decline 65
expansion 63
labor 59
language shift 64
literary language 62
Ahom (language) 6, 8, 10, 51, 58, 61, 63–64, 66–70, 74
Amdo Tibetan (language) 142, 153
Anderson, Benedict 49
Assamese 75
Awadhi 79, 81, 83, 87, 100, 102
Ban Ok Publik Muang Tai 73
Bengali 71
Bhattarai, Baburam 101
Bodo movement 73
Brahmaputra Valley 57, 59–60, 72
British colonial language policy 71
British rule in India 70
Buddhism 38, 54–55, 61, 64, 120
Chaudhury, Sheshram 98
China (PRC) 21, 25, 112, 137, 148, 150, 154–155, 159, 165
Chone. See Chone (language)
Shépa oral tradition 158
Amdo Tibetan (language) 150
Chinese (language) 152
colonialism 71
Dolpa district 112
education policy 102
English-medium 115, 119, 123, 126, 129
Eighth Schedule (India) 70
Gansu Province 137
Gellner, Ernst 49
Gergyal Pedma 34
hierarchy 70
Hobsbawm, Eric 49
Hor, meaning of 29
India 52, 57, 68–69, 75, 94–95, 114, 120, 126–127, 165, 169, 172–173
indigenous people 41, 117, 171
intergenerational transmission 131
Jones, William 68
Kaike (language) 110, 127, 130
dictionary 122
Kaike (people). See Tarali
Kamarupa 59
Kanlho Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP) 137, 145
Khams (language) 142
language 67
and education 84
and state 49
attitudes towards 90, 94, 101, 128, 130, 156–157
authority 105
competence 93
displacement 69
preservation 158
recognition 20
‘standard’ language 30, 41, 94, 98, 139, 153, 157
language contact 20, 40, 53, 57, 60–62, 66, 75, 85, 105, 119, 121, 138, 163, 173
migration 110, 127, 142, 168, 173
vertical and horizontal politics 20
language identity 49, 57, 67, 72
language ideology 39
language maintenance 109
language policy 137
China (PRC) 155
education 32, 82, 104, 106, 128, 145, 153, 158, 172–173
Nepal 82
official language 84
standard script 100
historical-institutional approach 50
language prestige 39
language regime 50–51, 53–55, 58, 61, 63, 66–71, 73–74, 165
language shift 20, 43, 51, 68, 143, 149, 152, 156, 163, 174
language standardization 137
linguistic assimilation 137
linguistic authority 80–81, 85, 105
linguistic hegemony 137, 140, 156
linguistic homogeneity 50
linguistic homogenization 70
linguistic hygiene. See verbal hygiene
linguistic purism 157
literacy 154
Magar (people) 117
mandala state 57
Mother Tongue Textbook Guidelines (Nepal) 102
Mughals 63
multilingual education 106, 128
textbooks 79
multilingualism 40, 42, 66, 73–75, 83, 85, 122, 128, 164, 174
nation-state model 70
Constitution (1990) 82
National Language Policy Commission 93
National Language Policy Recommendations Commission 85
School Sector Reform Plan 82
Old Tibetan 31
orthography 93
padi state. See mandala state
Pali Buddhism 61
Pedma Trashi (Pad ma bkra shis) 33
Pöke (language) 119
politics of language 20
Pollock, Sheldon 52
power dynamics 121
power hierarchies 40
Putonghua. See Chinese (language)
rTa’u (language) 43
writing 39
rTa’u area 37
Saikia, Yasmin 57
Sanskrit 61
Scott, James 52
Shertan 34
States Reorganization Act (India) 70
Surma Valley 72
surzhik 97
Tai-Ahom identity movement 73
Tai-Kadai (language) 51, 58, 62, 66, 72, 74, 165
Taozhou Chinese dialect 144
Tarai region 80
Tarali diaspora 122
textbook creation 103
textbook localization 90
Thailand 53
Tibet 20, 43, 110, 116, 122, 126, 138, 145, 159, 169
language contact 20
Tibetan (language) 23, 40, 116, 145, 159, 165
attitudes toward 36
literacy 37
Tichurong Valley 114, 125, 128
traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) 128
Tripathy, Bikram 102
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People 104
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 104
verbal hygiene 32
WeChat 38
Wolters, Oliver 53
writing 39
competence 93
textbooks 90
Yarru village 144
yarsagumba 112