor 111
gossip 38, 147, 150, 164–166, 187–188, 190, 201–205, 255, 332
Green ‘Un 105, 329–330, 349–350
Gregory, Alfred 287
growth in number of newspapers 248, 251, 305, 329
Habermas, Jurgen 16, 23, 29, 33, 360
Hagan, John 354
Halifax 49, 193, 222–223, 228–229, 232–233, 247, 252
Hall, Stuart 47
Hamilton, Mary 15
Hampton, Mark 23
Hardie, Keir 198
Tess of the D’Urbervilles 149, 388
Harris free library 59, 93, 292
Healey, Denis 310
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 116–117
Henkin, David 14
Hewitson, Anthony 33–34, 95, 125, 143–146, 153, 155–173, 175, 177–178, 180–182, 184–185, 187–188, 190–194, 196–202, 206, 208–211, 257, 281, 296–298, 311, 332–334, 344, 348, 351, 367, 297, 297
Heywood, Abel 20, 221, 241, 257
Hickson, William Edward 37, 52, 228
Hill, Jeffrey 265, 328, 338, 342, 344, 348
historical readers 33, 43, 48, 260–261, 386
historical writing in local newspapers 194–195, 285, 378
by local newspaper editors 193–194
history of reading 26
Hodgson, William Ballantyne 51
holiday, Saturday half-day 84, 90, 118, 378
Hollingworth, Brian 322
home as a newspaper-reading place 33, 38, 55, 57–58, 60, 64, 75, 88, 355, 360, 381, 383
human interest stories 201
Hunt, Frederick Knight 7
Hunt, Henry 76
hybrid national-local publications 12
Illustrated London News 12, 79, 106, 133, 135, 147, 232, 236–237, 250–251, 261
Illustrated Police News 86, 147, 251
implied reader 14–15, 43–45, 48, 50, 60, 62, 66, 112, 260–261, 386
India, Indian 126, 130–131, 153, 156
Indian Mutiny 1857 126
influence 4–5, 14, 19, 21, 23–24, 27, 29, 34, 39, 41, 66, 90, 104, 111, 114, 117, 152, 161, 182, 184, 214, 219, 244, 265, 288, 318, 324, 334, 378, 383
‘influential’ newspapers 4, 24, 27, 29, 34, 52
Institution for the Diffusion of Knowledge 70–71, 77, 87, 215, 224, 229, 247
intensity of newspaper reading 62–65
interpretive communities 27–29, 33, 62, 65–66, 85, 103, 144, 165, 188, 201, 261, 353, 370, 373
investigative journalism 202–203
Ireland, Irish 31, 44, 76, 152, 155, 159, 165, 168, 170, 204, 207, 221, 232–233, 295, 320, 297
iterative nature of newspapers 298
Jackson, Alexander 338
Janowitz, Morris 15, 64, 284, 356, 382
Jones, Aled 16–17, 49, 267, 282–283, 298
Jones, T. Artemus 159
journalists 8, 14, 21, 23, 27, 29, 34, 62, 65, 143–144, 154–155, 157, 162, 164, 166, 174, 185, 192, 194–197, 201–206, 209–210, 219, 245, 265, 273–274, 282, 304, 314, 318, 320, 352–353, 358, 367, 373, 377–378, 381, 383, 387, 389, 391
Joyce, Patrick 16, 267, 271–272, 298, 320
Kennedy, John F. 309
Kidd, Alan 193
Kingsley, Charles 47
Koss, Stephen 22
Kristeva, Julia 123
Labour Party 79, 198, 351, 364
Lamb, Charles 13
Lancashire 27, 30–32, 37–41, 46–47, 52, 54, 56, 64, 78–79, 85, 92, 95, 97, 115–116, 122–123, 128, 138, 144, 147, 151, 155, 159–160, 164, 167, 173, 181, 184–186, 190–191, 194, 198–199, 207–210, 217–218, 224, 231, 233, 236–239, 241–244, 254, 258, 265, 277, 279–280, 291, 293, 302–306, 308–310, 312, 314–323, 327–329, 331–333, 335–336, 339, 342–343, 350, 355, 359–360, 370, 372–374, 377, 381
Lancashire Daily Post 37–38, 46–47, 52, 95, 97, 116, 198, 242–243, 258, 355
Lancashire dialect 185, 277, 302–304, 306, 308, 312, 317–318, 321, 350, 381
Lancashire Evening Post 46, 128, 138, 198–199, 207–210, 236–237, 239, 291, 329, 331–335, 337–339, 342, 344–345, 370
Lancaster 7, 15, 49–50, 54, 58, 71, 92, 144, 163–164, 171, 188–189, 195, 239–240, 243–244, 251, 258–259, 355–356, 372, 375
Lancaster Gazette 7, 144, 164, 195
Lancaster Observer 50
Langley, Walter 263
Law, Graham 10, 149, 192, 204, 207, 244
Leeds 12, 57, 113, 115, 148, 154, 165, 167, 179, 220, 245–247, 257, 280, 320, 352–353
Leeds Mercury 148, 154, 165, 167, 179, 220, 245–247, 257, 353
Leicester Chronicle 179
Leicestershire Mercury 352
Leigh, John Garrett 58, 244, 247, 254
letters to the editor 27, 47–49, 53, 56, 58, 65, 103, 171, 190, 197, 204–205, 216, 281, 284, 289–290, 294–295, 306, 311, 318, 334, 350, 352–355, 360–362, 364, 367, 370–372, 375, 377–378, 384, 391
male pseudonyms of women writers 56
women hiding their gender 56
working-class writers hiding their class 58
Liberal party, Liberals 3, 23, 32, 44–45, 47, 53, 61, 64–65, 84, 86, 90–92, 102, 107, 152, 154–155, 161, 177, 179–181, 207, 209, 211, 216–218, 231, 237, 242, 245, 247, 256, 276, 295–296, 367–368, 370, 372, 389
Preston Guardian links 154, 207, 209, 295, 370
Liberal Working Men’s Club 84, 86
libraries as newspaper-reading places 5, 17, 27, 49, 55, 59, 353, 374, 383
Lincoln 222–223, 228–229, 243, 248, 253
listening to newspapers being read aloud 33, 67–68, 73, 90, 117, 119, 138, 213, 301–302, 324. See also communal newspaper reading
literacy 23, 35–38, 40, 50, 66. See also signature at marriage as literacy measure
as a spectrum 35
as communal asset 16, 28–29, 36, 38, 48, 66, 73, 211, 349
as individual asset 41
functional 38
Literary and Philosophical Institute 70, 72, 80, 87, 109
Liverpool 3, 7, 22, 31, 51, 57, 61, 74–76, 95, 113, 115, 118, 128, 132, 134, 138, 148–150, 167–168, 171–172, 179, 191, 205, 208, 217, 222–223, 229–230, 232, 234, 236–237, 241, 243–253, 257, 259, 283, 287, 307, 313, 366, 377
Liverpool Albion 3
Liverpool Chronicle 3
Liverpool Courier 3
Liverpool Daily Post 148
Liverpool Lyceum 132, 191, 222–223, 229, 243, 247–249, 252–253
Liverpool Mail 3
Liverpool Mercury 128, 134, 179, 217, 234, 245, 247
Liverpool Weekly Post 57, 118, 208, 245
Livesey, Joseph 153–154, 156, 179–180, 197, 209, 257
Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper 12, 147, 168, 184, 244
local government reorganisation 16, 374, 379
local identity 14, 16, 23, 27, 34, 60, 172, 178, 187, 261, 263–265, 267–274, 279, 282, 284–285, 287, 289, 296, 298, 302, 313, 324–325, 328–329, 337, 339, 347–350, 358, 361, 374–375, 378–379, 381–382, 385
techniques for promoting 261, 265, 274, 287, 298
local newspaper markets 143, 149–150, 154, 162
segmentation of 149
local newspapers 4, 7–9, 12–13, 15–16, 25, 33–34, 36–37, 39, 42, 52, 62–64, 66–67, 70, 109, 111, 130, 141, 149, 158, 174, 191–193, 195–196, 208, 212–214, 223, 260–261, 278, 313, 321, 348–350, 352–353, 360, 377, 379, 382
local patriotism 16, 21, 34, 179, 268, 271, 274, 280, 283, 293, 298, 302, 309, 316, 327–328, 330, 333, 348, 350, 381
London 3–12, 14, 21–25, 30, 42, 50, 55–57, 65, 70, 79, 86, 103, 106, 113–115, 118, 120, 125–130, 132–133, 135, 139, 143–144, 146–150, 154–155, 160, 166–168, 170–171, 174, 180, 182–184, 187–188, 192, 195, 197, 200–206, 208, 210–211, 213–215, 217–224, 226, 228–229, 233, 235–237, 240–241, 243–253, 255, 258–261, 279–280, 282, 292, 302, 304, 312, 322, 330–331, 338, 342–343, 358, 370–371, 375–377, 381–382, 385, 387–391
as metropolitan 5, 11, 17, 22, 24–25, 42, 56, 60, 64, 114, 120, 127, 139, 141, 157, 162, 168, 170, 180, 182, 205, 208, 211, 220, 248, 273, 332, 356, 358, 371, 385, 392
papers 4–5, 8–12, 21, 42, 125, 129–130, 132, 139, 147, 149, 171, 180, 187, 215, 220–222, 224, 228, 246, 248–250, 260, 282, 358, 370, 375, 377, 381, 385, 388
London Evening Standard 115, 168, 217, 226, 250
long-term newspaper reading 128, 131, 135
Lonsdale, James 376
Lopatin, Nancy P. 18
Lucy, Henry 372
‘magazine day’ 120
magazines 3–4, 10, 12, 18, 21, 26, 33, 43, 46, 52, 54, 62, 64, 72, 77, 80–82, 84–85, 87–88, 90, 94–95, 99–100, 103, 107–112, 114, 119–120, 122, 124, 128, 131, 133, 136, 139–140, 147–150, 152, 160, 166, 173, 175, 184–185, 190–195, 197, 199, 202–205, 209–210, 213–216, 218–226, 231, 234–235, 239, 244, 247–248, 250–253, 256, 258–261, 269, 275–276, 280, 291, 321, 355–356, 368–369, 390–391
‘magazinization’ of newspapers, New Journalism as 24, 52
Magnetic Telegraph Company 73, 85, 170
Maidstone Gazette 228
manager, newspaper 145, 162, 198
Manchester 3, 7, 11–12, 20, 26, 31, 44, 57, 81, 95, 104–106, 113–115, 118, 121–122, 124, 128, 131, 134, 138, 148–150, 154, 164–165, 171, 174, 184–185, 191, 210, 215, 217–218, 221, 225, 231–232, 234, 236–237, 240–241, 243–248, 250, 252–254, 257–259, 265, 283, 314, 330, 359, 365–366, 372, 375, 377, 388, 391
Manchester Courier 3
Manchester Evening Chronicle 106
Manchester Examiner & Times 314
Manchester Guardian 3, 114, 128, 134, 148, 154, 164, 167, 234, 236–237, 244–248, 265, 314–315, 372
Manchester Times and Examiner 114, 217
Manchester Weekly Express 121–122, 232
Manchester Weekly Times 57, 118, 148, 184, 218, 232–233, 243–244
maps in local newspapers 278, 285
market day as publication day 112, 118, 141
Marr, Andrew 265
Mason, Anthony 329
Matthews, Rachel 19
Mayhew, Henry 204
mechanics’ institute 69–71, 74, 77–78, 80, 86, 92, 97, 103–104, 109, 120, 154, 215, 217, 222–224, 229, 246–247, 249, 252
medium-term newspaper reading 132
Merthyr Tydfil 283
metropolitan as default 25
middle-class newspaper readers 44–45, 50, 57, 60–61, 103, 109, 158, 208, 244, 260, 381, 383, 388
Middlesbrough 36, 38, 54, 57, 119, 207, 209, 241–242, 254, 271, 292, 320
Midlands 197–198, 280, 336, 340, 369
Milton, Frederick 357
mobility of local newspaper reporters 144–145
monthlies 54, 80, 86, 120, 122–123, 133, 219, 246, 252–253, 312, 321
Moorman, Frederic W. 320
Morning Advertiser 146, 249–250
morning edition 249
morning newspapers 113, 115, 127, 134, 146–148, 167, 182, 204–205, 208, 219, 228, 230, 243–245, 247–248
Morning Post 134, 146, 167, 249
MPs 3, 10, 173, 220, 278, 297, 297
Mudie’s circulating library 81, 87, 90
multiple editions 113
mutual improvement 80, 87, 163, 213, 358
Mutual Improvement Society 87
Napoleon III 127
national 4–5, 7–12, 14–15, 19, 22–23, 31, 33, 39–40, 45, 66, 70, 73, 76, 78, 80, 82, 86, 91–92, 97, 118, 125, 139, 141, 143, 146, 148, 152–154, 157, 159, 161–162, 165, 168, 173–174, 178, 180–181, 183–185, 190, 192–193, 207–208, 210–211, 214, 216, 232–233, 235, 240–241, 259, 267–269, 276, 285, 311, 318, 322, 327, 330–331, 333, 337–338, 348, 356–357, 360, 364, 367–368, 370, 372, 377, 381, 384–385, 387–391
national identity 267
national network 4, 9, 45, 152, 157, 165, 338, 348, 357, 367–368, 390
‘national’ newspaper, contested category 173–174
national structure of local press 327, 337–338, 348
nature clubs, children’s, in local papers 53, 272, 291, 358
network 4–5, 7, 9–10, 21–22, 45, 114, 143, 152, 154, 157, 164–165, 168, 174, 191, 194, 202, 210–211, 269, 278, 338, 348, 351, 356–357, 360, 367–369, 378, 381–382, 384, 390
Newcastle 52–53, 138, 184, 206, 215, 223, 229, 243, 246–247, 249, 253, 282–283, 356–357
Newcastle Weekly Chronicle 52–53, 184, 206, 356–357
New Journalism 52, 149, 186–187, 201–204, 206–208, 211, 249, 258, 272, 311, 327, 389
news addict 63–65, 84, 138, 254
news agencies 5, 8, 168, 170, 173, 180, 241
newsagents 5, 20, 22, 63, 68, 70, 81, 83, 86–90, 95, 97, 100–102, 107–109, 117, 122, 134, 188–189, 219, 221, 231–233, 244, 251, 257–260, 383
newsboys 95
news gathering 140, 164, 166, 173–174, 210, 388
News of the World 12, 147, 232, 243–244, 257
newspaper offices 8, 69, 73–74, 83, 97, 125, 131, 165, 193, 291, 334–335, 382–383
as newspaper-reading place 73, 83
Newspaper Press Directory 12, 150
newspaper proprietors 8, 62, 143, 145, 180, 197, 199, 201, 385
newspaper reading not really reading 38
Newspaper Stamp Committee 52, 189, 228, 257, 371
news rooms 26, 29, 55, 59–60, 67–74, 76–81, 83–88, 91–94, 97, 100, 102–105, 107–109, 125, 131–133, 139, 171, 179, 188–189, 213, 215–217, 219–220, 222–223, 225–226, 228–230, 233, 235, 247, 249–251, 253, 256–257, 259–260, 294, 367, 370, 381, 383–384, 386, 391
as alternative to pub 75
auctions 80, 128, 133, 135, 139
maps on the walls of 72
segregation by class 109
segregation by gender 55
state control 104
telegraphic 223, 229, 247–248, 251
use by non-members 68
New Zealand 171
Nicholson, Bob 160
Nisbet, J. F. 123
Nonconformism, Nonconformist 25, 28, 32, 44, 154, 200, 215, 218, 296
non-journalists as producers of journalism 27, 166, 171, 174, 192, 195. See also ‘amateur’ contributors
non-news content of newspapers 22, 38, 86, 93, 111, 147, 149, 159–160, 186, 192, 207, 238, 251, 272, 308, 383, 385
Nord, David Paul 26, 48, 272, 349, 377
Northern Daily Telegraph 46, 242
Northern Star 11–12, 19, 57, 113
‘notes and queries’ columns 193, 285
novels, serialized 26, 190, 202, 235, 279
objectivity 21, 24, 39, 161–162, 272
old newspapers, reading 80, 128, 133, 139
O’Neil, John 36, 46, 49, 63, 73, 75, 77–78, 84, 91–92, 107, 114, 118–119, 126, 130, 133, 138–139, 189, 216–217, 247, 254, 259, 375
oral history of reading 5, 27, 36, 42, 49–50, 52, 54, 57–58, 115, 219, 226, 238–239, 243–245, 250–251, 254, 258–260, 352–353, 374–375, 381, 387
O’Reilly, John Boyle 154
othering 196, 265, 270, 292–293, 298, 328, 336, 347
owner-editors 144, 178, 182, 187, 200, 205, 209–210
Pall Mall Gazette 106, 147, 205, 226, 250
Paper Duty 4
paragraphing, paragraphist 165–166
parish reading room 81
Parliament 11, 32–33, 125, 141, 180, 186, 198, 205–207, 231, 254, 343, 372, 382
Parliamentary reporting 206
Parliamentary reports 11
partly printed newspapers 12, 155, 168
Pawley, Christine 15
periodicity 140
Pink ‘Un 357
Pitman, Isaac 318
poetry 4, 19, 55, 63, 65, 136, 138, 150, 160, 190, 192–193, 238, 269, 279, 285, 298, 306, 312, 314–315, 318–320, 322, 376, 378, 385, 390
political nature of local newspapers 325, 348, 370, 372
political participation beyond the franchise 23
Poor Law 65, 119, 166, 171, 294, 296, 301–303, 297
Poor Law Guardians 119, 294, 296–297, 297
Potter, Simon 10
Powell, Michael 20
Press Association 8–9, 85, 180–181, 241, 259, 390
Preston 3, 27, 29–34, 36–37, 39–41, 44–56, 58–62, 65–74, 76, 78, 80–84, 86–95, 97–98, 100–108, 114–120, 122, 124–130, 133–136, 138–139, 141, 143–146, 151–167, 170–173, 177–181, 184–189, 191, 194, 196–199, 202–203, 207–211, 213–217, 222–224, 226–230, 232–236, 239–240, 242–245, 247–248, 250–255, 257–259, 265, 270, 273–281, 283–286, 288–296, 298–299, 302, 308, 311–313, 315–317, 321, 325, 327–329, 331–339, 341–348, 350–351, 353–354, 356, 358–364, 366–378, 383–385, 297
low standard of education 41
Preston Advertiser 86
Preston Argus 321
Preston Chronicle 3, 47, 56, 59–61, 68, 86–88, 106, 117, 119–120, 125, 128, 144–145, 152–154, 159, 161, 163, 171–172, 177–181, 184, 186–187, 190–191, 193–194, 197–198, 202, 207–210, 213, 216, 233–234, 236, 245, 247, 253–254, 273, 276–281, 288, 293, 295–296, 298, 302, 308, 311–312, 315–316, 331–334, 344–346, 348, 365, 368, 370, 297
Preston Daily Guardian 181
Preston Football News 185
Preston Guardian 3, 20, 37, 44–47, 52–54, 65, 68, 86, 88–89, 97, 114, 127, 133, 143–146, 152–162, 164–167, 170–171, 173, 177–179, 181, 184–185, 190–191, 196, 198–199, 207–209, 232–236, 257–258, 274, 276, 278, 280, 288, 291, 295–296, 303, 329, 331–333, 354, 358, 370, 372, 297
Preston Herald 45–47, 59, 61, 72, 76, 82, 88, 90, 114, 125–128, 130, 144–145, 149–150, 155–156, 160–162, 172–174, 178–179, 184–185, 191, 198, 202, 207, 209–210, 217, 233–236, 249, 257, 276, 278, 280, 285–286, 288–290, 294–296, 331–334, 336–339, 342–347, 353–354, 358–359, 361–363, 368–370
Preston Illustrated General Advertiser 72
Preston Monthly Circular 292, 358
Preston North End 97, 289, 293, 327–328, 331, 333–334, 336–348, 388
Preston Observer 156
Preston Pilot 68–69, 87, 90, 153, 179, 196, 276–277, 367
Price, Leah 34
Printers’ Register 3, 127, 303
prints given with local newspapers 276
Procter, Richard Wright 131
profession, journalism as 192, 196
profitability 154
pronouns, first-person plural 274
Proust, Marcel 42
provincialism of London newspapers 11, 22
Provincial Newspaper Society 8, 180, 182
provincial press co-operation 5, 8, 19, 180
pub as newspaper reading-place 55, 70, 73–75, 91, 100, 107, 109, 126
reading newspapers aloud in 67, 76–77
public libraries 55, 93, 102–105, 107–108, 120, 122, 124, 215, 220, 224–226, 228, 241, 243, 250, 252–253, 255, 259, 271, 384
cross-class 250
public sphere 16, 23, 29, 33, 38, 58, 105, 192, 195, 201, 206, 261, 338, 341, 349, 353–354, 360, 362–364, 367–368, 370–371, 373, 378, 382, 384, 389
publisher, local newspaper as 10, 19, 160, 193, 279, 373
Punch 44, 133, 135, 160, 236–237, 250–251, 261
Radical 44, 57, 108, 145, 154, 156, 173, 215–216, 231, 233, 248, 257, 288, 290, 294–295, 317
Radical newspapers 57
railway station as newspaper-reading place 95–97, 357
Read, Donald 18
readers as poachers (De Certeau) 47–48, 66
reading communities 103, 139, 191, 220, 261
reading places 26, 30, 49, 64, 68, 70, 73–74, 83–84, 91–93, 97–98, 103, 105, 107, 109, 115, 117, 120, 125, 139, 214, 219, 235, 246–248, 250–251, 253, 261
regional identity 9, 280, 309, 340
reporters 24, 33, 59, 143–146, 154, 156, 158, 162–164, 166, 168, 174, 177, 197, 199, 210–211, 259, 301, 303, 306, 311, 314, 316, 328, 331, 347, 351, 359, 390, 392
reprinting material from other publications 185
Reynolds, George W. M. 14
Reynolds’s Miscellany 214, 235
Reynolds’s Newspaper 147, 168, 184, 232
Ribble, river 153, 341, 350, 297
ritual, newspaper-reading as 27, 29, 33, 67, 112, 116–118, 123–124, 130, 139
Roberts, Elizabeth 37, 49–50, 98
Rochdale 63, 83, 92, 106, 231–233, 238, 280, 320, 322
Rochdale Observer 83, 232–233, 322
Rowbotham, Judith 24
Rubery, Matthew 318
Russell, Dave 267–268, 304, 309, 320
Russell, Edward 198
Russo-Turkish War 1877-78 128, 217, 241
sales of provincial newspapers 182, 188, 195, 209, 211, 219–222, 231, 233, 246, 257, 259–260
satirical magazines, provincial 150, 185, 210, 275–276
Saturday editions 45, 160, 171, 332, 337
Saturday sports specials 330
Savage, Michael 32
Scotland, Scottish 115, 174, 181, 204, 207, 240, 280, 328, 339, 375
Scott-James, Rolfe Arnold 272
Scott, J. W. Robertson 130
scrapbooks of newspaper cuttings 49, 128, 136–138, 356, 359, 369
second-hand newspapers, magazines and reviews, sale of 62, 64, 80–81
auctions of second-hand newspapers and magazines 60, 62, 132, 134
self-improvement 384
sense of place 12–16, 21, 31, 263, 268, 324, 378, 382, 388, 390
serial fiction 10, 55, 130, 148, 150, 186, 203–204, 251
Shakespeare, William 322
Shannon, Mary 14
Shattock, Joanne 20
Sheffield 49, 77, 104–105, 148, 167, 206, 282, 329, 349–350
Sheffield Daily Telegraph 148, 167
shops not classed as newsagents selling newspapers 70, 82
short-term newspaper reading 131
signature at marriage as literacy measure 39. See also literacy
Silberstein-Loeb, Jonathan 180
silent newspaper-reading 67, 76–77, 104–105, 107, 109
size, physical, of newspapers 171, 186, 190–191, 207, 210, 305, 364, 382. See also pagination
smoking and newspaper reading 103, 107, 116
Snow, W. Parker 132
social class of newspaper readers 18, 20, 31–34, 36, 40, 42, 44–50, 54, 56–58, 60–61, 63–66, 69, 74–75, 77–79, 83–84, 90–91, 97–100, 103, 106–109, 115–116, 119–120, 125, 127, 138–139, 141, 147–148, 154, 158, 162, 165, 173, 193, 195, 208, 214–215, 218, 221–222, 224, 228, 231, 233, 240–245, 247–248, 250–254, 256–261, 267–268, 281, 283, 302–303, 306–312, 314–325, 327–328, 340–341, 353, 356, 358, 381, 383–384, 386, 388
comparison with library-book borrowers 59
Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge (SPCK) 87
sociolect 323
sockpuppeting 352
Sommerville, Charles John 140
speed, accelerating 8, 125, 138
Stafford, Fiona 13
Staffordshire 128, 144, 172, 355, 374
Staffordshire Sentinel 128, 172
Stam, David 132
Stam, Deirdre 132
Stamp Duty 3–5, 69–70, 115, 148–149, 152, 154, 220, 245, 257
Stamp Duty statistics, limitations of 152–153
Standen, Robert 191
standing to read 72, 83, 85, 91, 94
Stanley, Edward Smith 76
Stanley, Henry Morton 62
Stead, W. T. 201–202, 205–206, 352
Stedman Jones, Gareth 321
Stetz, Margaret 9
St Helens 58, 99, 119, 243–244, 247, 253–254
Storey, Samuel 173
street as newspaper-reading place 73, 98, 109
street sellers of newspapers 95, 190
Streight, W. 312
style-shifting 303
subsidy, political 19, 47, 154, 156, 209–210
summer reading decline 122–123, 141
Sunday newspapers 12, 22, 107, 118, 147, 168, 184, 202, 219, 244, 258
Sunday reading 119
surveys of working-class newspaper reading 49, 54, 100, 119, 254, 258, 329, 351
suspense and newspaper reading 130
Sussex Agricultural Express 173, 357
‘Taxes on Knowledge’ 3, 67, 143, 177, 213
telegrams 68, 97, 125–126, 131, 141, 181
telegraphing of news 9, 148, 170, 173, 382
telegraph machines in newsrooms 85, 171
telegraphs, nationalisation of 8, 86, 180–181, 240
temperance 12, 44, 156, 185, 209, 252, 278, 285, 383
temperance publications 156, 369
Thackeray, William Makepeace 193, 196
Thatcher, Margaret 310
The Journalist and Newspaper Proprietor 55, 166
threats to the provincial press 260, 293
time capsules, local newspapers buried in 131, 135, 137
time limits on newspaper reading 118
time, linear 112, 122–124, 130
time of reading 54, 90, 118, 111–141, 119, 123–124, 131–132, 135, 139–141
Times 4, 11, 21–22, 68, 114, 128, 132–136, 143, 146, 148, 157, 167–168, 170, 208, 228, 240, 243, 246, 248–250, 259, 386
anomaly 22
as morning newspaper template 148, 208, 248
Tiverton 287
toilet as a newspaper-reading place 88
toilet paper, newspapers as 131
Tories 32, 44–45, 47, 90, 153, 155, 160–161, 207, 209, 216–217, 235, 254, 276, 284, 295–297, 297, 297
Toulmin, George 45, 154, 161–162, 177, 179–181, 188, 198, 206, 209, 335
Toulmin, James 45
Toulmins, the 173, 179, 181–182, 208–210, 291, 329
trade depressions and reading 124
Trades union rooms 92
Tulloch, John 203
Tupper, Martin 192
Turner, Mark 111
Ulverston 56, 171, 256, 292, 296, 373
Ulverston Advertiser 56, 256, 296
United Kingdom 8, 11, 81, 159, 164, 168, 171, 173, 190, 205
United States 14, 26, 48, 130, 138, 155, 201–202, 205–206, 277, 309, 375, 378
Vickery, Amanda 284
Victorian 4, 6, 9–10, 13–14, 16–18, 21–23, 25, 27–28, 35–36, 54, 67, 74, 84, 110–111, 117, 125, 131, 136–138, 143–144, 146, 148, 152, 159–160, 166, 170, 174, 187, 192, 194, 196, 204, 213–214, 219, 249, 267, 271, 273, 288, 293, 299, 350, 352, 364, 385, 387, 390–392
visitors’ lists 123
Wadsworth, Alfred 372
Wales, Welsh 49, 146, 267, 270, 282–283, 292, 299, 323
Walmsley, Benjamin 187–188, 190, 196, 200, 344
Walton, John 49
Warhol, Andy 377
wartime publishing 115, 126, 128–129, 131, 141
Waugh, Edwin 238, 314, 317, 365
weeklies 4, 53, 58, 64, 117–118, 120, 147, 149, 153–154, 160, 168, 184, 198, 205, 217–218, 221, 228, 230, 234–235, 238, 244, 248, 252, 256, 329
weekly news miscellany 55, 208, 244, 356
weekly newspapers 57, 133–134, 144, 156, 169, 193, 195, 219, 231, 233, 244, 259, 284, 390
weekly reading 114
Westminster 37, 52, 215, 228, 387
Westminster Review 37, 52, 215, 228
Whigs, Whiggish 24, 32, 145, 284, 295
Whitty, Edward James 205, 208, 257
W. H. Smith 90, 97, 188–189, 245–246
Wilcockson, Isaac 61, 179, 197
Wilson, John Thomas 60, 128, 217
Winckley Club 60–62, 71–72, 74, 80–81, 87, 97, 103, 117, 120, 122, 127, 130, 133–135, 139, 247–249, 251–253
Wolff, Michael 20
Wolverhampton 144, 336, 338–339, 374
Lyrical Ballads 13
workhouse as newspaper-reading place 16, 59, 100, 108, 119, 349–350
working-class newspaper readers 324
working men’s club 59, 84, 86–88, 92, 94, 125, 139, 222–223, 229, 244, 247, 251–253, 278, 295, 374
Working Men’s Club 59, 87, 125, 139, 252
Wright, Thomas 226
Wyke, Terry 20
Yorkshire 105, 120, 144, 233, 313–314, 320, 330
