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§ 44: A Glance at Teenage Antony: Insolvent, Transgendered, Pimped, and Groomed

Visne igitur te inspiciamus a puero? sic opinor; a principio ordiamur. tenesne memoria praetextatum te decoxisse? ‘patris’, inquies, ‘ista culpa est’. concedo. etenim est pietatis plena defensio. illud tamen audaciae tuae quod sedisti in quattuordecim ordinibus, cum esset lege Roscia decoctoribus certus locus constitutus, quamvis quis fortunae vitio, non suo decoxisset. sumpsisti virilem, quam statim muliebrem togam reddidisti. primo vulgare scortum; certa flagitii merces nec ea parva; sed cito Curio intervenit, qui te a meretricio quaestu abduxit et, tamquam stolam dedisset, in matrimonio stabili et certo collocavit.

Study Questions:

• Parse visne.
• Identify and explain the mood of inspiciamus.
• Identify and explain the mood of ordiamur.
• On what noun does the genitive patris depend?
• Parse inquies.
• Identify and explain the case of audaciae tuae.
• What did the lex Roscia stipulate? When was it passed?
• What noun does the adjective virilem modify?
• Who was Curio?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• How would you describe the overall tone Cicero adopts in this paragraph? Can you point to specific details in the text that epitomize it?
• What is the rhetorical effect of the word order in the sentence etenim est pietatis plena defensio?
• Discuss Cicero’s choice of adverbs and adjectives in the second half of the passage, with an eye to the contrast between the seemingly banal (certus, statim, certa, parva, cito, certo) and the more elaborate (virilem, muliebrem, vulgare, meretricio, stabili).

Discussion Points:

• What’s Cicero cooking up here (cf. decoxisse, decoctoribus, decoxisset) — or how does he construe a plot reminiscent of Peter Greenaway’s The Cook, the Thief, His Wife, & Her Lover — with Antony performing in all four roles?
• Clothes make the wo/man: discuss the fashion-show staged in this paragraph (cf. praetextatum, virilem (sc. togam), muliebrem togam, stolam).
• Why is cross-dressing funny? Discuss with reference to contemporary takes, such as Some Like it Hot, Tootsie, or The World According to Garp.
• Can you think of more recent instances in which public figures are shamed for (alleged) misdemeanors in their youth? What’s your take on this practice?

inspicio, -icere, -exi, -ectum	to examine, investigate, consider
opinor, -ari, -atus	to hold as an opinion, think, believe
ordior, -diri, -sus	to embark on, start, begin
praetextatus, -a, -um	being of an age to wear the toga praetexta
decoquo, -quere, -xi, -ctum	to boil down, waste away, squander; to be unable to pay debts; (intr.) to become insolvent
concedo, -dere, -ssi, -ssum	to go away, withdraw; to concede, grant
etenim (conj.)	and indeed; for
audacia, -ae, f.	daring, boldness, impudence, recklessness
sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum	to sit, be seated
quattuordecim	fourteen
ordo, -inis, m.	row (of seats in a theatre), rank, standing order
decoctor, -oris, m. [decoquo + tor]	an insolvent person, defaulting debtor
quamvis	to any degree you like no matter how, however much
vitium, -i, n.	defect, fault, disadvantage
sumo, -mere, -mpsi, -mptum	to take up, put on (clothes etc.), seize
toga virilis	the toga worn by free male Roman upon reaching maturity
statim (adv.)	immediately, at once
toga muliebris	a toga worn by prostitutes and other stigmatized females prohibited from wearing the stola
reddo, -ere, -idi, -itum	to give back, restore, repay, render, deliver (w. predicate) to render, cause to turn out
vulgaris, -is, -e	common, ordinary, everyday
scortum, -i, n.	whore, prostitute, harlot
certus, -a, -um	fixed, settled, definite; certain, indisputable
flagitium, -(i)i, n.	shameful / disgraceful act; disgrace, infamy
merces, -edis, f.	payment for services rendered, wage, reward
cito (adv.)	quickly
meretricius, -a, -um	of, belonging to, or typical of a prostitute
quaestus, -us, m.	income, profit, occupation
abduco, -cere, -xi, -ctum	to lead away, carry off, remove; to attract away, entice away; divert
tamquam (conj.)	just as, (w. subj.) as though
stola, -ae, f.	garment for upper-class married women
stabilis, -is, -e	steady, lasting, permanent
colloco, -are, -avi, -atum	to put or set up, settle, establish, bestow

§ 45: Desire and Domesticity: Antony’s Escapades as Curio’s Toy-Boy

Nemo umquam puer emptus libidinis causa tam fuit in domini potestate quam tu in Curionis. quotiens te pater eius domu sua eiecit, quotiens custodes posuit ne limen intrares! cum tu tamen nocte socia, hortante libidine, cogente mercede, per tegulas demitterere. quae flagitia domus illa diutius ferre non potuit. scisne me de rebus mihi notissimis dicere? recordare tempus illud cum pater Curio maerens iacebat in lecto; filius se ad pedes meos prosternens, lacrimans, te mihi commendabat; orabat ut se contra suum patrem, si sestertium sexagiens peteret, defenderem; tantum enim se pro te intercessisse dicebat. ipse autem amore ardens confirmabat, quod desiderium tui discidi ferre non posset, se in exilium iturum.

Study Questions:

• What noun does the genitive Curionis depend on?
• What kind of ablative is domu sua?
• Parse demitterere.
• Explain the syntax of quae (flagitia…).
• Parse scisne. What kind of construction does it introduce?
• Parse recordare.
• Reconstruct the scenario presupposed in the ut-clause introduced by orabat.
• Explain the grammar and syntax of the phrase sestertium sexagiens.
• Parse defenderem.
• What kind of genitive is tui discidi?
• Parse iturum.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Discuss the word order … te pater eius….
• Analyze how Cicero correlates and contrasts Curio father and Curio son in the second half of the paragraph (recordare … se in exilium iturum).
• Cicero here evokes a scenario (two young lovers prevented by an older guardian from carrying on their affair) familiar from New Comedy: can you identify stylistic and thematic touches reminiscent of the genre?

Discussion Points:

• How does Cicero construe the relationships between himself, Antony, Curio Junior, and Curio Senior?
• How would you describe the impact of Antony on the Curio household? (Start by picking out those terms that belong to the semantic field of ‘household’.)
• Explore the nexus between ‘family household’ (overseen by a paterfamilias) and the ‘commonwealth’ (res publica) in Rome’s cultural imaginary. What makes Cicero’s portrayal of Antony’s impact on the domestic situation in the Curio family so damning from a civic point of view?

nemo, inis, m. / f.	nobody, no one; as adj.: no
puer, -eri, m.	boy (here) slave boy
emo, emere, emi, emptum	to buy, purchase
libido, -inis, f.	desire, craving, sexual appetite, lust
causâ (abl., governing a gen.)	for the purpose of, for the sake of
quotiens (interr. or exclam.)	How many times? How many times!
domus, -us, f.	house
eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectum	to throw out, remove, expel
custos, -odis, m. and f.	guardian
limen, -inis, n.	threshold, doorstep
socia, -ae f.	a (female) partner, associate
cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum	to drive together, collect, summon, gather to compel, force, constrain
merces, -edis, f.	payment for services rendered, wage, reward
tegula, -ae, f.	a roof-tile
demitto, -ittere, -isi, -issum	to let fall, drop, make descend, lower
flagitium, -(i)i, n.	shameful / disgraceful act; disgrace, infamy
diu (comparative: diutius) (adv.)	for a long time, long
recordor, -ari, -atus	to call to mind, recollect
maereo, -ere	to be sad, mourn, grieve
lectus, -i, m.	bed, couch
prosterno, -ernere, -ravi, -ratum	to lay low, strike down, knock down to lay prostrate on the ground
commendo, -are, -avi, -atum	to commit / entrust someone (acc.) to (dat.)
sestertius, -i, m. (decies centena milia) sestertium	sesterce (a Roman coin) a hundred thousand sesterces
sexagiens (adv.)	sixty times
peto, -ere, -ivi / ii, -itum	to go for, seek out, seek to obtain, ask to sue for, lay claim to, demand
tantum, -i, (pron.)	so much
intercedo, -dere, -ssi, -ssum	to intervene; to exist between; oppose to intervene as guarantor, stand surety
confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum	to strengthen, make robust; to assert, declare
desiderium, -(i)i, n.	desire, longing; want, need; object of desire
discidium, -(i)i, n.	splitting, separation; divorce

§ 46: Family Therapy: Cicero as Counselor

Quo tempore ego quanta mala florentissimae familiae sedavi vel potius sustuli! patri persuasi ut aes alienum fili dissolveret; redimeret adulescentem, summa spe et animi et ingeni praeditum, rei familiaris facultatibus eumque non modo tua familiaritate sed etiam congressione patrio iure et potestate prohiberet. haec tu cum per me acta meminisses, nisi illis quos videmus gladiis confideres, maledictis me provocare ausus esses?

Study Questions:

• What kind of construction is quo tempore?
• What kind of ablatives are familiaritate and congressione?
• What norms and institutions does Cicero evoke with the formulation patrio iure et potestate?
• What are the swords that Cicero claims he and his audience see (cf. illis quos videmus gladiis)?
• What kind of conditional sequence does nisi introduce?
• What does Cicero refer to with maledictis?
• Parse ausus esses.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Identify the stylistic features by which Cicero announces that he came to the rescue (quo tempore … sustuli!).
• The middle sentence of the paragraph begins and ends with p-alliteration: patri persuasi … patrio iure et potestate prohiberet. What (if anything) does Cicero thereby wish to emphasize?
• Analyze the rhetorical design of the ut-clause (ut aes alienum … prohiberet).

Discussion Points:

• What advice would you have given to Curio pater in this situation?
• To what extent (if at all) should parents be responsible for the extravagances of their offspring?

malum, -i, n.	trouble, distress, pain, hardship; harm, evil
florens, -ntis	flowering; prosperous, flourishing; distinguished
sedo, -are, -avi, -atum	to cause to subside; allay, relieve, mitigate
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum	to pick up, raise, hoist; get rid of, remove
persuadeo, -dere, -si, -sum	(usually w. dat. of person) to persuade, prevail upon
aes alienum (cf. aes, aeris, n.	debt copper, bronze, brass)
dissolvo, -vere, -vi, -utum	to undo, dismantle, set free, clear up, pay
redimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum	to buy back, pay the cost of; rescue, save
praeditus, -a, -um (w. abl.)	endowed with, equipped / furnished with
res, rei, f.	property, wealth; thing, matter, material
res familiaris	private property, estate, patrimony
facultas, -atis, f.	ability, power, capacity, skill; (pl., as here) resources, means
familiaritas, -atis, f.	close friendship, intimacy
congressio, -onis, f.	meeting, encounter; sexual intercourse
memini, -inisse	to remember, pay heed to
patrius, -a, -um	paternal; ancestral
confido, -dere, -sus sum (w. dat.)	to put one’s trust in, have confidence in
maledictum, -i, n.	insult, reproach, taunt
provoco, -are, -avi, -atum	to call out, stir up, challenge
audeo, -dere, -sus	to dare, venture, be bold

§ 47: Hitting ‘Fast-Forward’, or: How to Pull Off a Praeteritio

Sed iam stupra et flagitia omittamus: sunt quaedam quae honeste non possum dicere; tu autem eo liberior quod ea in te admisisti quae a verecundo inimico audire non posses. sed reliquum vitae cursum videte, quem quidem celeriter perstringam. ad haec enim quae in civili bello, in maximis rei publicae miseriis fecit, et ad ea quae cotidie facit, festinat animus. quae peto ut, quamquam multo notiora vobis quam mihi sunt, tamen, ut facitis, attente audiatis. debet enim talibus in rebus excitare animos non cognitio solum rerum sed etiam recordatio; etsi incidamus, opinor, media ne nimis sero ad extrema veniamus.

Study Questions:

• Parse omittamus.
• Parse eo.
• Parse perstringam.
• Explain the syntax of quae (quae peto ut…).
• What kind of ablative is multo?
• ut facitis: what is the meaning of ut here?
• Parse incidamus.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Analyze the word order in the sentence ad haec enim … festinat animus.
• Analyze the design of the sentence debet enim … recordatio.

Discussion Points:

• What is a praeteritio? Why (and when) is it an effective rhetorical technique? Can you design your own on a topic of the day?
• What exactly is it that Cicero leaves unspoken? And is it decent to even ask this question?
• Why does Cicero claim that Antony’s more recent misdeeds are better known to his audience than to himself?

iam (adv.)	now; by now, by then, already
stuprum, -i, n.	dishonour, shame; illicit sexual intercourse
flagitium, -(i)i, n.	shameful / disgraceful act; disgrace, infamy
omitto, -ittere, -isi, -issum	to let go of; withdraw from; abandon to leave out of account, pass over, omit
quidam, quaedam, quiddam	a certain person; a certain (undefined) thing
honeste (adv.)	honourably, with propriety, decently
liber, libera, liberum	free; licentious; showing lack of restraint
verecundus, -a, -um	modest, seemly, becoming
inimicus, -i, m.	personal adversary
audio, -ire, -ivi / ii, -itum	to hear; to listen to to hear said with respect to oneself
reliquus, -a, -um	left, remaining
perstringo, -ngere, -nxi, -ctum	to constrict, brush, graze, skirt, hug
miseria, -ae, f. (esp. pl.)	affliction, distress; trouble, woe
festino, -are, -avi, -atum	to act hurriedly, make haste, move quickly
attente (adv.)	carefully, with concentration
excito, -are, -avi, -atum	to cause to move, rouse, stir, provoke
cognitio, -onis, f.	the act of getting to know; investigation
recordatio, -onis, f.	recollection
etsi (conj.)	even if, although (introducing main clause) and yet
incîdo, -dere, -di, -sum [in + caedo] not to be confused with: incido, -ere, -i, incasum [in + cado]	to cut open, sever, break up, cut short to fall (into), rush upon, arise, occur
nimis (adv.)	to an excessive degree, too much, unduly
sero (adv.)	late, tardily; too late
extremum, -a, um	situated at the end, last remaining

§ 48: Antony Adrift

Intimus erat in tribunatu Clodio qui sua erga me beneficia commemorat; eius omnium incendiorum fax, cuius etiam domi iam tum quiddam molitus est. quid dicam ipse optime intellegit. inde iter Alexandriam contra senatus auctoritatem, contra rem publicam et religiones; sed habebat ducem Gabinium, quicum quidvis rectissime facere posset. qui tum inde reditus aut qualis? prius in ultimam Galliam ex Aegypto quam domum. quae autem domus? suam enim quisque domum tum obtinebat nec erat usquam tua. domum dico? quid erat in terris ubi in tuo pedem poneres praeter unum Misenum, quod cum sociis tamquam Sisaponem tenebas?

Study Questions:

• What case is Clodio? How does it fit into the syntax of the sentence?
• What is the antecedent of qui?
• What are Antony’s beneficia towards Cicero?
• What is the verb of the clause eius omnium incendiorum fax?
• What is the antecedent of cuius?
• Parse domi.
• Identify and explain the mood of dicam.
• Parse senatus.
• What is the verb of the sentence inde iter … et religiones?
• What kind of accusative is Alexandriam?
• Parse qui (tum inde reditus).
• What is the verb of the question qui tum inde reditus aut qualis?
• What are the verbs in the sentence prius in ultimam Galliam ex Aegypto quam domum?
• Explain the mood of poneres.
• Where is Sisapo?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Quite a few sentences in this paragraph lack a verb: what is the rhetorical effect of these elisions?
• Analyze the rhetorical design of contra senatus auctoritatem, contra rem publicam et religiones.
• quid dicam? – qui … reditus aut qualis? – quae autem domus? – quid erat in terris?: the paragraph teems with rhetorical questions: why does Cicero opt for this device here?
• Explore the rhetorical effect of such indefinite pronouns as quiddam, quidvis, and quisque.

Discussion Points:

• cuius domi – quam domum – quae autem domus? – suam domum – nec erat … tua [sc. domus] – domum dico: what is Cicero trying to achieve with his relentless focus on the home / household? How does this emphasis relate to the ‘imperial geography’ that his references to Alexandria, Gaul, and Spain evoke?

intimus, -a, -um (w. dat.)	(of friends) most intimate, closest
tribunatus, -us, m.	the office of tribune; tribuneship
erga (prep. + acc.)	towards, for, to
beneficium, -(i)i, n.	service, kindness, favour
commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum	to recall, mention, relate; place on record
incendium, -(i)i, n.	destructive fire, conflagration
fax, facis, f.	torch, firebrand (fig.) a person that starts mischief
quidam, quaedam, quiddam	a certain person; a certain (undefined) thing
molior, -iri, -itus	to labour, make efforts, strive, set in motion
intellego, -gere, -xi, -ctum	to understand, realize, discern
inde (adv.)	from there, thence; next
religio, -onis, f.	supernatural feeling of constraint; religious scruple, fear, or awe
habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum (w. double acc.)	to have someone acting in a certain capacity
quicum	= cum quo
quivis, quaevis, quidvis (pron.)	anyone, anything
reditus, -us, m.	the act of coming back, return
prius (adv.)	at an earlier time, previously, before
obtineo, -inere, -inui, -entum	to maintain, keep up; to govern, hold to secure, gain
usquam (adv.)	in any place, anywhere
pedem ponere (in + abl.)	to set foot (in)

§ 49: Credit for Murder

venis e Gallia ad quaesturam petendam. aude dicere te prius ad parentem tuam venisse quam ad me. acceperam iam ante Caesaris litteras ut mihi satis fieri paterer a te: itaque ne loqui quidem sum te passus de gratia. postea sum cultus a te, tu a me observatus in petitione quaesturae; quo quidem tempore P. Clodium approbante populo Romano in foro es conatus occidere, cumque eam rem tua sponte conarere, non impulsu meo, tamen ita praedicabas, te non existimare, nisi illum interfecisses, umquam mihi pro tuis in me iniuriis satis esse facturum. in quo demiror cur Milonem impulsu meo rem illam egisse dicas, cum te ultro mihi idem illud deferentem numquam sim adhortatus. quamquam, si in eo perseverares, ad tuam gloriam rem illam referri malebam quam ad meam gratiam.

Study Questions:

• What is the sense of ad in the gerundive phrase ad quaesturam petendam?
• Parse aude.
• Parse paterer.
• Explain the grammar and syntax of quo (quidem tempore).
• What construction is approbante populo Romano?
• What does the -que in cumque link?
• Parse conarere.
• Parse interfecisses and explain the tense and mood.
• What does rem illam refer to?
• Identify and explain the mood of dicas.
• What kind of clause does quamquam introduce?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Analyze the rhetorical design of the cum-clause cumque eam rem tua sponte conarere, non impulsu meo.
• Analyze how Cicero brings personal pronouns and possessive adjectives into play in this paragraph (te; parentem tuam; mihi  … a te; ne loqui quidem sum te passus;  … sum cultus a te, tu a me observatus …; tua sponte conarere, non impulsu meo;  … te non existimare …; mihi pro tuis in me iniuriis; impulsu meo; te ultro mihi idem illud deferentem; ad tuam gloriam … ad meam gratiam).

Discussion Points:

• The paragraph is stuffed full with technical terms to do with socio-political relations in republican Rome such as satis facere, gratia, colo, observare, as well as practices that smoothed the economy of friendship and patronage, such as letters of recommendation (cf. acceperam iam ante Caesaris litteras). How does Cicero get invective mileage out of this idiom?

quaestura, -ae, f.	quaestorship
peto, -ere, -ivi / ii, -itum	to make for, resort to, seek (to obtain); (here) to be a candidate for, seek (office)
prius … quam … / priusquam	before
accipio, -ipere, -epi, -eptum	to receive, acquire, get
litterae, -arum, f.	a letter
satis facere, -ere, feci, factum	to meet a person’s needs or desires (w. dat.) to make amends, give attention to
ne … quidem	not even
gratia, -ae, f.	favour, goodwill, kindness, gratitude; influence
colo, -ere, -ui, cultum	to cultivate, farm, look after, adorn, worship to pay attention to, cultivate the friendship of
observo, -are, -avi, -atum	to observe, watch; pay attention to, respects
petitio, -onis, f.	an attack, request, claim; candidature
conor, -ari, -atus	to make an effort, attempt, endeavour
occido, -dere, -di, -sum	to kill, slaughter; ruin
(spons), spontis, f.	will, volition
sponte mea (tua, sua)	of my (your, one’s) own will, voluntarily
impulsus, -us, m. [impello]	shock, thrust; incitement to action, prompting
praedico, -are, -avi, -atum	to make known, declare, announce
demiror, -ari, -atus	to be utterly astonished at, to wonder
ultro (adv.)	in addition, of one’s own accord
defero, -rre, detuli, delatum	to convey, bring; to entrust, confer (here) to present for acceptance, offer
adhortor, -ari, -atus	to give encouragement to, urge on
quamquam	(introducing a main sentence) to be sure, however, at any rate
persevero, -are, -avi, -atum	to persist in; continue
refero, -rre, rettuli, relatum + ad	(here) to assign to

§ 50: With Caesar in Gaul: Profligacy and Profiteering

quaestor es factus: deinde continuo sine senatus consulto, sine sorte, sine lege ad Caesarem cucurristi. id enim unum in terris egestatis, aeris alieni, nequitiae perditis vitae rationibus perfugium esse ducebas. ibi te cum et illius largitionibus et tuis rapinis explevisses, si hoc est explere, haurire quod statim effundas, advolasti egens ad tribunatum, ut in eo magistratu, si posses, viri tui similis esses.

accipite nunc, quaeso, non ea quae ipse in se atque in domesticum decus impure et intemperanter, sed quae in nos fortunasque nostras, id est in universam rem publicam, impie ac nefarie fecerit. ab huius enim scelere omnium malorum principium natum reperietis.

Study Questions:

• What construction is perditis vitae rationibus?
• What kind of genitives are egestatis, aeris alieni, and nequitiae? On what noun do they depend?
• Explain the syntax of perfugium.
• Explain the syntax of te (ibi te cum…)
• Explain the syntax of the two infinitives explere and haurire. What case are they in?
• What construction does ducebas govern?
• Who does viri tui refer to?
• What kind of ablative is scelere?
• Parse reperietis.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• What is the effect of the absence of connectives in the opening sentences (quaestor … ducebas), in particular the two asyndetic tricola sine senatus consulto, sine sorte, sine lege and egestatis, aeris alieni, nequitiae  … profugium, and the polysyndeton in the following cum-clause (ibi te cum et illius largitionibus et tuis rapinis explevisses) and the rest of the paragraph (in se atque in domesticum decus; impure et intemperanter; in nos fortunasque nostras; impie ac nefarie)?
• What does the hyperbaton id enim unum … perfugium enact?
• Analyze the rhetorical design of Cicero’s transition from a focus on domesticum decus to one on universa res publica.

Discussion Points:

• What image of Caesar do you get from this paragraph? To what extent is it historically accurate?
• What is the scelus that Cicero refers to at the end of the paragraph? Why does he call it the source of all evils?
• How does Cicero entwine the personal and the political here?

quaestor, -oris, m.	quaestor (a Roman magistrate)
facio, -ere, feci, factum	to do, make, construct, produce (here) to appoint to an office
continuo (adv.)	forthwith, immediately
senatûs consultum	decree of the senate
sors, -rtis, f.	lot, appointment, allocation sphere of duty assigned by lot
egestas, -atis, f.	extreme poverty, need, destitution
aes alienum (cf. aes, aeris, n.	debt copper, bronze, brass)
nequitia, -ae, f.	moral worthlessness, profligacy, vice
perdo, -ere, -idi, -itum	to ruin, destroy, dissipate, waste
ratio, -onis, f.	(here) ‘guiding principle’
perfugium, -(i)i, n.	refuge, shelter, sanctuary
duco, -cere, -xi, -ctum	(here) to consider, believe, think
largitio, -onis, f.	largess, gift; bribe, dole
rapina, -ae, f. [rapio + ina]	plunder
expleo, -ere, -evi, -etum	to fill up, satisfy, make good, carry to completion, achieve
haurio, -rire, -si, -stum / -ritum	to draw, scoop up; drink, imbibe to consume, absorb
effundo, -undere, -udi, -usum	to pour out, shed, discharge, expend, use up
advolo, -are, -avi, -atum	to fly towards, approach swiftly
egens, -ntis	poverty-stricken, needy, indigent
quaeso (-ere)	(in 1st pers. parenthesis) I ask / implore you please
decus, -oris, n.	high esteem, honour, glory honourable / seemly behaviour, dignity
impure (adv.) [impurus + e]	foully, vilely, infamously
intemperanter (adv.) [intemperans + ter]	without self-control or restraint excessively, violently
universus, -a, -um	the whole of, entire; universal
impie (adv.) [impius + e]	disrespectful (of the gods)
nefarie (adv.) [nefarius + e]	wickedly, foully, monstrously
principium, (i)i, n. [princeps + ium]	start, origin, founding
nascor, -i, natus	to be born, come into being, arise
reperio, -ire, repperi, -tum	to find by looking, discover

§ 78: Caesar’s Approach to HR, or Why Antony Has What it Takes

Et domi quidem causam amoris habuisti, foris etiam turpiorem, ne L. Plancus praedes tuos venderet. productus autem in contionem a tribuno pl. cum respondisses te rei tuae causa venisse, populum etiam dicacem in te reddidisti. sed nimis multa de nugis: ad maiora veniamus.

C. Caesari ex Hispania redeunti obviam longissime processisti. celeriter isti redisti, ut cognosceret te, si minus fortem, at tamen strenuum. factus es ei rursus nescio quo modo familiaris. habebat hoc omnino Caesar: quem plane perditum aere alieno egentemque, si eundem nequam hominem audacemque cognorat, hunc in familiaritatem libentissime recipiebat.

Study Questions:

• Parse domi and foris.
• Explain the syntax of te (… respondisses te rei tuae…).
• What is the verb in the sentence sed nimis multa de nugis?
• Identify and explain the mood of veniamus.
• Parse redeunti and explain its syntax.
• Parse isti.
• Whom does ei refer to?
• What is the antecedent of quem?
• What is the verb of the relative clause introduced by quem?
• Parse cognorat.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• How does design enhance sense in the sentence factus es ei rursus nescio quo modo familiaris?
• Cicero must want to have himself say -isti … isti … -isti this way — so why?

Discussion Points:

• What kind of principles (moral, utilitarian, any) do you apply in choosing your friends? What do you think of Caesar’s approach?
• Can we (ever) tell from what they write to each other if any Romans were what we’d like to think of as friends? (E.g. Cicero and … Atticus?)

causa, -ae, f.	judicial proceedings, trial; case, cause; an alleged reason or extenuating plea; excuse, pretext a ground (of action), (good) reason
foris (adv.)	out of doors, outside; away from home
turpis, -is, -e (adj.)	offensive, loathsome; shameful, disgraceful
praes, -dis, m.	one who acts as surety or security
vendo, -ere, -idi, -itum	to sell; to dispose of; to promote the sale of
produco, -cere, -xi, -ctum	to bring forth, lead out to bring before a public meeting; to present to extend in time, draw out
contio, -onis, f.	a public meeting, assembly; public speech
dicax, -acis (adj.)	having a ready tongue, witty
reddo, -ere, -idi, -itum	to give back, restore, render; to pay; bring about, produce
nugae, -arum, f. pl.	trifles, frivolities
obviam (adv.)	in the way, towards, against, to meet
procedo, -dere, -ssi, -ssum	to go / move forward, advance, come forth
strenuus, -a, -um	active, vigorous, keen, energetic
rursus (adv.)	backwards; once again
nescio quo modo	in some (strange / unaccountable) way somehow or other
familiaris, -is, -e	of or belonging to one’s household closely associated by friendship, intimate well-known, familiar (as noun) friend
omnino (adv.)	in every respect, absolutely, altogether
plane (adv.)	plainly, clearly, distinctly
perditus, -a, -um	debilitated, broken, ruined, bankrupt morally depraved
aes alienum	debt
egens, -ntis	poverty-stricken, needy, indigent
nequam (indeclinable)	having no value, useless morally worthless, depraved
familiaritas, -atis, f.	close friendship, intimacy
libenter (adv.)	with pleasure, willingly, gladly

§ 79: The Art of Nepotism

His igitur rebus praeclare commendatus iussus es renuntiari consul et quidem cum ipso. nihil queror de Dolabella qui tum est impulsus, inductus, elusus. qua in re quanta fuerit uterque vestrum perfidia in Dolabellam quis ignorat? ille induxit ut peteret, promissum et receptum intervertit ad seque transtulit; tu eius perfidiae voluntatem tuam ascripsisti. veniunt Kalendae Ianuariae; cogimur in senatum: invectus est copiosius multo in istum et paratius Dolabella quam nunc ego.

Study Questions:

• How does qua fit into the syntax of the sentence?
• What kind of clause does quanta introduce? What noun does quanta modify? What case is it in?
• What kind of genitive is vestrum?
• What kind of ut-clause is ut peteret?
• What is the accusative object of peteret, intervertit, and transtulit?
• How do promissum et receptum fit into the sentence?
• Who does eius [in the phrase eius perfidiae] refer to?
• Parse copiosius and paratius.
• What kind of ablative is multo?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• What might praeclare commendatus be dripping with?
• Why might Cicero rely on a rhetorical question (… quis ignorat?) when invoking the notoriety of Caesar’s and Antony’s perfidy towards Dolabella?
• Analyze the rhetorical design of invectus est … quam nunc ego.

Discussion Points:

• Discuss the implications of the passives in the passage (iussus es; renuntiari; est impulsus, inductus, elusus; cogimur).
• What kind of picture does Cicero draw of Caesar’s coterie here? How does he position himself (and the rest of the senators) within Caesar’s universe?

praeclare (adv.)	very clearly; very well; with conspicuous merit or success
commendo, -are, -avi, -atum	to entrust, commit; to bring to the favourable notice of, to recommend
renuntio, -are, -avi, -atum	to take / send back a message, report; to announce; to proclaim
quidem (particle)	certainly, indeed, at any rate; and what is more
queror, -ri, -stus (de)	to complain, protest, grumble
nihil, n. (indecl.)	nothing (used adverbially) in no respect, not at all
impello, -ellere, -uli, -ulsum	to strike or beat against; assail to impel along, push forward, urge on
induco, -cere, -xi, -ctum	to lead to, bring to, induce, prevail on
eludo, -dere, -si, -sum	to deceive, trick, fool; to avoid or escape from; baffle; elude
perfidia, -ae, f.	faithlessness, treachery, falsehood
peto, -ere, -ivi / -ii, -itum	to seek, reach out for, go for, aim at to be a candidate for, seek (a magistracy) to stand for election
promitto, -ittere, -isi, -issum	to send forth; to promise, guarantee
recipio, -ipere, -epi, -eptum	to admit (to shelter), receive; to accept to regain, recover
interverto, -tere, -si, -sum	to embezzle, tamper with; cancel, revoke
transfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum	to carry or convey, transport to transfer (from one person to another) to translate
ascribo, -bere, -psi, -ptum	to write in addition; to enrol, enlist to reckon as belonging to, assign, ascribe to attribute
kalendae, -arum f. pl.	the first day of the month, the Calends
cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum	to drive together, round up to bring together, assemble, muster to summon, convene to compel, force, constrain
inveho, -here, -xi, -ctum	to carry / bring in; import; to ride into attack (pass.) to attack with words, inveigh (against)
copiose (adv.)	abundantly, copiously (rhet.) with a wealth of words and arguments, eloquently
parate (adv.)	in a state of readiness, after due preparation

§ 80: Antony Augur, Addled and Addling

Hic autem iratus quae dixit, di boni! primum cum Caesar ostendisset se, priusquam proficisceretur, Dolabellam consulem esse iussurum — quem negant regem, qui et faceret semper eius modi aliquid et diceret — sed cum Caesar ita dixisset, tum hic bonus augur eo se sacerdotio praeditum esse dixit ut comitia auspiciis vel impedire vel vitiare posset, idque se facturum esse asseveravit. in quo primum incredibilem stupiditatem hominis cognoscite.

Study Questions:

• What is the subject accusative and the verb of the indirect statement introduced by ostendisset?
• Explain the syntax of Dolabellam.
• Explain the syntax of quem.
• Why are faceret and diceret in the imperfect subjunctive?
• What kind of clause does ut introduce?
• Explain the syntax of id.
• What does the -que after id link?
• Explain the syntax of quo.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Analyze the rhetorical design of the exclamation Hic autem … di boni!
• What is the rhetorical effect of the parenthesis quem negant … et diceret?

Discussion Points:

• What role and function did ‘religious objections’ play in the political culture of the Roman republic? Can you think of possible advantages of involving the gods in this way in political decision-making?
• Compare and contrast the appeals to the divine sphere in ancient Rome with the ways in which the supernatural is brought into play in contemporary politics.

iratus, -a, -um	angry, enraged, furious
primum (adv.)	first
ostendo, -dere, -di, -tum / -sum	to show, display; to make clear to make known, disclose (a fact / opinion)
priusquam (conj.)	before
proficiscor, -icisci, -ectus	to set out, depart
nego, -are, -avi, -atum	to say (that … not), deny
semper (adv.)	always, all the time; at all times, invariably
augur, -uris, m.	augur
sacerdotium, -(i)i, m.	priesthood
praeditus, -a, -um (w. abl.)	endowed / provided (with); possessed (of)
comitium, -ii, n.	the place for assemblies
comitia (pl.)	a (voting) assembly
auspicium, -(i)i, n.	auspices; omen the right to take auspices; augural powers
impedio, -ire, -ivi / -ii, -itum	to restrict the movement of; obstruct, hinder
vitio, -are, -avi, -atum	to cause faults / defects in, spoil, harm, impair to invalidate (because of some technical fault)
assevero, -are, -avi, -atum	to assert emphatically, declare, affirm

§ 81: Compounding Ignorance through Impudence

Quid enim? istud quod te sacerdoti iure facere posse dixisti, si augur non esses et consul esses, minus facere potuisses? vide ne etiam facilius. nos enim nuntiationem solum habemus, consules et reliqui magistratus etiam spectionem. esto: hoc imperite; nec enim est ab homine numquam sobrio postulanda prudentia. sed videte impudentiam. multis ante mensibus in senatu dixit se Dolabellae comitia aut prohibiturum auspiciis aut id facturum esse quod fecit. quisquamne divinare potest quid viti in auspiciis futurum sit, nisi qui de caelo servare constituit? quod neque licet comitiis per leges et si qui servavit, non comitiis habitis sed priusquam habeantur, debet nuntiare. verum implicata inscientia impudentia est: nec scit quod augurem nec facit quod pudentem decet.

Study Questions:

• Explain how istud fits into the syntax of its sentence.
• Parse sacerdoti.
• What do you need to supply to complete the ne-clause (vide ne…)?
• Whom does Cicero have in mind when he says nos (nos enim…)?
• What is the difference between nuntiatio and spectio?
• Parse esto.
• Explain the syntax of hoc and imperite.
• Identify and explain the case of viti.
• What kind of ablative is comitiis (quod neque licet comitiis per leges…)?
• What construction is comitiis habitis?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• How does Cicero generate a sense of ridicule at Antony’s supposed stupidity and a sense of outrage at his impudence in this paragraph?

Discussion Points:

• Explore the ways in which Cicero draws on Rome’s civic religion to expose Antony as supposedly ignorant. Then ask yourself whether Antony did not know very well exactly what he was doing.

sacerdotium, -(i)i, n.	priesthood
ius, iuris n.	law, code
augur, -uris, m.	augur
minus (compar. adv.)	(as a mild neg.) not (so) very, not fully
nuntiatio, -onis, f.	the announcement (by an augur) of the signs he had observed
magistratus, -us, m.	magistracy; magistrate
spectio, -onis, f.	the act / the right of observing omens
imperite (adv.)	in an ignorant or unskilful manner
sobrius, -ia, -ium	sober
postulo, -are, -avi, -atum	to ask for, demand; expect
prudentia, -ae, f.	wisdom, sagacity, intelligence
impudentia, -ae, f.	shamelessness, effrontery, impudence
mensis, -is, m.	month
comitia, -orum, n. pl.	voting assembly
prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum	to keep off, hold at bay; prevent, stop, forbid
auspicium, -(i)i, n.	augury; omen; augural powers; auspices
quisquam, quicquam (pron.)	any (single) person, anyone (at all)
divino, -are, -avi, -atum	to practise divination; to foresee
vitium, -(i)i, n.	defect, fault, shortcoming unfavourable augury; augural impediment
de caelo servare	to watch the sky
constituo, -uere, -ui, -utum	to set up, establish, decide, decree, resolve
licet, -ere, -uit / -itum est	it is permitted; one may
implico, -are, -avi / -ui, -atum / -itum	to fold or twine about itself; entwine, enfold to intertwine, involve, entangle
inscientia, -ae, f.	ignorance
pudens, -ntis	behaving properly; decent
decet, -ere, decuit	(impers.) it is right, proper, fitting

§ 82: Antony Galloping after Caesar Only to Hold his Horses

Itaque ex illo die recordamini eius usque ad Idus Martias consulatum. quis umquam apparitor tam humilis, tam abiectus? nihil ipse poterat; omnia rogabat; caput in aversam lecticam inserens, beneficia quae venderet a collega petebat. ecce Dolabellae comitiorum dies. sortitio praerogativae; quiescit. renuntiatur: tacet. prima classis vocatur, renuntiatur. deinde, ita ut assolet, suffragia; tum secunda classis. quae omnia sunt citius facta quam dixi.

Study Questions:

• Parse recordamini. What is its accusative object?
• What noun does eius depend on?
• Parse Idus.
• What is the verb in the sentence quis … abiectus?
• Explain the tense and mood of venderet.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• What is the point of the hyperbaton eius  … consulatum?
• In the second half of the passage (ecce … dixi), how does Cicero rhetorically re-enact what he claimed was an extremely smooth and quick dispatch of proceedings?

Discussion Points:

• What associations do you think Cicero wanted to invoke with the image of Antony sticking his head into the rear end of Caesar’s litter (caput in aversam lecticam inserens)?
• How’s your grasp of Roman voting assemblies? Can you explain what the technical terms in this passage mean (sortitio praerogativa, renuntiatur (2x), prima classis, suffragia, secunda classis)?

recordor, -ari, -atus	to call to mind, give one’s thoughts to
usque (ad)	all the time (up to), right (until)
Idus, -uum, f. pl.	Ides
Martius, -a, -um	of or belonging to Mars; of March
umquam (adv.)	at any time, ever
apparitor, -oris, m.	an attendant on a magistrate; lictor, servant, clerk
humilis, -is, -e	low, low down; humble, lowly submissive, abject, ignoble, mean
abiectus, -a, -um	dejected, downcast; humble, commonplace groveling, subservient
rogo, -are, -avi, -atum	to ask, to ask for, request; to ask approval for
caput, -itis, n.	head
aversus, -a, -um	having the back turned, facing in the opposite direction; situated at the back
lectica, -ae, f.	a litter
insero, -ere, -ui, -tum	to put or thrust in, insert, introduce
beneficium, -(i)i, n.	service, kindness; favour
vendo, -ere, -idi, -itum	to sell; betray for money
collega, -ae, m.	a colleague
ecce (interjection)	See! Behold! Look! Lo and behold!
sortitio, -onis, f.	lottery, allocation by lot
praerogativus, -a, -um	(of a centuria) appointed by lot to vote first
quiesco, -ere, quievi, quietum	to repose, rest; to take no action, stand by, do nothing
renuntio, -are, -avi, -atum	to proclaim (the results of)
taceo, -ere, -ui, -itum	to be silent, say nothing
classis, -is, f.	one of the five classes into which the Roman citizens were divided on the basis of property
assoleo, -ere	to be a customary accompaniment to be usual, go with (impers.) it is usual, the custom is
suffragium, -(i)i, n.	a vote, resolution
(sex) suffragia	a group of six out of the eighteen equestrian centuriae

§ 83: Antony’s Fake Auspices

Confecto negotio bonus augur — C. Laelium diceres — ‘alio die’ inquit. o impudentiam singularem! quid videras, quid senseras, quid audieras? neque enim te de caelo servasse dixisti nec hodie dicis. id igitur obvenit vitium quod tu iam Kalendis Ianuariis futurum esse provideras et tanto ante praedixeras. ergo hercule magna, ut spero, tua potius quam rei publicae calamitate ementitus es auspicia; obstrinxisti religione populum Romanum; augur auguri, consul consuli obnuntiasti. nolo plura, ne acta Dolabellae videar convellere, quae necesse est aliquando ad nostrum collegium deferantur.

Study Questions:

• What construction is confecto negotio?
• Who was C. Laelius?
• Identify and explain the tense and mood of diceres.
• Identify and explain the case of impudentiam singularem.
• Parse servasse.
• What kind of ablative is tanto?
• What noun does magna modify?
• What kind of ablative is calamitate?
• Explain the syntax of plura.
• What kind of clause does ne introduce?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Analyze the rhetorical design of quid videras, quid senseras, quid audieras?
• What is the point of the hyperbaton magna  … calamitate?
• What stylistic device is Cicero playing with in augur auguri, consul consuli obnuntiasti?

Discussion Points:

• How sincere do you think Cicero was when he conjured the prospect of divine punishment because of Antony’s alleged abuse of the auspices? And is ‘sincerity’ a useful category for discussing rhetoric involving the divine sphere?

conficio, -icere, -eci, -ectum	to do, perform, accomplish; carry out to bring to completion, finish off, conclude
impudentia, -ae, f.	shamelessness, effrontery, impudence
singularis, -is, -e	specific, peculiar, special, single; remarkable
sentio, -tire, -si, -sum	to feel, discern, recognize, have experience of
obvenio, -enire, -eni, -entum	to come up, to fall to; to happen, occur, arise; to present itself
vitium, -(i)i, n.	defect, fault, shortcoming unfavourable augury; augural impediment
provideo, -idere, -idi, -isum	to see in advance, see beforehand; foresee
praedico, -cere, -xi, -ctum	to say beforehand; to give warning of, foretell
hodie (adv.)	today, at the present time, now; yet, still
hercule (interjection)	by Hercules!
calamitas, -atis, f.	disaster, misfortune, ruin, calamity
ementior, -iri, -itus	to falsify, mispresent, fabricate, invent
obstringo, -ngere, -nxi, -ctum	to constrict, constrain, confine to place under an obligation; to bind (w. abl.) to involve, implicate in
religio, -onis, f.	religious awe (here) breach of religious protocol; religious pollution
obnuntio, -are, -avi, -atum	to announce (unfavourable omens) to impede civic procedures
actum, -i, n.	act, deed, transaction; decrees; written record of events
convello, -ellere, -elli, -ulsum	to tear up, dislodge; shake, batter; nullify
aliquando (adv.)	at some time or other; one day; ever
collegium, -(i)i, n.	a college or board of priests
defero, -rre, detuli, delatum	to carry, convey, bring to refer for decision (to), put (before)

§ 84: On to the Lupercalia…

Sed arrogantiam hominis insolentiamque cognoscite. quamdiu tu voles, vitiosus consul Dolabella; rursus, cum voles, salvis auspiciis creatus. si nihil est cum augur eis verbis nuntiat quibus tu nuntiasti, confitere te, cum ‘alio die’ dixeris, sobrium non fuisse; sin est aliqua vis in istis verbis, ea quae sit augur a collega requiro.

sed ne forte ex multis rebus gestis M. Antoni rem unam pulcherrimam transiliat oratio, ad Lupercalia veniamus. non dissimulat, patres conscripti: apparet esse commotum; sudat, pallet. quidlibet, modo ne faciat quod in porticu Minucia fecit. quae potest esse turpitudinis tantae defensio? cupio audire, ut videam ubi campus Leontinus appareat.

Study Questions:

• Parse cognoscite.
• Parse voles (quamdiu … voles; cum voles).
• Explain the use of cum (cum voles).
• Explain the syntax of ea.
• How does augur fit into the syntax of its sentence?
• What are the Lupercalia?
• Parse veniamus.
• What happened in the porticus Minucia?
• What’s up with the campus Leontinus?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Cicero here alternates between addressing the senate, engaging Antony, speaking in the first person plural, and adopting the point of view of a participant observer. What is the rhetorical effect of these variations in perspective?
• What are the devices Cicero uses to create a vivid (and visceral) description of Antony’s reaction to his mentioning of the Lupercalia?

Discussion Points:

• How does Cicero bring the theme of augural manipulation to a close and segue into the following topic?

arrogantia, -ae, f.	haughtiness, insolence, pride, conceit
insolentia, -ae, f.	unfamiliarity; extravagance; insolence, arrogance
quamdiu (interr. and rel. adv.)	(interr.) for how long? (rel.) for what length of time, as long as
vitiosus, -a, -um	flawed, defective; faulty, unsound
rursus (adv.)	backwards, once again on the other hand, contrariwise
creo, -are, -avi, -atum	to procreate; bring into being; produce to appoint
salvus, -a, -um	safe, secure, unharmed, intact, unimpaired
nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum	to report, convey, deliver, announce
confiteor, -fiteri, -fessus sum	to admit (the truth / commission of); reveal
requiro, -rere, -sivi / -sii, -situm	to try to find, seek; ask / enquire about
vis, vis, f.	strength, power, force; (of words) meaning, significance, general sense
forte (adv.)	by any chance
transilio, -ire, -ui	to leap or spring across; to pass over, skip
dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atum	to conceal, disguise; pretend not to notice
patres conscripti	senators
appareo, -ere, -ui, -itum	to be seen / visible; to appear; to be plain
commotus, -a, -um	excited, nervous; angry, annoyed
sudo, -are, -avi, -atum	to sweat, perspire
palleo, -ere, (-ui)	to be pale / bloodless; to pale
quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet	whoever / whatever you please
modo ut (ne)	only provided that (… not)
porticus, -us, f.	portico, colonnade
turpitudo, -inis, f.	indecency, disgrace, shamefulness

§ 85: Vive le roi! Le roi est mort

Sedebat in rostris collega tuus amictus toga purpurea, in sella aurea, coronatus. escendis, accedis ad sellam — ita eras Lupercus, ut te consulem esse meminisse deberes — diadema ostendis. gemitus toto foro. unde diadema? non enim abiectum sustuleras, sed attuleras domo, meditatum et cogitatum scelus. tu diadema imponebas cum plangore populi; ille cum plausu reiciebat. tu ergo unus, scelerate, inventus es qui, cum auctor regni esses eumque quem collegam habebas dominum habere velles, idem temptares quid populus Romanus ferre et pati posset.

Study Questions:

• Parse amictus.
• What are the verbs in the sentences gemitus toto foro and unde diadema?
• Explain the case of domo.
• How does meditatum et cogitatum scelus fit into the syntax of the sentence?
• What aspect(s) of the imperfect are in play in imponebas and reiciebat?
• Parse scelerate.
• How does dominum fit into the syntax of the sentence?
• Parse idem. How does it fit into the sentence?
• Why is temptares in the subjunctive?
• Why is posset in the subjunctive?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Discuss Cicero’s use of tenses (present, imperfect, pluperfect) in this paragraph.

Discussion Points:

• Do you find Cicero’s account of the incident entirely plausible? What do you think happened in the Roman forum on 15 February 44 BCE — and why?

rostrum, -i, n. rostra (pl.)	snout, muzzle, beak; ship-beak speaker’s platform
amicio, -cire, -cui / -xi, -ctum	to cover, clothe, dress
purpureus, -a, -um	purple
sella, -ae, f.	seat, stool, chair
coronatus, -a, -um	adorned with wreaths, garlanded
escendo, -dere, -di, -sum	to ascend, go up
accedo, -dere, -ssi, -ssum	to draw near, approach, go to
Lupercus, -i, m.	a priest taking part in the Lupercalia
diadema, -atis, n.	ornamental headband, diadem, crown
ostendo, -dere, -di, -tum / -sum	to show, display; disclose; demonstrate
gemitus, -us, m.	groaning, moaning
unde (interr. adv.)	from what place? where… from? whence?
abicio, -cere, -eci, -ectum	to throw away; discard; throw down (w. ad pedes) to throw oneself at the feet of
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum	to pick up, lift, hoist; raise to get rid of, remove, eliminate
affero, -rre, attuli, allatum	to bring with one, deliver, fetch; serve to confer, bestow (on), put forward
meditor, -ari, -atus	to think about constantly, contemplate to intend, devise, plan, think out
cogito, -are, -avi, -atus	to think, ponder, consider; to prepare for, plan, contemplate
scelus, -eris, n.	crime, villainy
impono, -onere, -osui, -ositum	to place / put / lay on; confer
plangor, -oris, m.	the action of beating; lamentation
plausus, -us, m.	clapping of hands in approval; applause
reicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum	to throw, drive back; to refuse to accept, rebuff, reject
sceleratus, -a, -um	accursed; ill-starred; unfortunate (of persons) accursed because of criminal acts
invenio, -enire, -eni, -entum	to encounter, come upon, meet to find, come across, discover
auctor, -oris, m.	agent, advocate, supporter; originator, author, founder
tempto, -are, -avi, -atum	to test, try out, attempt, investigate
patior, -ti, -ssus	to be subjected to, experience, undergo, suffer

§ 86: Antony as Willing Slave and Would-Be King-Maker

At etiam misericordiam captabas: supplex te ad pedes abiciebas. quid petens? ut servires? tibi uni peteres, qui ita a puero vixeras ut omnia paterere, ut facile servires; a nobis populoque Romano mandatum id certe non habebas. o praeclaram illam eloquentiam tuam cum es nudus contionatus! quid hoc turpius, quid foedius, quid suppliciis omnibus dignius? num exspectas dum te stimulis fodiamus? haec te, si ullam partem habes sensus, lacerat, haec cruentat oratio. vereor ne imminuam summorum virorum gloriam; dicam tamen dolore commotus: quid indignius quam vivere eum, qui imposuerit diadema, cum omnes fateantur iure interfectum esse qui abiecerit?

Study Questions:

• Explain Cicero’s use of the imperfects captabas and abiciebas.
• What kind of ut-clause is ut servires?
• What kind of subjunctive is peteres?
• Parse paterere. What kind of ut-clauses are ut omnia paterere and ut facile servires?
• Identify and explain the case of hoc (quid hoc turpius…?).
• Identify and explain the case of sensus.
• What is the antecedent of the relative pronoun qui (qui abiecerit)?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Analyze the rhetorical design of haec te … oratio.

Discussion Points:

• At the end of the paragraph, Cicero argues that Antony deserves to be dead — indeed, ought to have been killed for his attempt to crown Caesar king. In what scenarios (if any) do you endorse capital punishment as a justified response to politically motivated actions?

misericordia, -ae, f.	pity, compassion, pathos
capto, -are, -avi, -atum	to try to get hold of, grasp at; seek, aim at to go in for, aspire after, try to win over
supplex, -icis	suppliant
abicio, -cere, -eci, -ectum	to throw away; discard; throw down (w. ad pedes) to throw oneself at the feet of
servio, -ire, -ivi / -ii, -itum	to serve as slave, wait on, labour for to be politically subject, act in subservience
patior, -ti, -ssus	to be subjected to, experience, undergo, suffer
mandatum, -i, n.	order, instruction, commission
contionor, -ari, -atus	to deliver a public speech
turpis, -is, -e	offensive, foul, loathsome; shameful, degrading, disgraceful
foedus, -a, -um	offensive, foul, loathsome; hideous, unclean, repugnant, monstrous shameful, disgraceful, vile
supplicium, -(i)i, n.	reparation; punishment; penalty
exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum	to wait for, await; look forward to, hope for
dum (conj.)	as long as, while; until, until such time as
stimulus, -i, n.	goad, prick, spur
fodio, -dere, fodi, fossum	to pierce, prick, prod, jab; dig
sensus, -us, m.	sense; understanding, self-awareness
lacero, -are, -avi, -atum	to tear, rend, mangle; shatter, batter, torture to cause mental anguish, vex, harass
cruento, -are, -avi, -atum	to stain with blood, to cause to bleed, wound
imminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum	to diminish
indignus, -a, -um	unworthy, unmerited; unseemly, shameful scandalous, shocking

§ 87: Historical Precedent Demands Antony’s Execution

At etiam ascribi iussit in fastis ad Lupercalia C. Caesari dictatori perpetuo M. Antonium consulem populi iussu regnum detulisse, Caesarem uti noluisse. iam iam minime miror te otium perturbare; non modo urbem odisse sed etiam lucem; cum perditissimis latronibus non solum de die sed etiam in diem bibere. ubi enim tu in pace consistes? qui locus tibi in legibus et in iudiciis esse potest, quae tu, quantum in te fuit, dominatu regio sustulisti? ideone L. Tarquinius exactus, Sp. Cassius, Sp. Maelius, M. Manlius necati ut multis post saeculis a M. Antonio, quod fas non est, rex Romae constitueretur?

Study Questions:

• Parse ascribi.
• What are the fasti?
• Who is the subject of the first sentence (At etiam … noluisse)?
• How does uti fit into the syntax of the sentence?
• Explain the syntax of odisse and bibere.
• Parse consistes.
• Explain the grammar of qui (locus…).
• What is the antecedent of quae?
• What case is Romae?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Analyze the style of the proposed inscription C. Caesari … uti noluisse.
• What is the rhetorical effect of Cicero’s m-ing in iam iam minime miror?

Discussion Points:

• What we seem to capture here is Antony’s (and Caesar’s) version in retrospect of what happened at the Lupercalia. How does it differ from Cicero’s?

ascribo, -bere, -psi, -ptum	to add in writing, insert; enrol, enlist, assign
fasti, -orum, m. pl.	list of festivals; calendar; list of consuls
perpetuo (adv.)	continuously; without limit in time, permanently
iussus, -us, n.	bidding, command
defero, -rre, detuli, delatum	to carry, convey, bring; transfer, hand over to entrust; confer, award, grant
utor, uti, usus	to use, avail oneself of, exercise, employ
iam (adv.)	now, by now
minime (superlative adv.)	least; least of all, to a minimal degree (= a negative) by no means, not at all
otium, -(i)i, n.	freedom from business, leisure time domestic peace
perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum	to throw into confusion, upset, disrupt to agitate, perturb, stir up
odi, -isse, osum	to hate, dislike, have an aversion to
perditus, -a, -um	debilitated, broken; ruined, desperate; morally depraved
latro, -onis, m.	mercenary; brigand, robber, bandit
consisto, -sistere, -stiti	to stop, halt, stand still to find a home, settle; reside, live
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum	to pick up, lift, hoist; raise to get rid of, remove, eliminate
dominatus, -us, m.	absolute rule, lordship, dominion
regius, -a, -um	royal, regal; despotical
ideo (adv.)	for that reason, therefore
exigo, -igere, -egi, -actum	to drive out, force out, eject to achieve, complete; spend time, complete to demand, require
neco, -are, -avi, -atum	to put to death, kill
fas (indecl.), n.	what is right / permissible by divine law
constituo, -uere, -ui, -utum	to set up, place, establish; decree, decide

§ 88: Antony on the Ides of March

Sed ad auspicia redeamus; de quibus Idibus Martiis fuit in senatu Caesar acturus. quaero: tum tu quid egisses? audiebam equidem te paratum venisse, quod me de ementitis auspiciis, quibus tamen parere necesse erat, putares esse dicturum. sustulit illum diem Fortuna rei publicae. num etiam tuum de auspiciis iudicium interitus Caesaris sustulit? sed incidi in id tempus quod eis rebus in quas ingressa erat oratio praevertendum est. quae tua fuga, quae formido praeclaro illo die, quae propter conscientiam scelerum desperatio vitae, cum ex illa fuga beneficio eorum qui te, si sanus esses, salvum esse voluerunt, clam te domum recepisti!

Study Questions:

• Parse redeamus.
• What kind of ablative is Idibus Martiis?
• Parse fuit … acturus.
• Identify and explain the tense and the mood of egisses.
• Explain the syntax of te and me.
• Parse incidi.
• What case is eis rebus?
• Parse formido.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Discuss Cicero’s use of the future (perfect) and the subjunctive in this paragraph.
• What are the stylistic features that Cicero uses to capture Antony’s flight from the senate house after Caesar’s murder (quae tua fuga … recepisti!)?

Discussion Points:

• Reconstruct the events — and the likely motivations and psychology of the main actors — in the wake of Caesar’s assassination. Why did the conspirators only kill Caesar and not also his main supporters?

ago, agere, egi, actum agere de	to drive, bring, move to deal with, to make a matter of business
equidem (particle)	(w. first pers. sg.) I for my part; indeed, in truth
pareo, -ere, -ui, -itum	to submit to, obey
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum	to pick up, lift, hoist; raise to get rid of, remove, eliminate
interitus, -us, m.	violent death, extinction
incido, -ere, -i, incasum	to fall or drop into, to impinge on; to enter inadvertently into, come upon to present itself, arise, occur
ingredior, -di, -ssus	to go into, enter upon, commence, embark on
praeverto, -tere, -ti, -sum	to urge on firstly; to attend to firstly (w. dat.) to give precedence to (over)
fuga, -ae, f.	flight, fleeing, rout; exile, banishment
formido, -inis, f.	fear, terror, alarm; religious dread, awe
conscientia, -ae, f.	complicity, awareness of, (guilty) conscience
desperatio, -onis, f.	abandonment of hope, despair
cum (conj.) + indicative	when
beneficium, -(i)i, n.	service, kindness; favour
clam (adv.)	secretly, under cover
recipio, -ipere, -epi, -eptum	to admit to shelter, welcome, receive (refl.) to turn back, withdraw, retire

§ 89: No Compromise with a Public Enemy!

O mea frustra semper verissima auguria rerum futurarum! dicebam illis in Capitolio liberatoribus nostris, cum me ad te ire vellent ut ad defendendam rem publicam te adhortarer, quoad metueres, omnia te promissurum; simul ac timere desisses, similem te futurum tui. itaque cum ceteri consulares irent redirent, in sententia mansi: neque te illo die neque postero vidi neque ullam societatem optimis civibus cum importunissimo hoste foedere ullo confirmari posse credidi. post diem tertium veni in aedem Telluris et quidem invitus, cum omnis aditus armati obsiderent.

Study Questions:

• What case is auguria?
• Why might dicebam be in the imperfect?
• Explain the syntax of me (cum me ad te ire vellent).
• What kind of clause is ut … adhortarer?
• Parse desisses.
• How is tui to be construed?
• Parse mansi.
• What days does Cicero refer to with illo die, postero [die] and post diem tertium?
• Where was the temple of Tellus?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Analyze the rhetorical design and the ideological punch of neque … credidi.

Discussion Points:

• Was Cicero correct in thinking that any compromise with Antony was bound to fail?

frustra (adv.)	to no purpose, in vain, without avail
verus, -a, -um	real, true; grounded in truth, well-founded
liberator, -oris, m.	liberator
quoad (interr. and rel. adv.)	to the degree that, as far as; while up to the time that, until
metuo, -ere, -i, metutum	to regard with fear, be afraid of, fear
simul atque / ac	as soon as, the moment that
desino, -inere, -(i)i, -itum	to leave off, desist, finish, stop, cease from
similis, -is, -e	similar, like (w. gen. or dat.) (sui / sibi) constant, unchanged
consularis, -is, -e	of or proper to a consul (as noun) former consul
maneo, -ere, -si, -sum	to remain, persist, continue, abide by to remain fixed
societas, -atis, f.	partnership, fellowship, society close relationship
importunus, -a, -um	unfavourable, troublesome, oppressive
foedus, -eris, n.	formal agreement, treaty, bond, tie
aedes, -is, f.	room, apartment; (pl.) house, abode; temple, sanctuary
aditus, -us, m.	approach, entry; access
armatus, -i, m.	an armed man, soldier
obsideo, -idere, -edi, -essum	to occupy; besiege, blockade, lay siege to to beset, assail, press

§ 90: Antony’s Finest Hour

Qui tibi dies ille, M. Antoni, fuit! quamquam mihi inimicus subito exstitisti, tamen me tui miseret quod tibi invideris. qui tu vir, di immortales, et quantus fuisses, si illius diei mentem servare potuisses! pacem haberemus, quae erat facta per obsidem puerum nobilem, M. Bambalionis nepotem. quamquam bonum te timor faciebat, non diuturnus magister offici; improbum fecit ea quae, dum timor abest, a te non discedit, audacia. etsi tum, cum optimum te multi putabant me quidem dissentiente, funeri tyranni, si illud funus fuit, sceleratissime praefuisti.

Study Questions:

• Explain the syntax of qui.
• Parse miseret.
• Parse invideris.
• What kind of conditional sequence does Cicero use with fuisses – potuisses?
• What noun does ea modify?
• What construction is me quidem dissentiente? What is the force of quidem?
• Parse funeri.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• How does design reinforce sense in the sentence quamquam bonum … audacia?

Discussion Points:

• Do you agree with Cicero that the republican commonwealth and peace could have been restored had Antony continued to collaborate with the senate?

subito (adv.)	suddenly, unexpectedly
exsto, -are, exstiti	to stand out, exist, be found
misereo, -ere, -ui me miseret + gen.	to feel / show compassion, have pity I am moved to pity / feel sorry for
invideo, -idere, -idi, -isum	to look at askance, regard with ill will or envy
obses, -idis, m. / f.	hostage; surety, pledge, guarantee
nepos, -otis, m. / (f.)	a grandson, descendant
diuturnus, -a, -um	lasting for a long time, permanent, long-lived
officium, -(i)i, n.	duty, obligation
improbus, -a, -um	morally unsound, unprincipled, rascally shameless, insolent, rude
audacia, -ae, f.	boldness, daring; impudence, effrontery
etsi (conj.)	even if, although (introducing a main clause) and yet
dissentio, -tire, -si, -sum	to differ in opinion, disagree, dissent
funus, -eris, n.	funeral rites or ceremonies; funeral dead body, corpse; death
scelerate (adv.)	with heinous wickedness, atrociously
praesum, -esse, -fui	to be in charge (of), be in control (of)

§ 91: Antony as Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

Tua illa pulchra laudatio, tua miseratio, tua cohortatio; tu, tu, inquam, illas faces incendisti, et eas quibus semustilatus ille est et eas quibus incensa L. Bellieni domus deflagravit. tu illos impetus perditorum et ex maxima parte servorum quos nos vi manuque reppulimus in nostras domos immisisti. idem tamen quasi fuligine abstersa reliquis diebus in Capitolio praeclara senatus consulta fecisti, ne qua post Idus Martias immunitatis tabula neve cuius benefici figeretur. meministi ipse de exsulibus, scis de immunitate quid dixeris. optimum vero quod dictaturae nomen in perpetuum de re publica sustulisti: quo quidem facto tantum te cepisse odium regni videbatur ut eius omnem propter proximum dictatorem metum tolleres.

Study Questions:

• What is the verb of the opening sentence (Tua … cohortatio)?
• How does et eas … et eas fit into the sentence?
• What does the et after perditorum link?
• What kind of construction is quasi fuligine abstersa?
• What kind of ablative is reliquis diebus?
• Parse senatus.
• What noun does qua modify? What case is it in?
• Parse Idus.
• neve: what does the enclitic conjunction -ve link?
• Why is dixeris in the subjunctive?
• What is the main clause in the sentence optimum vero … sustulisti?
• What noun does the genitive dictaturae depend on? What kind of genitive is it?
• Explain the syntax of quo (quo quidem facto).
• What kind of genitive is regni?
• What kind of clause does ut (ut eius omnem…) introduce?
• What does eius refer back to?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Analyze the design of the opening sentence (Tua … cohortatio).
• What is the rhetorical effect of the anaphoric tu, tu, inquam?

Discussion Points:

• Why was the funeral of Caesar such a charged moment?

laudatio, -onis, f.	panegyric; (funerary) eulogy; funeral oration
miseratio, -onis, f.	compassion, pity; expression of grief
cohortatio, -onis, f.	exhortation, encouragement
fax, -cis, f.	torch, firebrand
incendo, -dere, -di, -sum	to set on fire, kindle; incite, stir up, inflame, provoke
sem(i)ustilo, -are	to half-burn, scorch
deflagro, -are, -avi, -atum	to destroy by fire, burn down
impetus, -us, m.	onset, thrust, attack, violence violent mental impulse, urge
repello, -ere, reppuli, repulsum	to drive back, repel, fend off, deter
immitto, -ittere, -isi, -issum	to cause to go, send (against), direct
quasi	as it were
fuligo, -inis, f.	soot
abstergeo, -gere, -si, -sum	to wipe clean, remove, wipe off
senatûs consulta	decrees of the senate
immunitas, -atis, f.	exemption, immunity
tabula, -ae, f.	a flat piece of wood, board, plank a writing tablet, record; bronze plate
-ve (enclitic)	or
beneficium, -(i)i, n.	service, kindness; favour
figo, -gere, -xi, -xum	to drive in, fix in, insert (nails etc.) to fasten up; post up for public information, to promulgate
exsul, -lis, m.	a banished person, exile
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum	to pick up, lift, hoist; raise to get rid of, remove, eliminate
proximus, -a, -um	nearest, adjacent, close immediately preceding, last, most recent immediately following, next

§ 92: Selling the Empire

Constituta res publica videbatur aliis, mihi vero nullo modo, qui omnia te gubernante naufragia metuebam. num igitur me fefellit, aut num diutius sui potuit esse dissimilis? inspectantibus vobis toto Capitolio tabulae figebantur, neque solum singulis venibant immunitates sed etiam populis universis: civitas non iam singillatim, sed provinciis totis dabatur. itaque si haec manent, quae stante re publica manere non possunt, provincias universas, patres conscripti, perdidistis, neque vectigalia solum sed etiam imperium populi Romani huius domesticis nundinis deminutum est.

Study Questions:

• What noun does omnia modify?
• What construction is te gubernante?
• Parse sui.
• What construction is inspectantibus vobis?
• Parse venibant.
• What construction is stante re publica?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Analyze the dramatic trajectory of the first sentence (constituta … metuebam).

Discussion Points:

• Explore the political and financial relationships between Rome and its (conquered) provinces in late-republican times. To what extent does the paragraph here foreshadow the realities of the principate?
• Cicero accuses Antony of something akin to treason. Was he a ‘traitor of the people’? Who is a traitor of the people?

constituo, -uere, -ui, -utum	to set up, establish, decree, decide, arrange
guberno, -are, -avi, -atum	to guide the course of, steer; direct, govern
naufragium, -(i)i, n.	shipwreck; disaster, calamity, ruin; wreckage
fallo, -lere, fefelli, -sum	to deceive, trick, mislead; disguise
diutius (compar. adv.)	longer
inspecto, -are, -avi, -atum	to look at, watch; (intr.) to look on
singuli, -ae, -a (pl.)	each one of, every single; individual, single (masculine pl. form used as noun) individuals
universus, -a, -um	whole, entire
veneo, -ire, -ii, (-itum)	to be sold
civitas, -atis, f.	community; the rights of a citizen, citizenship
singillatim (adv.)	one by one, singly, separately
vectigal, -alis, n.	revenue; income
nundinae, -arum, f. pl.	a market-day; a market or fair
deminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum	to lessen, diminish; curtail, impair

§ 100: Further Forgeries and a Veteran Foundation

Sed ad chirographa redeamus. quae tua fuit cognitio? acta enim Caesaris pacis causa confirmata sunt a senatu; quae quidem Caesar egisset, non ea quae egisse Caesarem dixisset Antonius. unde ista erumpunt, quo auctore proferuntur? si sunt falsa, cur probantur? si vera, cur veneunt? at sic placuerat ut ex Kalendis Iuniis de Caesaris actis cum consilio cognosceretis. quod fuit consilium, quem umquam advocasti, quas Kalendas Iunias expectasti? an eas ad quas te peragratis veteranorum coloniis stipatum armis rettulisti?

o praeclaram illam percursationem tuam mense Aprili atque Maio, tum cum etiam Capuam coloniam deducere conatus es! quem ad modum illinc abieris vel potius paene non abieris scimus.

Study Questions:

• Identify and explain the mood of redeamus.
• How does quae … Antonius fit into the syntax of the sentence?
• Identify and explain the mood of egisset and dixisset.
• What kind of construction is quo auctore?
• Parse veneunt.
• Identify and explain the case of percursationem.
• What kind of ablative is mense Aprili atque Maio?
• Identify and explain the case of Capuam.
• Parse abieris.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Discuss the design and rhetorical force of the question quae tua fuit cognitio?
• How does design reinforce theme in the sentence acta enim Caesaris … dixisset Antonius?

Discussion Points:

• Why does Cicero use a string of rhetorical questions to attack Antony’s handling of Caesar’s state papers?
• How does Cicero manage the transition from one topic (Caesar’s acta) to the next (Antony’s journey and doings in Southern Italy)?

chirographum, -i, n.	one’s handwriting; document, manuscript
cognitio, -onis, f.	the act of getting to know, comprehension study, investigation, inquiry
actum, -i, n.	act, deed, transaction
erumpo, -umpere, -upi, -uptum	to burst forth, spring out / up
profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum	to bring forth; to put on show, display to give voice to, utter, express to produce (documents) in evidence; publish
veneo, -ire, -ii, (-itum)	to be sold
placeo, -ere, -ui or -itus	to be pleasing / acceptable to; seem good to be resolved or agreed on (by)
consilium, -(i)i, n.	debate, discussion, deliberation advice, counsel deliberative or advisory body; council decision; intention; deliberate action
advoco, -are, -avi, -atum	to call upon, summon, call together, convoke
exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum	to wait for, expect
peragro, -are, -avi, -atum	to travel through, traverse
veteranus, -a, -um	mature (as noun) veteran
colonia, -ae, f.	settlement, colony
stipo, -are, -avi, -atum	to compress, press tight (w. abl.) to surround with, fill, cram, stuff
percursatio, -onis, f.	a rapid journey
deduco, -cere, -xi, -ctum	to lead away from, remove, bring back to establish, settle
illinc (adv.)	from that place, thence
abeo, -ire, -ii, -itum	to go away, depart; pass away
potius (adv.)	rather, more exactly, on the contrary
paene (adv.)	almost, all but, practically

§ 101: Revels and Remunerations

Cui tu urbi minitaris. utinam conere, ut aliquando illud ‘paene’ tollatur! at quam nobilis est tua illa peregrinatio! quid prandiorum apparatus, quid furiosam vinulentiam tuam proferam? tua ista detrimenta sunt, illa nostra: agrum Campanum, qui cum de vectigalibus eximebatur ut militibus daretur, tamen infligi magnum rei publicae vulnus putabamus, hunc tu compransoribus tuis et collusoribus dividebas. mimos dico et mimas, patres conscripti, in agro Campano collocatos. quid iam querar de agro Leontino? quoniam quidem hae quondam arationes Campana et Leontina in populi Romani patrimonio grandiferae et fructuosae ferebantur. medico tria milia iugerum: quid si te sanasset? rhetori duo: quid si te disertum facere potuisset? sed ad iter Italiamque redeamus.

Study Questions:

• How does Cui fit into the syntax of the sentence?
• Parse minitaris.
• What kind of clause does utinam introduce?
• What does ‘paene’ refer (back) to?
• Parse conere and explain the mood.
• Parse apparatus.
• How do you reconcile the relative pronoun qui (nominative masculine singular, referring back to agrum Campanum) with a first person plural verb (putabamus)?
• Identify and explain the tense and mood of querar.
• Parse the adjectives Campana and Leontina. What noun do they modify?
• Parse sanasset and explain the tense and mood.
• Parse rhetori.
• What noun needs to be supplied after duo?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• What might the homoioteleuton in quid furiosam vinulentiam tuam proferam emphasize?
• Discuss the positioning of deictic and pronominal adjectives in tua ista detrimenta sunt, illa nostra.

Discussion Points:

• Can you think of more recent instances in history where individuals benefitted financially from close association with powerful politicians? (Put differently, to what extent is kleptocracy a universal?)

minitor, -ari, -atus	(intr. w. dat.) to use threats (against)
utinam	if only
conor, -ari, -atus	to attempt, endeavour
quam	how
nobilis, -is, -e	renowned, famous, celebrated
peregrinatio, -onis, f.	travel abroad, foreign travel
prandium, -(i)i, n.	midday meal
apparatus, -us, m.	preparation; display, pomp, sumptuousness instruments, equipment
furiosus, -a, -um	frenzied, raving mad; wild, uncontrolled
vinulentia, -ae, f.	fondness for wine excessive wine consumption, intoxication
profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum	to bring forth; show, display; produce to make known, public, disclose
detrimentum, -i, n.	material reduction; harm, damage, loss
ager, agri, m.	piece of land, country, region; soil, terrain
vectigalis, -is, -e	(of land etc.) yielding taxes; subject to taxes
eximo, -imere, -emi, -emptus	to take out, extract; get rid of, banish to remove (from); set free, exempt
infligo, -gere, -xi, -ctum	to knock or dash (against), to inflict
compransor, -oris, m.	table-companion
collusor, -oris, m.	playmate, fellow gambler
divido, -idere, -isi, -isum	to separate, divide (up), split, share out
mimus, -i, m.	an actor in mimes; a mime
mima, -ae, f.	an actress performing in mimes
colloco, -are, -avi, -atum	to put or set in a particular place; to put up, place, settle
queror, -ri, -stus (de)	to regret, complain, grumble, protest
quoniam (conj.)	seeing that … now, since, because
quondam (adv.)	formerly; in the future, some day
aratio, -onis, f.	the action of ploughing; estate of arable land
patrimonium, -(i)i, n.	property, possession, estate
grandifer, -era, -erum	yielding large crops
fructuosus, -a, -um	fruitful, productive; rewarding, lucrative
fero, -re, tuli, latum	(here) to have on or in it, contain
medicus, -i, m.	doctor, physician
mille (indecl. n. and adj.)	a thousand
milia, -ium (pl.)	thousand
iugerum, -i / -is, n.	pl. acres, an expanse of farmland
sano, -are, -avi, -atum	to cure, heal, restore to health
rhetori, -oris, m.	teacher of rhetoric, rhetorician
disertus, -a, -um	eloquent; skillfully expressed

§ 102: Antony Colonized a Colony!

Deduxisti coloniam Casilinum, quo Caesar ante deduxerat. consuluisti me per litteras de Capua tu quidem, sed idem de Casilino respondissem: possesne, ubi colonia esset, eo coloniam novam iure deducere. negavi in eam coloniam quae esset auspicato deducta, dum esset incolumis, coloniam novam iure deduci: colonos novos ascribi posse rescripsi. tu autem insolentia elatus omni auspiciorum iure turbato Casilinum coloniam deduxisti, quo erat paucis annis ante deducta, ut vexillum tolleres, ut aratrum circumduceres; cuius quidem vomere portam Capuae paene perstrinxisti, ut florentis coloniae territorium minueretur.

Study Questions:

• Parse Casilinum and explain its case. Where is Casilinum located?
• Identify and explain the mood of respondissem.
• Why is posses in the imperfect subjunctive?
• Explain the syntax of auspicato.
• Parse rescripsi.
• What construction is omni auspiciorum iure turbato?
• What kind of ablative is paucis annis.
• Explain the syntax of cuius. What noun does it refer back to?
• What kind of clause are ut … tolleres and ut … circumduceres?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Discuss the design of the opening sentence (Deduxisti … deduxerat).
• After consuluisti, ‘tu quidem’ is technically speaking unnecessary — why does Cicero add it nevertheless?

Discussion Points:

• Do you find it plausible that Antony consulted Cicero on a religious technicality to do with his settlement policy?

deduco, -cere, -xi, -ctum	to lead away from, remove, bring back to establish, settle
consulo, -ere, -ui, -tum	to consult, take counsel
auspicato (adv.)	after taking the auspices; auspiciously
incolumis, -is, -e	undamaged, unimpaired, intact
ascribo, -bere, -psi, -ptum	to add in writing, insert; enroll, enlist, assign
rescribo, -bere, -psi, -ptum	to write in response
insolentia, -ae, f.	unfamiliarity; lack of moderation insolence, arrogance
elatus (ppp. of effero)	raised above; exalted; sublime
vexillum, -i, n.	military standard
aratrum, -i, n.	a plough
circumduco, -cere, -xi, -ctum	to lead round, go round
vomer, -eris, m.	ploughshare
perstringo, -ngere, -nxi, -ctum	to brush, graze, skirt
florens, -ntis	flowering, flourishing, prosperous; powerful
minuo, -uere, -ui, -utum	to reduce in size or extent, make smaller to weaken, detract

§ 103: Antony’s Enrichment Activities

Ab hac perturbatione religionum advolas in M. Varronis, sanctissimi atque integerrimi viri, fundum Casinatem. quo iure, quo ore? ‘Eodem’, inquies, ‘quo in heredum L. Rubri, quo in heredum L. Turseli praedia, quo in reliquas innumerabiles possessiones’. et si ab hasta, valeat hasta, valeant tabulae modo Caesaris, non tuae, quibus debuisti, non quibus tu te liberavisti. Varronis quidem Casinatem fundum quis venisse dicit, quis hastam istius venditionis vidit, quis vocem praeconis audivit? misisse te dicis Alexandriam qui emeret a Caesare; ipsum enim expectare magnum fuit.

Study Questions:

• On what noun does the genitive M. Varronis depend?
• Parse inquies.
• On what noun do the genitives heredum (2x) depend?
• Identify and explain the tense and mood of valeat and valeant.
• What are the antecedents of quibus (2x)?
• Parse venisse.
• Identify and explain the case of Alexandriam.
• Identify and explain the mood of emeret.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Analyze the design of the sentence Varronis quidem … audivit?

Discussion Points:

• How does Cicero play off Caesar against Antony in this paragraph?

perturbatio, -onis, f.	disturbance, upheaval; confusion, disorder
advolo, -are, -avi, -atum	to fly towards; hasten towards to swoop on, snatch eagerly at
sanctus, -a, -um	(religious) sacrosanct, inviolate, sacred (moral), scrupulous, upright, blameless virtuous
integer, -gra, -grum	fresh, undecided; whole, complete, untouched morally unblemished, upright
fundus, -i, m.	bottom, base; basis, foundation a country estate, farm; homestead
Casinas, -atis (adj.)	of Casinum
os, oris, n.	face, countenance, expression
heres, -edis, m. (f.)	heir, successor
praedium, -(i)i, n.	a landed property, estate, land
hasta, -ae, f.	spear, javelin spear stuck in the ground at a public auction
reliquus, -qua, -quum	the rest of, remaining
innumerabilis, -is, -e	countless
possessio, -onis, f.	occupancy, possession; seizure, control (pl.) a holding, estate
valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum	to be powerful, be well, have force to have legal authority, be valid, apply
debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum	to be under an obligation to pay, owe to to be indebted for (I) ought, should
libero, -are, -avi, -atum	to free, release from, discharge, fulfil, cover
veneo, -ire, -ii, (-itum)	to be sold
venditio, -onis, f.	the action / process of selling, sale
praeco, -onis, m.	announcer; auctioneer
emo, -emere, emi, emptum	to buy, purchase; win over; procure

§ 104: Animal House

Quis vero audivit umquam — nullius autem salus curae pluribus fuit — de fortunis Varronis rem ullam esse detractam? quid? si etiam scripsit ad te Caesar ut redderes, quid satis potest dici de tanta impudentia? remove gladios parumper illos quos videmus: iam intelleges aliam causam esse hastae Caesaris, aliam confidentiae et temeritatis tuae. non enim te dominus modo illis sedibus sed quivis amicus, vicinus, hospes, procurator arcebit. at quam multos dies in ea villa turpissime es perbacchatus! ab hora tertia bibebatur, ludebatur, vomebatur. o tecta ipsa misera, ‘quam dispari domino’ — quamquam quo modo iste dominus? — sed tamen quam ab dispari tenebantur! studiorum enim suorum receptaculum M. Varro voluit illud, non libidinum deversorium.

Study Questions:

• Parse nullius.
• Identify and explain the case of curae and pluribus.
• What kind of clause is ut redderet?
• How does satis fit into the syntax of the sentence?
• Parse remove.
• Parse intelleges.
• Identify and explain the case of illis sedibus.
• What kind of accusative is multos dies?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• What are the stylistic devices Cicero uses to underscore the disgraceful conduct of Antony and his mates at Varro’s villa?
• What work is the tragic quote doing here?

Discussion Points:

• What would you do as a lodger in Varro’s villa?

umquam (adv.)	at any time, ever
salus, -utis, f.	personal safety, immunity from harm, well-being, security
curae, -ae, f.	anxiety, worry, care, distress; concern
fortuna, -ae, f.	fortune (pl.) wealth, property
detraho, -here, -xi, -ctum	to detach, strip off, remove, take away
satis (indecl. noun / adv.)	enough, sufficient; sufficiently, adequately
removeo, -overe, -ovi, -otum	to move back / away, remove, set aside
gladius, -(i)i, m.	sword
parumper (adv.)	for a short while, for a moment
confidentia, -ae, f.	assurance, self-confidence; audacity, temerity
temeritas, -atis, f.	recklessness, thoughtlessness, boldness
sedes, -is, f.	a place to sit, seat; dwelling, house
quivis, quaevis, quodvis	any that you please
vicinus, -a, -um	situated close at hand (as noun) neighbour
hospes, -itis, m.	guest, visitor; host
procurator, -oris, m.	occupant, manager, keeper
arceo, -ere, -ui	to prevent from approaching, keep away, repulse; hinder, stop
turpis, -is, -e	offensive, loathsome, foul, repulsive; morally repugnant, disgraceful
perbacchor, -ari, -atus	to carouse or revel through
vomo, -ere, -ui, -itum	to be sick, vomit; discharge
tectum, -i, n.	roof, ceiling; house, dwelling
dispar, -aris	unequal, dissimilar (in character)
receptaculum, -i, n.	repository
deversorium, -(i)i, n.	lodging

§ 105: Animal House: The Sequel

Quae in illa villa antea dicebantur, quae cogitabantur, quae litteris mandabantur! iura populi Romani, monumenta maiorum, omnis sapientiae ratio omnisque doctrinae. at vero te inquilino — non enim domino — personabant omnia vocibus ebriorum, natabant pavimenta vino, madebant parietes, ingenui pueri cum meritoriis, scorta inter matres familias versabantur. Casino salutatum veniebant, Aquino, Interamna: admissus est nemo. iure id quidem; in homine enim turpissimo obsolefiebant dignitatis insignia.

Study Questions:

• What does the -que after omnis link?
• What construction is te inquilino?
• Parse salutatum.
• Identify and explain the case of Casino, Aquino, and Interamna.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Discuss the stylistic devices Cicero uses to hail Varro’s learning.
• Discuss the stylistic devices Cicero uses to lambast Antony’s depravity.

Discussion Points:

• Compare and contrast Cicero’s depiction of Antony’s conduct in Varro’s villa in §§ 104–05 with contemporary frat-boy comedies such as Animal House: what is (or isn’t) funny — and why?

mando, -are, -avi, -atum	to hand over, deliver, consign to commit to (writing / memory), entrust
doctrina, -ae, f.	instruction; learning
inquilinus, -i, m.	tenant, lodger
persono, -are, -ui / -avi, -atum	to make a loud / pervasive noise, to make resound
ebrius, -a, -um	intoxicated, drunk
nato, -are, -avi, -atum	to swim; (w. abl.) to be drenched / inundated
pavimentum, -i, n.	floor, surface, pavement
madeo, -ere	to be wet / sodden
paries, -etis, m.	wall
ingenuus, -a, -um	native; free-born; honourable
meritorius, -a, -um	let out for a price, hired
scortum, -i, n.	prostitute
obsolefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum	to make common, degrade
insigne, -is, n.	mark of rank, status, identity, honour distinction

§ 106: Antony Cocooned

Cum inde Romam proficiscens ad Aquinum accederet, obviam ei processit, ut est frequens municipium, magna sane multitudo. at iste operta lectica latus per oppidum est ut mortuus. stulte Aquinates: sed tamen in via habitabant. quid Anagnini? qui cum essent devii, descenderunt ut istum, tamquam si esset consul, salutarent. incredibile dictu + sed cum vinus + inter omnis constabat neminem esse resalutatum, praesertim cum duos secum Anagninos haberet, Mustelam et Laconem, quorum alter gladiorum est princeps, alter poculorum.

Study Questions:

• Parse ei: whom does the pronoun refer to?
• Who is the subject of processit?
• What is a municipium?
• What is the meaning of ut in ut mortuus?
• Explain the syntax of qui (qui cum essent devii).
• What is the significance of Cicero’s use of the imperfect subjunctive in tamquam si esset consul?
• NB: We don’t know why the text here has become garbled beyond restoration (to date). It doesn’t happen often in Cicero’s classic speeches.
• Parse and explain the syntax of esse resalutatum.
• On what noun does the genitive poculorum depend?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• What stylistic devices does Cicero use in his portrayal of Antony’s alleged mistreatment of locals on his journey back to Rome?

Discussion Points:

• Discuss the implications of Cicero challenging Antony’s status as consul (cf. tamquam si esset consul).

accedo, -dere, -ssi, -ssum	to draw near, approach, reach
obviam (adv.)	in the way / path of, so as to meet
procedo, -dere, -ssi, -ssum	to go / move forward, come forth, advance
frequens, -ntis	densely packed, crowded, populous
municipium, -(i)i, n.	municipality, community
sane (adv.)	certainly, truly (qualifying adjs. or advs.) very, decidedly, quite (w. concessive force) admittedly, certainly, to be sure
multitudo, -inis, f.	large number, large quantity, multitude population, the common people, the masses
operio, -ire, -ui, -tum	to shut, close, cover (from sight), conceal
habito, -are, -avi, -atum	to live in, inhabit, dwell
devius, -a, -um	out-of-the-way, remote; turning aside
tamquam (conj.)	in the same way as, just as (w. conditional clause) just as (if)
saluto, -are, -avi, -atum	to greet, hail, salute; to call on to pay respects
consto, -are, -iti	to stand together, take up a position
constat	a decision is taken it is apparent / plain it is an established fact, it is known
resaluto, -are, -avi, -atum	to return the greeting of
praesertim (adv.)	above all, first and foremost, especially
praesertim cum	(causal) especially since, seeing that (adversative) although in spite of the fact that
alter … alter …	the one … the other …
princeps, -ipis, m.	master, expert, chief man; person in charge
poculum, -i, n.	drinking-vessel, cup, bowl

§ 107: Symbolic Strutting after Caesar

Quid ego illas istius minas contumeliasque commemorem quibus invectus est in Sidicinos, vexavit Puteolanos, quod C. Cassium et Brutos patronos adoptassent? magno quidem studio, iudicio, benevolentia, caritate, non, ut te et Basilum, vi et armis, et alios vestri similis quos clientis nemo habere velit, non modo illorum cliens esse. interea dum tu abes, qui dies ille collegae tuo fuit, cum illud quod venerari solebas bustum in foro evertit! qua re tibi nuntiata, ut constabat inter eos qui una fuerunt, concidisti. quid evenerit postea nescio — metum credo valuisse et arma; collegam quidem de caelo detraxisti effecistique non tu quidem etiam nunc ut similis tui, sed certe ut dissimilis esset sui.

Study Questions:

• Identify and explain the mood of commemorem.
• Locate the Sidicini and the town of Puteoli on a map.
• Who were C. Cassius and the (two) Bruti?
• Who was Basilus?
• Parse adoptassent and explain the mood.
• What construction is qua re tibi nuntiata?
• Explain the syntax of qua.
• Parse evenerit and explain the mood.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• What stylistic features help to underscore Cicero’s spitting contempt in illas istius minas contumeliasque commemorem?

Discussion Points:

• Why would the Sidicini and the inhabitants of Puteoli side with the liberators?
• What does patronage of local communities by leading Roman aristocrats entail?
• What episode does Cicero refer to when he talks about the destruction of the ‘tomb’ by Antony’s colleague Dolabella?

minae, -arum, f.	threats, menaces
contumelia, -ae, f.	insult, indignity, affront
commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum	to recall, mention, relate
inveho, -here, -xi, -ctum	to carry / bring in; import; to ride into attack (pass.) to attack with words, inveigh (against)
vexo, -are, -avi, -atum	to agitate, buffet; damage; attack constantly; to harass, trouble
patronus, -i, m.	patron; advocate
adopto, -are, -avi, -atum	to select, secure; adopt
studium, -(i)i, n.	earnest application, zeal, ardour; enthusiasm, eagerness devotion, goodwill, support
iudicium, -(i)i, n.	exercise of judgement; decision favourable opinion, esteem
benevolentia, -ae, f.	goodwill, benevolence, friendliness
caritas, -atis, f.	dearness, high price; love, affection, esteem
veneror, -ari, -atus	to worship, adore; pay homage to
bustum, -i, n.	funeral pyre; grave-mound, tomb
everto, -tere, -ti, -sum	to turn upside down; overturn; ruin
unâ (adv.) unâ esse	in one body, together; at the same time to be present
concido, -ere, -i	to collapse, fall; to die or be killed
evenio, -enire, -eni, -entum	to come out, emerge; to happen, come about
metus, -us, m.	fear
valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum	to be powerful, have strength to be well
detraho, -here, -xi, -ctum	to remove; to pull or force down to pull down, demolish

§ 108: Swords Galore, or: Antony’s Return to Rome

Qui vero inde reditus Romam, quae perturbatio totius urbis! memineramus Cinnam nimis potentem, Sullam postea dominantem, modo Caesarem regnantem videramus. erant fortasse gladii, sed absconditi nec ita multi; ista vero quae et quanta barbaria est! agmine quadrato cum gladiis sequuntur, scutorum lecticas portari videmus. atque his quidem iam inveteratis, patres conscripti, consuetudine obduruimus. Kalendis Iuniis cum in senatum, ut erat constitutum, venire vellemus, metu perterriti repente diffugimus.

Study Questions:

• What kind of accusative is Romam?
• Parse totius.
• Explain the grammar and sense of agmine quadrato.
• How do you account for the genitive in the phrase scutorum lecticas?
• What construction is his … inveteratis?
• Identify and explain the case of Kalendis Iuniis.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Analyze the design of the sentence memineramus … videramus.
• Identify the stylistic devices that Cicero employs to contrast a bad past with a worse present in this paragraph.

Discussion Points:

• How do you think Antony would have advertised his return to Rome?

inde (adv.)	from that place, thence, from there from that time, from then on; next, then
reditus, -us, m.	return
perturbatio, -onis, f.	physical disturbance, agitation, upheaval disorder, disruption
nimis (adv.)	to an excessive degree, too much, unduly
potens, -ntis	having or exercising power over, powerful
dominor, -ari, -atus	to exercise sovereignty, act as despot, rule
modo (adv.)	just, only (now); recently
fortasse (adv.)	it may be, possibly, perhaps
absconditus, -a, -um	hidden, concealed; covert, disguised
barbaria, -ae, f.	the foreign world, uncivilized people barbarousness, brutality
agmen, -inis, n.	stream, current; mass, multitude, throng an army on the march, column
quadro, -are, -avi, -atum	to square up, to form a rectangular shape
agmen quadratum	an army marching in a rectangle, the baggage in the midst (= ready for any enemy attack from any direction); ‘hollow square formation’
scutum, -i, n.	shield
lectica, -ae, f.	a litter
porto, -are, -avi, -atum	to transport, convey; to carry, bear
invetero, -are, -avi, -atum	to become old or established; to make / become customary
consuetudo, -inis, f.	habit, custom
obduresco, -escere, -ui	to become hard, harden; to become hardened / callous
metus, -us, m.	fear
perterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum	to frighten greatly, terrify
repente (adv.)	without warning, suddenly; in an instant, all at once
diffugio, -ugere, -ugi	to run away, flee; scatter, disperse

§ 109: Playing Fast and Loose with Caesar’s Legislation

At iste, qui senatu non egeret, neque desideravit quemquam et potius discessu nostro laetatus est statimque illa mirabilia facinora effecit. qui chirographa Caesaris defendisset lucri sui causa, is leges Caesaris easque praeclaras, ut rem publicam concutere posset, evertit. numerum annorum provinciis prorogavit; idemque, cum actorum Caesaris defensor esse deberet, et in publicis et in privatis rebus acta Caesaris rescidit. in publicis nihil est lege gravius; in privatis firmissimum est testamentum. leges alias sine promulgatione sustulit, alias ut tolleret promulgavit. testamentum irritum fecit, quod etiam infimis civibus semper obtentum est. signa, tabulas, quas populo Caesar una cum hortis legavit, eas hic partim in hortos Pompei deportavit, partim in villam Scipionis.

Study Questions:

• Identify and explain the case of senatu.
• Why is egeret in the (imperfect) subjunctive?
• What is the antecedent of qui?
• Identify and explain the case of lucri sui.
• What kind of clause is ut rem publicam concutere possit?
• What kind of ablative is lege?
• What is the antecedent of quod?
• Identify and explain the case of infimis civibus.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• In this paragraph, we get a cascade of main clauses, with the verbs in the perfect tense: desideravit – laetatus est – effecit – evertit – prorogavit – rescidit – sustulit – promulgavit – fecit – deportavit. What is the rhetorical effect? And what does the principle, stated in the present tense halfway through the paragraph (in publicis nihil est lege gravius; in privatis firmissimum est testamentum), add to the overall design and rhetorical impact?

Discussion Points:

• Is Cicero here making mountains out of molehills?

egeo, -ere, -ui	to need, want, require; to lack, be devoid of
desidero, -are, -avi, -atum	to long for, desire; to stand in need of, require to feel / notice the absence of, miss
potius (adv.)	rather, on the contrary; by preference
discessus, -us, m.	absence (from), departure, going away
laetor, -ari, -atus	to rejoice, be glad, be delighted (in)
statim (adv.)	immediately, at once, without delay
mirabilis, -is, -e	causing wonder, remarkable, extraordinary
facinus, -oris, n.	deed, act, event; misdeed, crime, outrage
chirographum, -i, n.	one’s handwriting; document, manuscript
lucrum, -i, n.	material gain, profit
concutio, -tere, -ssi, -ssum	to shake, agitate; distress, upset
everto, -tere, -ti, -sum	to turn upside down; overturn; ruin
prorogo, -are, -avi, -atum	to extend (a term of office) be added, prolong, keep going
rescindo, -indere, -idi, -issum	to remove by hewing, split, break open to cancel, revoke, rescind, annul
gravis, -is, -e	heavy, ponderous; stern, harsh grave, serious, earnest, weighty oppressive, troublesome
testamentum, -i, n.	will, testament
promulgatio, -onis, f.	official proclamation (of a proposed law)
promulgo, -are, -avi, -atum	to make known (the terms of a proposed law) to make widely known, publish
irritus, -a, -um	not ratified or valid, null and void; ineffectual
infimus, -a, -um	lowest in position most undistinguished, humblest, lowest
obtineo, -inere, -inui, -entum	to maintain, keep up, persist in to govern, hold, retain control of to cover, extend over to secure, gain, obtain, sustain one’s claim to
signum, -i, n.	mark; sign, emblem; statue
tabulae, -ae, f.	(here) painting
una cum + abl.	together with
hortus, -i, m.	garden
lego, -are, -avi, -atum	to send as an envoy to dispose of by legacy, bequeath
partim … partim… (adv.)	in part … in part…
deporto, -are, -avi, -atum	to bring, convey, transport

§ 110: Caesar: Dead Duck or Deified Dictator?

Et tu in Caesaris memoria diligens, tu illum amas mortuum? quem is honorem maiorem consecutus erat quam ut haberet pulvinar, simulacrum, fastigium, flaminem? est ergo flamen, ut Iovi, ut Marti, ut Quirino, sic divo Iulio M. Antonius. quid igitur cessas? cur non inauguraris? sume diem, vide qui te inauguret: collegae sumus; nemo negabit. o detestabilem hominem, sive quod tyranni sacerdos es sive quod mortui! quaero deinceps num hodiernus dies qui sit ignores. nescis heri quartum in circo diem ludorum Romanorum fuisse, te autem ipsum ad populum tulisse ut quintus praeterea dies Caesari tribueretur? cur non sumus praetextati? cur honorem Caesaris tua lege datum deseri patimur? an supplicationes addendo diem contaminari passus es, pulvinaria contaminari noluisti? aut undique religionem tolle aut usque quaque conserva.

Study Questions:

• In the phrase in Caesaris memoria, what kind of genitive is Caesaris?
• Explain the grammar of quem (quem is honorem…).
• Parse inauguraris.
• Parse sume.
• Identify and explain the case of destestabilem hominem.
• How is mortui to be construed?
• Explain the syntax of the sentence quaero … ignores.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• What is the tone of the initial question (Et tu … mortuum)?
• Discuss the rhetorical force and arrangement of pulvinar, simulacrum, fastigium, flaminem. (Make sure you know what each of these items refers to.)
• Analyze the design of est ergo flamen, ut Iovi, ut Marti, ut Quirino, sic divo Iulio M. Antonius.
• Cicero shows a notable preference for asyndeton in this paragraph. Why?
• What figure of thought does Cicero use in sive quod tyranni sacerdos es sive quod mortui and aut undique religionem tolle aut usque quaque conserva? Why is it effective?

Discussion Points:

• Cicero here blasts Antony for inconsistency in his attitude towards Caesar. What might account for such ‘qualified devotion’ to the dead dictator on Antony’s part?

diligens, -ntis	careful, attentive, diligent, scrupulous
consequor, -qui, -cutus	to go or come after, follow; to bring about, achieve, reach; (intr.) to succeed
pulvinar, -aris, n.	a cushioned couch for the statue of a god
simulacrum, -i, n.	likeness, image, statue
fastigium, -i, n.	tip, apex; top, summit a rigged or pointed roof, pediment, gable
flamen, -inis, m.	a flamen (a specially appointed priest)
cesso, -are, -avi, -atum	to hold back from, desist; be inactive
inauguro, -are, -avi, -atum	to consecrate by augury for a priesthood
sumo, -mere, -mpsi, -mptum	to take (up), to adopt
detestabilis, -is, -e	detestable, execrable, abominable
deinceps (adv.)	in succession, in turn; after that, next
num (interrogative particle)	introducing a question implying a negative answer (introducing indirect questions) whether by any chance
hodiernus, -a, -um hodiernus dies	of or belonging to this day this day
ignoro, -are, -avi, -atum	to be ignorant or unaware of, fail to recognize
nescio, -ire, -ivi / -ii, -itum	not to know, to be unaware of
heri (adv.)	yesterday
fero, -rre, tuli, latum	(here) to propose to (ad)
praeterea (adv.)	in addition to that, as well, besides
tribuo, -uere, -ui, -utum	to grant, bestow, award; allocate, devote
praetextatus, -a, -um	wearing the toga praetexta
desero, -ere, -ui, -tum	to forsake, leave, abandon; part company
patior, -ti, -ssus	to be subjected to, undergo, experience to suffer, put up with, tolerate, allow
supplicatio, -onis, f.	the offering of propitiation to a deity; thanksgiving
contamino, -are, -avi, -atum	to defile, pollute, befoul; corrupt to render ritually unclean, profane, desecrate
undique (adv.)	from all sides or directions
usque quaque (adv.)	everywhere, in every possible respect, wholly

§ 111: A Final Look at Antony’s Illoquence

Quaeris placeatne mihi pulvinar esse, fastigium, flaminem. mihi vero nihil istorum placet: sed tu, qui acta Caesaris defendis, quid potes dicere cur alia defendas, alia non cures? nisi forte vis fateri te omnia quaestu tuo, non illius dignitate metiri. quid ad haec tandem? exspecto enim eloquentiam. disertissimum cognovi avum tuum, at te etiam apertiorem in dicendo. ille numquam nudus est contionatus: tuum hominis simplicis pectus vidimus. respondebisne ad haec, aut omnino hiscere audebis? ecquid reperies ex tam longa oratione mea cui te respondere posse confidas?

Study Questions:

• Parse vis.
• What kind of ablative are quaestu and dignitate?
• What is the verb in the sentence quid ad haec tandem?
• How does the genitive phrase hominis simplicis fit into the sentence?
• What is the antecedent of cui?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Cicero here blasts Antony for his lack of eloquence. What ensures that he does so eloquently?

Discussion Points:

• Explore the role of ancestors in Roman culture — and political oratory. Who was Antony’s avus?

pulvinar, -aris, n.	a cushioned couch for the statue of a god
fastigium, -i, n.	tip, apex; top, summit a rigged or pointed roof, pediment, gable
flamen, -inis, m.	a flamen (a priest specially appointed for a specific divinity)
cur (adv.)	(interr.) for what reason / purpose, why (relative) on account of which
curo, -are, -avi, -atum	to watch over, look after, care for, attend to
forte (adv.)	by chance, perhaps
fateor, -eri, fassus	to concede, admit, acknowledge, confess
quaestus, -us, m.	gainful occupation, profit, income, gain
metior, -iri, mensus (metitus)	to measure, mark off, estimate, gauge
tandem (adverb)	after all; at last
disertus, -a, -um	dexterous or skilled in speaking, eloquent
cognosco, -oscere, -ovi, -itum	to get to know, find out; to find to be
avus, -i, m.	grandfather; ancestor
etiam (particle)	still, yet, even now; even, actually
apertus, -a, -um	open; uncovered, unveiled, bare, naked open-hearted, frank
numquam (adv.)	at no time, never; not in any circumstances
nudus, -a, -um	naked
contionor, -ari, -atus	to deliver a public speech, address a meeting
simplex, -icis	simple, basic, plain, artless, simple-minded
pectus, -oris, n.	breast, chest; soul, mind, personality
omnino (adv.)	in every respect, absolutely, altogether; at all, in any degree, in any circumstances
hisco, -ere	to open, gape, open the mouth to speak
audeo, -dere, -sus	to have a mind, be prepared, intend to dare, venture
ecquis, ecquid	is there anyone who? is there anything that?
reperio, -ire, repperi, -tum	to find, discover, light upon; make up, devise

§ 112: The Senate Under Armour

Sed praeterita omittamus: hunc unum diem, unum, inquam, hodiernum diem, hoc punctum temporis, quo loquor, defende, si potes. cur armatorum corona senatus saeptus est, cur me tui satellites cum gladiis audiunt, cur valvae Concordiae non patent, cur homines omnium gentium maxime barbaros, Ituraeos, cum sagittis deducis in forum? praesidi sui causa se facere dicit. non igitur miliens perire est melius quam in sua civitate sine armatorum praesidio non posse vivere? sed nullum est istud, mihi crede, praesidium: caritate te et benevolentia civium saeptum oportet esse, non armis.

Study Questions:

• Parse praeterita.
• Identify and explain the mood of omittamus.
• Parse inquam.
• Parse Concordiae. What does it refer to?
• Who are the Ituraeans?
• Explain the syntax of perire.
• What kind of ablatives are caritate and benevolentia?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Analyze the design and the rhetorical force of the accusative objects of defende.
• Discuss the rhetorical power of the sequence of rhetorical questions introduced by cur (4x).

Discussion Points:

• Do you agree with Cicero that the best ‘bodyguard’ a statesman can have is the devotion and benevolence he inspires among his fellow-citizens?

praeteritus, -a, -um	past, bygone, former
omitto, -ittere, -isi, -issum	to let go off, release; discontinue to leave out of account, disregard to ignore, omit mention of, pass over
punctum, -i, n. punctum temporis	a small hole, prick, sting a moment, instant
armatus, -i, m.	an armed man, soldier
corona, -ae, f.	wreath, garland, crown a circle (of bystanders), spectators a ring (of soldiers)
saepio, -ire, -si, -tum	to surround with a hedge, fence round, enclose, encircle
satelles, -itis, m.	one of a bodyguard, henchman, attendant partisan, supporter, accomplice
valvae, -arum, f. pl.	a double door, a folding door
pateo, -ere, -ui	to be open; to be visible; to extend
sagitta, -ae, f.	arrow
praesidium, -(i)i, n.	means of security, defence, protection; bodyguard, escort
miliens (adv.)	a thousand times
pereo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itum	to vanish, disappear; to perish, die
caritas, -atis, f.	love, affection, esteem
benevolentia, -ae, f.	goodwill, benevolence, friendliness

§ 113: The Res Publica Has Watchers!

Eripiet et extorquebit tibi ista populus Romanus, utinam salvis nobis! sed quoquo modo nobiscum egeris, dum istis consiliis uteris, non potes, mihi crede, esse diuturnus. etenim ista tua minime avara coniunx, quam ego sine contumelia describo, nimium diu debet populo Romano tertiam pensionem. habet populus Romanus ad quos gubernacula rei publicae deferat: qui ubicumque terrarum sunt, ibi omne est rei publicae praesidium vel potius ipsa res publica, quae se adhuc tantum modo ulta est, nondum reciperavit. habet quidem certe res publica adulescentis nobilissimos paratos defensores. quam volent illi cedant otio consulentes; tamen a re publica revocabuntur. et nomen pacis dulce est et ipsa res salutaris; sed inter pacem et servitutem plurimum interest. pax est tranquilla libertas, servitus postremum malorum omnium non modo bello sed morte etiam repellendum.

Study Questions:

• Explain the construction utinam salvis nobis.
• Parse egeris.
• Why does Cicero call Antony’s wife Fulvia minime avara?
• Parse volent.
• Identify and explain the mood of cedant.
• What kind of genitive is pacis?
• What kind of genitive is malorum omnium?
• What kind of ablatives are bello and morte?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• What makes the first two sentences (Eripiet … diuturnus) ‘a brilliant opening to a passage of high rhetoric’? (Lacey 1986: 240).
• With the phrase gubernacula rei publicae Cicero brings the well-known metaphor of the ‘ship of state’ into play (with gubernacula as metonym for the ship): what does the metaphor contribute to his rhetorical agenda?

Discussion Points:

• Who are the political agents in this paragraph? Can you bring them into systematic correlation?
• Do you agree with Cicero that slavery is worse than death?
• What do you think freedom consists in?

eripio, -ipere, -ipui, -eptum	to seize, pull, tear from; snatch (away)
extorqueo, -quere, -si, -tum	to remove with a twist, wrench away to obtain by force; dislocate
salvus, -a, -um	safe, secure, unharmed; intact, undamaged still alive, existing, surviving, extant
ago, agere, egi, actum + cum	(here) to transact business (with), treat
consilium, -(i)i, n.	debate, discussion, deliberation, advice deliberative or advisory body; council decision; intention; deliberate action
utor, -i, usus	to use, employ, engage in
diuturnus, -a, -um	lasting for a long time, durable, lasting
avarus, -a, -um	greedy, avaricious, rapacious; miserly, mean
coniunx, -ugis, m. / f.	partner in marriage, spouse, husband / wife
contumelia, -ae, f.	insulting language or behaviour; affront
describo, -bere, -psi, -ptum	to represent, draw, describe
pensio, -onis, f.	a payment (of money), instalment
gubernaculum, -i, n.	steering-oar; the helm of the ship of state
defero, -rre, detuli, delatum deferre ad	to carry, convey, bring; transfer to entrust (something) to, put into the hands of
ubicumque (adv.)	in whatever place, wherever; in any place whatever
adhuc (adv.)	up to the present time, as yet, so far
tantum modo	only, merely, only just
ulciscor, -cisci, -tus	to inflict retribution / take revenge on to take vengeance on behalf of, avenge
nondum (adv.)	not yet
recipero, -are, -avi, -atum	to recover, regain, get back; restore, revive
adulescens, -ntis, m. / f.	a youthful person, young man or woman
paratus, -a, -um [ppl. of paro]	ready to hand, available; prepared, ready
cedo, -dere, -ssi, -ssum	to withdraw, go away, retire, depart to give in, yield, submit
otium, -(i)i, n.	leisure, relaxation; idleness; a state of public tranquility or peace
consulo, -ere, -ui, -tum	to consult, take counsel about, decide upon (intr. w. dat.) to consult the interests of, take thought for, look after
revoco, -are, -avi, -atum	to call upon to return, summon back, recall
salutaris, -is, -e	salutary, wholesome, promoting life / health
servitus, -utis, f.	servitude, bondage, slavery
intersum, -esse, -fui	to lie between, intervene to constitute a difference, be different, differ to make a difference, be significant
postremus, -a, -um	last, final; most recent (of an evil) extreme, worst
malum, -i, n.	trouble, distress, pain, hardship; evil, wickedness; harm, damage
repello, -ere, reppuli, repulsum	to push or thrust away, drive back, repel to fend off, deter, spurn, reject

§ 114: Caesar’s Assassination: A Deed of Unprecedented Exemplarity

Quod si se ipsos illi nostri liberatores e conspectu nostro abstulerunt, at exemplum facti reliquerunt. illi quod nemo fecerat fecerunt. Tarquinium Brutus bello est persecutus, qui tum rex fuit cum esse Romae licebat; Sp. Cassius, Sp. Maelius, M. Manlius propter suspicionem regni appetendi sunt necati: hi primum cum gladiis non in regnum appetentem, sed in regnantem impetum fecerunt. quod cum ipsum factum per se praeclarum est atque divinum, tum expositum ad imitandum est, praesertim cum illi eam gloriam consecuti sint quae vix caelo capi posse videatur. etsi enim satis in ipsa conscientia pulcherrimi facti fructus erat, tamen mortali immortalitatem non arbitror esse contemnendam.

Study Questions:

• Who was Tarquinius?
• What case is Romae?
• Who were Sp. Cassius, Sp. Maelius, and M. Manlius?
• Explain the construction regni appetendi.
• In the phrase in regnum appetentem does the preposition in govern the noun regnum or the participle appetentem?
• What noun does the genitive phrase pulcherrimi facti depend on?
• What word does the partitive genitive fructus depend on?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• How does Cicero differentiate the recent from the distant past?
• Consider Cicero’s use of the verb facere in this paragraph: exemplum facti — fecerat — fecerunt — (impetum) fecerunt — ipsum factum — (in ipsa conscientia) pulcherrimi facti. Why does he insist so much on ‘deed’ and ‘done’?
• Why is mortali immortalitatem ‘an effective use of adnominatio’ (Ramsey)?

Discussion Points:

• In what ways is the murder of Caesar particularly glorious?
• What does immortality consist of for Cicero in this paragraph?
• How would you justify tyrannicide?

conspectus, -us, m.	sight, view; appearance, look
aufero, -rre, abstuli, ablatum	to carry or fetch away, remove, take away withdraw
persequor, -qui, -cutus	to follow persistently, pursue, press hard to seek requital or restitution for, seek out
licet, -cere, -uit / -itum est	it is permitted, one may (w. subjunctive) although
propter (prep. + acc.)	because of, for the purpose of, on account of
suspicio, -onis, f.	suspicion, mistrustful feeling; a faint indication, suggestion
regnum, -i, n.	kingship, tyranny; kingdom
appeto, -ere, -ivi / -ii, -itum	to try to reach, stretch out for; desire, seek
neco, -are, -avi, -atum	to put to death, kill
impetus, -us, m.	onset, thrust, attack; violent impulse, urge
cum … tum…	(here) not only, as well as
praeclarus, -a, -um	radiant, brilliant, magnificent, glorious
divinus, -a, -um	divine, godlike
expono, -onere, -osui, -ositum exponere ad	to expose; to put on show, display to expose to

§ 115: Looking for the Taste of (Genuine) Glory…

Recordare igitur illum, M. Antoni, diem quo dictaturam sustulisti; pone ante oculos laetitiam senatus populique Romani, confer cum hac nundinatione tua tuorumque: tum intelleges, quantum inter lucrum et laudem intersit. sed nimirum, ut quidam morbo aliquo et sensus stupore suavitatem cibi non sentiunt, sic libidinosi, avari, facinerosi verae laudis gustatum non habent. sed si te laus adlicere ad recte faciendum non potest, ne metus quidem a foedissimis factis potest avocare? iudicia non metuis? si propter innocentiam, laudo; sin propter vim, non intellegis, qui isto modo iudicia non timeat, ei quid timendum sit?

Study Questions:

• Parse recordare.
• Parse senatus.
• What noun governs the genitive tuorum?
• Parse intelleges.
• Why is intersit in the subjunctive?
• Parse quidam.
• What kind of dative is ei?

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Analyze the rhetorical craftsmanship of sed nimirum … non habent.
• What is the effect of the asyndetic paratactic opening sequence (three imperatives — recordare, pone, confer — followed by tum intelleges)?

Discussion Points:

• What does vera laus consist in for Cicero?
• What is a stronger motivation for ethical conduct: desire for praise or fear of punishment?

recordor, -ari, -atus	to call to mind, recollect
laetitia, -ae, f.	joy, gladness, pleasure; delight
confero, -rre, contuli, collatum	to bring, take, carry, convey to bring together; to compare
nundinatio, -onis, f.	the action of trading or trafficking
quantum (adv.)	how much; to what extent
lucrum, -i, n.	material gain, profit
laus, -dis, f.	praise, commendation; renown; praiseworthiness, excellence
nimirum (particle)	without doubt, evidently, presumably
quidam, quaedam, quoddam	a particular, a certain
morbus, -i, m.	disease, illness, sickness, infirmity
sensus, -us, m.	capacity to perceive by the senses; sensation feeling
stupor, -oris, m.	numbness, stupefaction, dullness
suavitas, -atis, f.	pleasantness, charm
cibus, -i, m.	food, nutriment
libidinosus, -a, -um	arbitrary, capricious; lustful, licentious
avarus, -a, -um	greedy, avaricious
facinerosus, -a, -um	criminal, wicked
gustatus, -us, m.	the act of tasting; the sense of taste
adlicio, -icere, -exi, -ectum	to entice, attract, lure; to attract to, win over
foedus, -a, -um	offensive, foul, loathsome; hideous, unclean, repugnant, monstrous shameful, disgraceful, vile
avoco, -are, -avi, -atum	to call / summon away, turn aside, avert to dissuade
innocentia, -ae, f.	freedom from guilt, innocence uprightness, blamelessness, integrity

§ 116: Caesar You Are Not!

Quod si non metuis viros fortis egregiosque civis, quod a corpore tuo prohibentur armis, tui te, mihi crede, diutius non ferent. quae est autem vita dies et noctes timere a suis? nisi vero aut maioribus habes beneficiis obligatos quam ille quosdam habuit ex eis a quibus est interfectus, aut tu es ulla re cum eo comparandus. fuit in illo ingenium, ratio, memoria, litterae, cura, cogitatio, diligentia; res bello gesserat, quamvis rei publicae calamitosas, at tamen magnas. multos annos regnare meditatus, magno labore, magnis periculis quod cogitarat effecerat; muneribus, monumentis, congiariis, epulis multitudinem imperitam delenierat; suos praemiis, adversarios clementiae specie devinxerat. quid multa? attulerat iam liberae civitati partim metu, partim patientia consuetudinem serviendi.

Study Questions:

• Parse ferent.
• Identify and explain the case of dies et noctes.
• What kind of ablative is ulla re?
• What kind of accusative is multos annos?
• Parse cogitarat.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• What is the rhetorical effect of Cicero’s penchant for asyndetic enumerations in this paragraph? (See esp. ingenium, ratio, memoria, litterae, cura, cogitatio, diligentia and muneribus, monumentis, congiariis, epulis, but also magno labore, magnis periculis and suos praemiis, adversarios clementiae specie.)
• What are your thoughts on Cicero’s repeated use of the attribute magnus? (res … at tamen magnas, magno labore, magnis periculis)?
• After concluding two sentences with the verb (effecerat; delenierat), why does Cicero depart from standard word order in the last sentence and lead with the verb (attulerat)?

Discussion Points:

• Does Cicero get his assessment of Caesar right?
• What accounts for the rise of autocratic demagogues? Are they born or made?

metuo, -ere, -i, metutum	to regard with fear, be afraid of, to fear
egregius, -ia, -ium	outstanding, excellent, pre-eminent
prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum	to keep off, hold at bay; prevent, preclude
timeo, -ere, -ui	(intr.) to experience fear, be afraid (w. dat.) to be afraid (on behalf of) (w. ab, unde) to fear harm (from)
beneficium, -(i)i, n.	service, kindness; favour
obligo, -are, -avi, -atum	to tie up, secure, place under obligation
interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum	to do away with, put to death, kill; destroy
ingenium, -(i)i, n.	natural disposition, temperament; inherent quality or character mental powers, natural abilities, talent
ratio, -onis, f.	the act of reckoning, calculation; reason
littera, -ae, f.	letter (of the alphabet)
litterae (pl.)	letter, missive, dispatch literary works, writings; literary activities scholarship, erudition, culture
cura, -ae, f.	anxiety, worry, care; serious attention, zeal the administration, charge, command (of)
cogitatio, -onis, f.	reflection, thought
diligentia, -ae, f.	carefulness, attentiveness, assiduity
quamvis (adverb)	to any degree you like; no matter how (w. subjunctive) however (w. indicative) although
calamitosus, -a, -um	wretched, unfortunate, ill-starred causing disaster, disastrous, calamitous
meditor, -ari, -atus	to think about constantly, contemplate
munus, -eris, n.	function, task; duty; gift, tribute, token
monumentum, -i, n.	statue, trophy, building; monument
congiarium, -(i)i, n.	a quantity (of wine, oil, money) distributed as a gift gratuity, largesse, donation
epulum, -i, n.	a public feast, banquet
imperitus, -a, -um	lacking experience, ignorant, untutored
delenio, -ire, -ii, -itum	to soothe down, mollify, cajole; bewitch
clementia, -ae, f.	clemency, leniency
species, -ei, f.	spectacle, sight; appearance, look, display assumed appearance, veneer (specie + gen.) under the specious cover / on the pretext of
devincio, -cire, -xi, -ctum	to tie fast, bind; subjugate; oblige
affero, -rre, attuli, allatum	to bring with one, deliver, fetch; add, confer (+ acc. and dat.) to bring (a condition) about (for / upon)
partim … partim… (adv.)	partly … partly…
patientia, -ae, f.	endurance, hardiness; forbearance, tolerance apathy, passivity
consuetudo, -inis, f.	usage, custom, habit, convention
servio, -ire, -ivi / ii, -itum	to serve, wait on, be the servant of to be subservient, be subject to servitude

§ 117: Once Burnt Lesson Learnt!

Cum illo ego te dominandi cupiditate conferre possum, ceteris vero rebus nullo modo comparandus es. sed ex plurimis malis quae ab illo rei publicae sunt inusta hoc tamen boni est quod didicit iam populus Romanus quantum cuique crederet, quibus se committeret, a quibus caveret. haec non cogitas, neque intellegis satis esse viris fortibus didicisse quam sit re pulchrum, beneficio gratum, fama gloriosum tyrannum occidere? an, cum illum homines non tulerint, te ferent?

Study Questions:

• What kind of ablatives are cupiditate and ceteris … rebus?
• What are the subject and the verb of the sentence starting sed ex plurimis malis…?
• What kind of ablative is ab illo?
• Parse inusta.
• What does the genitive boni depend on?
• Explain the syntax of satis.
• What kind of ablatives are re, beneficio, and fama?
• Parse ferent.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• What do the stylistic devices on display here, such as alliteration or asyndetic tricola, contribute to the tone of the passage?

Discussion Points:

• Do you share Cicero’s view of tyrannicide?
• ‘We don’t get fooled again’. This passage is often thought to be the nub of the whole speech. Does it read that way?

dominor, -ari, -atus	to exercise sovereignty, act as a despot, rule
inuro, -rere, -ssi, -stum	to burn, scorch; to make / imprint by burning to impress indelibly, brand on
disco, -ere, didici	to acquire knowledge of, learn, get to know
credo, -ere, -idi, -itum	to commit, entrust; trust, rely on to give credence to, believe
committo, -ittere, -isi, -issum	to bring together, join, connect; entrust to
caveo, -ere, cavi, -tum	to take precautions, be aware, take care (w. acc. or ab + abl.) to guard against, beware of
pulcher, -chra, -chrum	pleasing, beautiful; excellent, fine morally beautiful, honourable, noble
beneficium, -(i)i, n.	service, kindness; favour
gratus, -a, -um	grateful, thankful; welcome, popular
gloriosus, -a, -um	boastful, vainglorious; glorious, illustrious
occîdo, -dere, -di, -sum	to cause the death of, kill, slaughter

§ 118: Here I Stand. I Can Do Naught Else

Certatim posthac, mihi crede, ad hoc opus curretur neque occasionis tarditas exspectabitur. respice, quaeso, aliquando rem publicam, M. Antoni; quibus ortus sis, non quibuscum vivas, considera. mecum, ut voles: redi cum re publica in gratiam. sed de te tu videris; ego de me ipse profitebor. defendi rem publicam adulescens, non deseram senex: contempsi Catilinae gladios, non pertimescam tuos. quin etiam corpus libenter obtulerim, si repraesentari morte mea libertas civitatis potest, ut aliquando dolor populi Romani pariat quod iam diu parturit!

Study Questions:

• What tense is curretur?
• Why are ortus sis and vivas in the subjunctive?
• Parse considera.
• How are we to construe mecum?
• Parse voles.
• Parse redi.
• Parse videris.
• Parse defendi.
• Parse obtulerim and explain the mood.

Stylistic Appreciation:

• What is the rhetorical effect of the impersonal passive curretur?
• How does Cicero pile pressure on Antony?

Discussion Points:

• What do you think of Cicero’s self-promotion, i.e. that he has led a life devoted to selfless service to the state?
• Would you sacrifice your life for the welfare of the state?
• What do you make of Cicero’s birth imagery?

certatim (adv.)	with rivalry, in competition, emulously
posthac (adv.)	from this time, from now on, hereafter
occasio, -onis, f.	convenient or favourable circumstances; the right or appropriate moment
tarditas, -atis, f.	slowness, delay
exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum	to wait for, await, expect
respicio, -icere, -exi, -ectum	to look round, look back; to turn one’s thoughts or attention to to take notice of, heed
quaeso, -ere	to ask for, pray for, request
aliquando (adv.)	at some time or other; sometimes (in commands) now at last
orior, -iri, -tus	to rise, emerge, arise; to come into existence, be born (of persons) to be born (of), be descended (from)
gratia, -ae, f. in gratiam redire	favour, goodwill, kindness, friendship to become reconciled
profiteor, -iteri, -essus	to state openly, declare, avow to promise, guarantee, lay claim to
defendo, -dere, -di, -sum	to ward off, fend off; defend, protect
desero, -ere, -ui, -tum	to forsake, leave, abandon; part company
contemno, -nere, -psi, -ptum	to regard with contempt, despise
pertimesco, -escere, -ui	to become very scared of
quin etiam (adv.)	yes, and…; and furthermore
libenter (adv.)	with pleasure, willingly, gladly
offero, -rre, obtuli, oblatum	to put in the path of, expose to; to present, provide, supply; offer
repraesento, -are, -avi, -atum	to give immediate effect to; to present to view, manifest to bring back into the present, revive
pario, -ere, peperi, partum	to give birth to, bear, produce, bring forth
parturio, -ire, -ivi	to be on the point of giving birth; be in labour to be pregnant with

§ 119: Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!

Etenim si abhinc annos prope viginti hoc ipso in templo negavi posse mortem immaturam esse consulari, quanto verius nunc negabo seni! mihi vero, patres conscripti, iam etiam optanda mors est, perfuncto rebus eis quas adeptus sum quasque gessi. duo modo haec opto, unum ut moriens populum Romanum liberum relinquam — hoc mihi maius ab dis immortalibus dari nihil potest — alterum ut ita cuique eveniat ut de re publica quisque mereatur.

Study Questions:

• What kind of accusative is annos … viginti?
• Parse consulari and seni and explain how they fit into the syntax of the sentence.
• What kind of ablative is quanto?
• What kind of dative is mihi?
• Parse perfuncto and explain how it fits into the sentence.
• Identify and explain the case of hoc (mihi maius).

Stylistic Appreciation:

• Discuss the effect of the numerous reiterations of the same word (negavi / negabo; mortem immaturam / mors; optanda … est / opto; cuique / quisque) in the final paragraph.
• Explore Cicero’s pregnant use of the letter ‘m’ in this paragraph (mortem immaturam; mihi [… optanda] mors [est]; moriens; mihi maius [ab dis] immortalibus). How does sound reinforce sense?

Discussion Points:

• Did Cicero reap what he sowed?
• Should Antony have got the message?

abhinc (adv.)	back from the present, ago
prope (adv.)	near, nearby; close; almost
viginti (indeclinable)	twenty
nego, -are, -avi, -atum	to say (that  … not); deny
immaturus, -a, -um	unripe, immature; premature, untimely
consularis, -is, -e	of or proper to a consul (as noun) former consul, a man of consular rank
vere (adv.)	really, truly; correctly, truthfully
senex, -is, m.	an old man
opto, -are, -avi, -atum	to desire, pray for
perfungor, -gi, -ctus	to carry through / discharge one’s part (in perfect + abl.) to have finished one’s part, be done (with)
adipiscor, -ipisci, -eptus	to overtake, catch up with, arrive at, attain to obtain, acquire, achieve, win, secure
gero, -rere, -ssi, -stum	to bear, carry; perform; conduct
modo (adv.)	not more than, only, just
evenio, -enire, -eni, -entum	to come out, emerge (w. dative) to fall by lot, be allotted (to); happen to
mereo, -ere, -ui, -itum mereri bene / male (de) (deponent) mereri (de)	to earn, procure, gain; deserve to deserve well / ill of, to behave (towards)
quisque, quaeque, quidque	each