Index

adult literacy 37, 42

Ahom 11, 57

Ahom Kingdom 66, 69

decline 65

expansion 63

labor 59

language shift 64

literary language 62

Ahom (language) 6, 8, 10, 51, 58, 61, 63–64, 66–70, 74

written scripts 56, 60

Amdo region 21, 26–27, 140

Amdo Tibetan (language) 142, 153

Anderson, Benedict 49

Assam 52, 75, 165

Assamese 75

Awadhi 79, 81, 83, 87, 100, 102

Ban Ok Publik Muang Tai 73

Bengali 71

Bhattarai, Baburam 101

Bodo movement 73

Brahmaputra Valley 57, 59–60, 72

British colonial language policy 71

British rule in India 70

Buddhism 38, 54–55, 61, 64, 120

buranji 61, 64, 66, 69, 72

Chaudhury, Sheshram 98

China (PRC) 21, 25, 112, 137, 148, 150, 154–155, 159, 165

Chinese (language) 137, 145

Chone. See Chone (language)

Chone (language) 130, 158–159

Shépa oral tradition 158

Chone region, Tibet 137, 159

Amdo Tibetan (language) 150

Chinese (language) 152

Chone Tibetans 137, 144

colonialism 71

Devanagari script 99–100

dialect 94, 137, 144

Dolpa district 112

Dunai, Nepal 114, 123, 127

education policy 102

English-medium 115, 119, 123, 126, 129

Eighth Schedule (India) 70

Gansu Province 137

Gellner, Ernst 49

Gergyal Pedma 34

hierarchy 70

Hobsbawm, Eric 49

Hor, meaning of 29

Horpa 22, 29, 31, 40, 44

India 52, 57, 68–69, 75, 94–95, 114, 120, 126–127, 165, 169, 172–173

indigenous people 41, 117, 171

intergenerational transmission 131

Jones, William 68

Kaike (language) 110, 127, 130

dictionary 122

Kaike (people). See Tarali

Kamarupa 59

Kanlho Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP) 137, 145

Kapilbastu 79–80, 83

Kathmandu 114, 123, 127

Khams (language) 142

Khams (region) 26, 142, 146

language 67

and education 84

and state 49

attitudes towards 90, 94, 101, 128, 130, 156–157

authority 105

competence 93

definition 41, 94, 98

displacement 69

ethnic identity 109, 130, 145

identity 38, 146

preservation 158

recognition 20

standardization 67, 145

‘standard’ language 30, 41, 94, 98, 139, 153, 157

language contact 20, 40, 53, 57, 60–62, 66, 75, 85, 105, 119, 121, 138, 163, 173

migration 110, 127, 142, 168, 173

vertical and horizontal politics 20

language identity 49, 57, 67, 72

language ideology 39

language loss 20, 156

language maintenance 109

language policy 137

China (PRC) 155

education 32, 82, 104, 106, 128, 145, 153, 158, 172–173

Nepal 82

official language 84

standard script 100

language politics 41, 70–71

historical-institutional approach 50

language prestige 39

language regime 50–51, 53–55, 58, 61, 63, 66–71, 73–74, 165

language shift 20, 43, 51, 68, 143, 149, 152, 156, 163, 174

language standardization 137

linguistic assimilation 137

linguistic authority 80–81, 85, 105

linguistic diversity 83, 159

linguistic hegemony 137, 140, 156

linguistic hierarchy 138, 146

linguistic homogeneity 50

linguistic homogenization 70

linguistic hygiene. See verbal hygiene

linguistic nationalism 49–50

linguistic purism 157

linguistic vitality 109, 122

literacy 154

literary development 80, 95

Magar (people) 117

mandala state 57

mother tongue education 79–80

Mother Tongue Textbook Guidelines (Nepal) 102

muang 53, 57, 73

Mughals 63

multilingual education 106, 128

textbooks 79

multilingualism 40, 42, 66, 73–75, 83, 85, 122, 128, 164, 174

nation-state model 70

Neo-Vaishnavism 64–67

Nepal 165, 174

Constitution (1990) 82

National Language Policy Commission 93

National Language Policy Recommendations Commission 85

School Sector Reform Plan 82

Nepali 106, 131, 173

Old Tibetan 31

orthography 93

padi state. See mandala state

Pali Buddhism 61

Pedma Trashi (Pad ma bkra shis) 33

Pöke (language) 119

politics of language 20

Pollock, Sheldon 52

power dynamics 121

power hierarchies 40

Putonghua. See Chinese (language)

rTa’u (language) 43

attitudes toward 23, 37

writing 39

rTa’u area 37

Saikia, Yasmin 57

Sanskrit 61

Scott, James 52

Shertan 34

States Reorganization Act (India) 70

state tradition 63–64, 66–67

Surma Valley 72

surzhik 97

Tai-Ahom identity movement 73

Tai-Kadai (language) 51, 58, 62, 66, 72, 74, 165

Taozhou Chinese dialect 144

Tarai region 80

Tarali 110, 114–115, 131

Tarali diaspora 122

textbook creation 103

textbook localization 90

Thailand 53

Tharu (language) 80, 106

Tibet 20, 43, 110, 116, 122, 126, 138, 145, 159, 169

language contact 20

Tibetan (language) 23, 40, 116, 145, 159, 165

attitudes toward 36

literacy 37

Tichurong Valley 114, 125, 128

traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) 128

Tripathy, Bikram 102

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People 104

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 104

verbal hygiene 32

WeChat 38

Wolters, Oliver 53

writing 39

competence 93

textbooks 90

written script 56, 101

Yarru village 144

yarsagumba 112

Zomia 52, 56, 58, 69