Appendix A
Editions consulted
Friedrich Hölderlin, Hyperion oder der Eremit in Griechenland, 2 vols (Tübingen: Cotta, 1797/1799), http://www.hoelderlin.de/register/fh-erstdrucke-d-11a.html; http://www.hoelderlin.de/register/fh-erstdrucke-d-11b.html (facsimile): http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Hyperion (transcription).
—. Hyperion oder der Eremit in Griechenland, 2nd edition, 2 vols (Stuttgart and Tübingen: Cotta, 1822).
Friedrich Hölderlin: Sämtliche Werke. Große Stuttgarter Ausgabe, ed. by Friedrich Beissner, III (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1957), http://digital.wlb-stuttgart.de/sammlungen/sammlungsliste/werksansicht/?no_cache=1&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=2075&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=1
Friedrich Hölderlin: Sämtliche Werke. Frankfurter Hölderlin Ausgabe, ed. by Michael Knaupp and D. E. Sattler, X–X1 (Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Roter Stern, 1982).
Friedrich Hölderlin: Sämtliche Werke und Briefe, ed. by Michael Knaupp, I (Munich: Hanser, 1992).
Friedrich Hölderlin: Sämtliche Werke und Briefe, ed. by Jochen Schmidt and Katharina Graetz, II (Frankfurt am Main: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 1994).
Appendix B
Translations
English
‘Friedrich Hölderlin: Hyperion or the Hermit in Greece’, translated by Bayard Quincy Morgan (typescript, Library of the University of Stanford, 1941).1
Friedrich Hölderlin: Hyperion or the Hermit in Greece, translated by Willard R. Trask (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1959); also, with a Foreword by Alexander Gode-von Aesch (London: Signet Classics, 1965).
‘Hyperion or the Hermit in Greece’, translated by Willard R. Trask, adapted by David Schwarz, in Friedrich Hölderlin: Hyperion and Selected Poems, ed. Eric L. Santner (New York: Continuum, 1990), pp. 1–133.
‘The Thalia Fragment’, in What I Own: Versions of Hölderlin and Mandelshtam, translated by John Riley and Tim Longville (Manchester: Carcanet, 1998), pp. 82–97.
Friedrich Hölderlin: Hyperion or the Hermit in Greece, translated by Ross Benjamin (New York: Archipelago Books, 2008).
Friedrich Hölderlin: Hyperion or the Hermit in Greece, translated by India Russell (Ely: Melrose Books, 2016).
Other translations consulted
Hölderlin: Hypérion ou l’Hermite de Grèce, précédé du Fragment Thalia, translated by Phillippe Jaccottet (Paris: Gallimard, 1973).
Friedrich Hölderlin: Iperione o l’eremita in Grecia, translated by Giovanni Scimonello (Pordenone: Studio Tesi, 1989).
Friedrich Hölderlin: Hyperion: En Brevroman, translated by Gösta Oswald (Stockholm: Natur och kultur, 2002).
Hölderlin: Hypérion ou l’Hermite de Grèce, translated by Jean-Pierre Lefebvre (Paris: Flamarion, 2005).
Friedrich Hölderlin: Iperione o l’eremita in Grecia, translated by Laura Balbiani, with an introductory essay by Giuseppe Gandolfi Petrone (Milan: Bompiani, 2015).
‘Hyperion o l’eremita in Grecia’, translated by Adele Netti (for an Italian edition by Luigi Reitani and due to be published in 2019).2
Appendix C
Select bibliography in English
Constantine, David, Hölderlin (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988).
—. ‘The Insurrection of 1770’, and ‘Richard Chandler’s Expedition’, in In the Footsteps of the Gods: Travellers to Greece and the Quest for the Hellenic Ideal (London: Taurus Parke Paperbacks, 2011), pp. 168–87, 188–209.
Gaskill, Howard, ‘“Ich seh’, ich sehe, wie das enden muß”: Observations on a Misunderstood Passage in Hölderlin’s Hyperion’, Modern Language Review, 76 (1981), 612–18.
—. Hölderlin’s Hyperion (Durham: Durham Modern Language Series, 1984).
—. ‘Open Circles: Hölderlin’s Hyperion and Hoffmann’s Kater Murr’, Colloquia Germanica, 19 (1986), 21–46.
—. ‘Hölderlin and Ossian’, London German Studies IV (1992), pp. 147–65.
—. ‘“So dacht’ ich. Nächstens mehr.”: Translating Hölderlin’s Hyperion’, Publications of the English Goethe Society, 77 (2008), 90–100.
Hamlin, Cyrus, ‘The Poetics of Self-consciousness in European Romanticism: Hölderlin’s Hyperion and Wordsworth’s Prelude’, Genre, 6 (1973), pp. 142–77.
Hölderlin: Essays and Letters, edited and translated with an introduction by Jeremy Adler and Charlie Louth (London and New York: Penguin Classics, 2009).
‘Hyperion: Friedrich Hölderlin’, in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism: Volume 263 [electronic resource]: criticism of the works of novelists, philosophers, and other creative writers who died between 1800 and 1899, from the first published critical appraisals to current evaluations, ed. by Lawrence J. Trudeau, e-book (Detroit: Gale, 2013), pp. 1–137. [Compilation of essays in English, introduced by Stephen Meyer.]
Louth, Charlie, Hölderlin and the Dynamics of Translation (Oxford: European Humanities Research Centre, 1998).
Ogden, Mark, The Problem of Christ in the Works of Friedrich Hölderlin (Cambridge: MHRA, 1991).
Roche, Mark William, Dynamic Stillness: Philosophical Conceptions of Ruhe in Schiller, Hölderlin, Büchner and Heine (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1987).
Schmidt, Dennis, On Germans and Other Greeks: Tragedy and Ethical Life (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001).
Unger, Richard, Friedrich Hölderlin (Boston: Twayne’s World Authors Series, 1984).
Index of Proper Names
Academe — olive grove outside the walls of Athens where Plato taught.
Acheron — river at the border of the underworld.
Achilles — Homeric hero of the Trojan War, rendered invulnerable (apart from his heel) by being dipped as a baby in the underworld river Styx; his friendship with Patroclus is alluded to by Hyperion on p. 31.
Agis (IV) — executed 241 BC; reforming king of Sparta.
Agora — ‘gathering place’ or ‘assembly’; central public space in ancient Greek city-states; stressed by Hölderlin on the second syllable.
Ajax — King of Salamis, warrior in the Trojan war, in strength second only to Achilles.
Adamas — name of Hyperion’s mentor; signifies ‘unconquerable’.
Adonis — mortal lover of the unnamed ‘beautiful divinity’, Aphrodite.
Alabanda — Hyperion’s activist friend, whose name is probably derived from that of the ancient city in Caria, western Anatolia.
Alexander (the Great) (356–323 BC) — Macedonian king and conqueror.
Alpheus — longest river in the Peloponnese; as a river god Alpheus pursues the nymph Arethusa, herself transformed into a stream.
Angele — Angelepikos or Angele gardens, east of Athens, said in Chandler’s account to be a favourite summer haunt of the Athenians.
Apollo — god of music, poetry, truth, prophecy, also sun and light.
Arcadia — region in the central Peloponnese, in mythology home of the god Pan, associated with idyllic harmony.
Arcturus — bright star in the constellation Bootes, becomes visible in September, hence the association with the approach of winter.
Arethusa — see Alpheus.
Aristogeiton — see Harmodius.
Athos — mountain and peninsula in north-eastern Greece.
Atlas — Titan condemned to hold up the heavens on his shoulders; mountain range in the Maghreb.
Attica — ancient region of east-central Greece, with Athens as its chief city.
[Augustine (of Hippo)] — the ‘wicked tongue’ (p. 132) who described the virtues of the Romans as ‘glittering vices’.
Brutus (Marcus Iunius) (85–42 BC) — Diotima alludes (p. 126) to Porcia, the unnamed ‘great Roman’ (woman), second wife of Brutus; she reputedly killed herself by swallowing hot coals.
Calauria — Diotima’s home island in the Saronic Gulf, part of the island pair now known as Poros.
Castor — see Dioscuri.
Cayster — (modern Küçük Menderes = “Little Meander”), river south of Smyrna.
Charon — ferryman who carries the souls of the newly deceased across the Styx and the Acheron into the underworld.
Chesma (Çeşme) — the naval battle of that name, between the Russians and Turks, took place in July 1770, in the area between the western tip of Anatolia and the island of Chios.
Chios — island off the Anatolian coast.
Cleomenes (c. 260–219 BC) — king of Sparta; continued the reforms of Agis.
Cleopatra — Hyperion alludes (p. 74) to the Egyptian queen’s wager with Marc Antony that she could consume ten million sesterces at a single meal; she won by drinking pearls dissolved in wine vinegar.
Corinth — ancient city in Peloponnese; the Isthmus of Corinth connects the Peloponnese with mainland Greece.
Coron (Koroni) — town in Messenia, on the south-west peninsula of the Peloponnese.
Cybele — Phrygian mother of the gods, worshipped in ancient Anatolia.
Danaids — in mythology the daughters of Danaus, condemned to spend eternity carrying water in sieves to fill an ever-draining barrel.
Delos — island in the Cyclades archipelago.
Delphi — ancient sanctuary on the south-western slope of Mount Parnassus; seat of the most famous oracle Pythia, priestess to Apollo.
Demosthenes (384–322 BC) — statesman and orator of ancient Athens, supported independence from Macedonia; committed suicide on Calauria to avoid capture.
Diana — Roman equivalent of Greek Artemis, goddess of the hunt; Hyperion alludes obliquely to the fate of her victim Actaeon.
Dioscuri — heavenly twins, Castor and Pollux (constellation Gemini); in mythology Castor persuades Zeus to let him share his immortality with Pollux.
Diotima — Hyperion’s beloved; the name, stressed by Hölderlin on the penultimate syllable, is derived from Plato; in the Symposium it is Diotima of Mantinea who teaches Socrates the ‘philosophy of love’.
Dodona — in Epirus, north-western Greece; seat of an ancient oracle of Zeus, who communicated his means of the rustling of the leaves of the oak-tree.
Draco (7th century BC) — responsible for the first written laws of ancient Athens, known for their harshness.
Etna — the unnamed ‘titan in/of Etna’(p. 16) is Typhon; see also [Empedocles].
Elis — region in the Peloponnese.
Elysium — ‘plain of the blessed’; place/state of perfect happiness; paradise.
[Empedocles] (c. 490– c. 430 BC) — Hyperion alludes to him (p. 130) as ‘the great Sicilian’; pre-Socratic philosopher, said to have perished in the flames of Etna; the abortive drama Empedokles was to be Hölderlin’s next major project after Hyperion.
Ephesus — ancient city on the coast of Ionia, south-west of Smyrna.
Epidaurian (mountains/woods) — south of Epidaurus, on the north-east coast of the Peloponnese.
Euphrates — river flowing into the Persian Gulf and marking the eastern frontier of the Ottoman Empire.
Eurotas — one of the major rivers of the Peloponnese.
Ganymede — Trojan prince of great beauty; carried off to Olympus by Zeus in the shape of an eagle to become cupbearer of the gods.
Harmodius (and Aristogeiton) (d. 514 BC) — ancient Athenian lovers and tyrannicides; see also Hipparchus.
Helicon (Mount) — mountain in Boeotia, central Greece.
Helios — (god of the) Sun; see also Hyperion.
Hellespont — ancient name of the strait between the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara; Dardanelles.
Heraclitus — pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, active around 500 BC.
Hercules — Roman equivalent of Greek Heracles, hero and demi-god, renowned for his strength.
Hipparchus — son of Pisistratus, tyrant of ancient Athens from 528/27 BC until his assassination in 514 BC by Harmodius and Aristogeiton.
Homer (c. 740–650 BC) — legendary Greek epic poet; see also Iliad, Nestor, Ulysses.
Hymettus — mountain range in the Athens area of Attica.
Hyperion — (‘he who looks from above’); the name is taken from that of the Titan in Greek mythology, the father of Helios, the Sun, but often conflated with the latter (for instance, in Homer).
Ida (Mount) — (modern Kazdağı) in the ancient Troad region of western Anatolia.
Ionia — ancient Greek region on the western coast of Asia Minor, land of Homer; Hölderlin can use the term with some latitude (Knaupp, III, 742 f.).
Iliad — Homeric epic of the Trojan War.
Ilissus — river in Athens whose grassy banks were shaded by plane trees and favoured by Socrates for walking and teaching — see Plato’s Phaedrus (section 229 a,b).
Isis — Egyptian goddess; her veil, indicating the inaccessibility of nature’s secrets, provided contemporaries of Hölderlin such as Schiller and Novalis with a major literary motif.
Jupiter — Roman equivalent of Greek Zeus, king of the gods.
Karaburun — town on peninsula west of Smyrna.
Lacedaemon — another name for Sparta.
Lethe — underworld river of oblivion and forgetfulness.
Lycabettus — hill in central Athens.
Lycurgus (9th century BC) — legendary law-giver of Sparta.
Macedonian phalanx — formation of infantry carrying overlapping shields and long spears, developed by Philip II of Macedon and used by Alexander the Great.
Marathon — town in Attica, 42 km from Athens; site of a famous victory of the Athenians over the Persians in 490 BC; see Pheidippides.
Megaera — one of the Furies in Greek mythology.
Meles — river flowing through Smyrna.
Messogis — mountain range south-west of Tmolus.
Mimas (Mount) — mountain on peninsula west of Smyrna.
Minos — mythological king of Crete, judge of the dead in the underworld.
Miletus — ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia.
Mistra — fortified town near ancient Sparta.
Modon (Methoni) — town in Messenia, on the south-west peninsula of the Peloponnese.
Morea — older name for the Peloponnese.
[Muhammad] — Hyperion alludes to him (p. 76) as ‘the Arab merchant’.
Navarin (Pylos) — town in Messenia, on the south-west peninsula of the Peloponnese.
Nemea — ancient site in the north-eastern part of the Peloponnese.
Nemesis — goddess of retribution.
Neptune — Roman equivalent of Greek Poseidon, god of the sea.
Nestor — King of Pylos in the Homeric epics; (p. 14) Hyperion may have in mind Odyssey, Book III, lines 102–200, or perhaps Iliad, Book XI, lines 655–761, both containing circumstantial accounts by the reminiscing veteran.
Nios (Ios) — island in the Cyclades archipelago.
Notara — friend who invites Hyperion to come to stay with him on Calauria, and provides material and moral support for his participation in the uprising against the Turks.
Oedipus — Hyperion refers (p. 131) to the reception of the blind Oedipus at the gates of Athens in Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colonus (Act I).
Olympia — sanctuary of ancient Greece in Elis.
Olympieion — Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens.
Olympus — mountain in Thessaly, central Greece; seat of the Greek gods; heaven.
Ossa — mountain in Thessaly, central Greece; in mythology the giant Aloads attempted to scale Olympus by piling Mount Pelion on top of Mount Ossa.
Pactolus (modern Sart Çayı) — river rising from Mount Tmolus and flowing through the ruins of Sardis.
Parcae — Roman equivalent of Greek Moirai, the three sisters controlling human and divine destiny.
Parnassus (Mount) — mountain in central Greece, north of the Gulf of Corinth.
Paros — island in the Cyclades archipelago.
Parthenon — temple on the Athenian acropolis.
Pelion — mountain in Thessaly, central Greece; see Ossa.
Pelopidas (d. 364 BC) — Theban statesman and general; fought for the liberation of his people from Sparta.
Peloponnese — peninsula in southern Greece.
Pentelikon — mountain range in Attica, north-east of Athens.
[Pheidippides] — the unnamed ‘victory messenger’ (p. 84), said to have run from Marathon to Athens to deliver news of the defeat of the Persians at the Battle of Marathon.
Phoebus — byname of Apollo as the sun-god, whose chariot is pulled through the sky by steeds nourished on ambrosia, according to Ovid, of whom Notara is thinking (p. 85).
Pisistratus — (600–527 BC) tyrant of ancient Athens.
Plataea — ancient Greek city in south-eastern Boeotia; location of the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC, in which an alliance of Greek city-states defeated the Persians.
Plato (c. 428–347 BC) — philosopher whose conception of beauty is of major significance for Hölderlin’s novel — the preface to the penultimate version ends with an apology to ‘holy Plato’ for the extent to which we have wronged him; see also Diotima, Stella.
Plutarch — (c. AD 46–120) author of Parallel Lives, biographies of famous Greeks and Romans.
Pollux — see Dioscuri.
Polyxena — daughter of Priam and Hecuba, king and queen of Troy; on p. 105 Hyperion (mis)quotes from Euripides’ Hecuba, line 415.
Porte (Sublime) — central government of the Ottoman Empire.
Procrustes — ‘stretcher’; mythical bandit who stretched or amputated the limbs of travellers to make them conform to the length of his bed.
Prometheus — Titan, punished by the gods for stealing fire and giving it to man; symbolizes creativity and human striving.
Pythia — oracle of Delphi, priestess to Apollo.
Rhodes — largest of Greece’s Dodecanese islands.
Salamis — largest Greek island in the Saronic gulf where the narrating Hyperion lives from the beginning of book two of the first volume; the Battle of Salamis was a decisive naval battle fought by a Greek alliance under Themistocles against the Persians in 480 BC.
Sardis — capital of ancient kingdom of Lydia, modern name Sart (Turkey), at the foot of Mount Tmolus.
Scipios — distinguished Roman patrician family of the third and second centuries BC.
Sicilian — see [Empedocles].
Sicyon — ancient Greek city state on the Gulf of Corinth in the northern Peloponnese.
Sipylus (Mount) — (modern Spil Dağı), mountain west of Tmolus.
Sirius — chief star in the constellation Canis Major, brightest in the night sky; associated with heat and the ‘dog days’ of summer.
Smyrna — ancient name of İzmir (Turkey).
Sunium (Sounion) (Cape) — promontory at the southernmost tip of the Attic peninsula.
Sophocles — the motto at the beginning of the second volume is from Oedipus at Colonus (line 1225); see also Oedipus.
Sparta — prominent ancient city-state in the south-eastern Peloponnese.
Stella — Latin version of Greek ‘Aster’, ‘star’ pupil of Plato (and male).
Styx — river of the underworld; see also Achilles.
Taenarum — peninsula in southern Greece, containing a cave with access to the underworld.
Tantalus — mythical king of Lydia; having been admitted to the table of the gods, he incurred divine displeasure, and was punished in the underworld by being tantalized with eternally unreachable food and drink.
Teos — ancient Greek city on the coast of Ionia, south-west of Smyrna.
Themistocles (c. 524–459 BC) — Athenian politician and general.
Thermopylae — narrow pass on the east coast of central Greece, site of the first battle against the invading Persians in 480 BC.
Theseus — mythical founder hero of Athens and its democracy.
Tinos — Hyperion’s home island in the Aegean (Cyclades archipelago), spelt ‘Tina’ by Hölderlin.
Tiniot — adjective from Tinos.
Tmolus (Mount) (modern Bozdağ) — mountain with Lydian capital Sardis at its foot.
Tripolitsa (Tripoli[s]) — town in the central Peloponnese; in spring 1770 scene of a rout of the Greek revolutionaries who fled, leaving the inhabitants to be massacred by Albanian mercenaries.
Troad — historical name of the Biga Peninsula in the north-western part of Anatolia.
Ulysses (Latin form of Odysseus) — central figure of Homer’s Odyssey; Hyperion alludes (p. 133) to his return home in disguise, ten years after the end of the ten-year Trojan war, to find Penelope, his wife, beset by profligate suitors — see Books 20, line 377, and 21, line 400.
Urania — heavenly muse; goddess of universal love and beauty.
Vulcan — Roman equivalent of Hephaestus, god of fire and forge; he had a permanent limp from being tossed off Mount Olympus.