Name Index
Abbas, L. Y. xxi
Abbott, T. B. 105
Abebe, D. xv
Abrahamsen, A. 116
Abrams, D. 237
Abrams, D. N. 152
Abse, E. xv
Achmadi, D. 181
Ackerman, K. 329
Acosta, A. 238
Acosta, L. M. 196
Acosta, M. T. 144
Acredolo, L. P. 5, 160, 237–238, 241, 269, 316, 340–341, 347
Acuña, J. M. 99
Adams, D. J. 147
Adams, J. 265
Adams, L. 166
Adams, L. W. 151
Adams, M. J. 244
Ahlsén, E. 192
Airaghi, G. 118
Ajalloueyan, M. 59
Akita, K. 82
Akshoomoff, N. 157
Alant, E. 178
Albertini, J. A. 84
Alborz, A. 106
Alcock, K. 222
Alexander, K. 250
Al-fwaress, F. 211
Algozzine, B. 105
Allamano, N. 271
Allen, G. 172
Allison, C. 168
Allsop, L. 71
Alpert, C. L. 159
Altoè, G. 211
Alvares, R. L. 115
Alzrayer, N. M. 179
American Psychiatric Association (APA) 143, 146
Amirsalari, S. 59
Amorosa, H. 226
Amraei, K. 59
Anderson, G. L. 120
Anderson, S. W. 209
Andrews, P. 145
Anible, B. 15
Apostu, A. 168
Ardila, A. 211
Armon-Lotem, S. 229
Armstrong, D. F. xxii, 33, 76, 81
Arnold, P. 271
Arnold, R. 348
Arnott, S. 260
Aronoff, M. 77
Arrigoni, F. 172
Arroyo, M. E. 244
Ashbrook, E. 88
Asher, J. J. 258, 260, 266, 429
Ask Larsen, F. 102
Assaneo, M. F. 82
Atkinson, E. 314
Atkinson, J. R. 68, 84, 98, 163, 169, 194–195, 227, 229–231, 297, 321
Attanasio, V. 159
Attard, M. C. 206
Aukrust, V. G. 256
Autism Speaks 147
Autry, A. 123
Axelrod, S. 149
Axtell, J. 50
Axtell, R. E. 41
Aziz, A. A. 231
Babineau, M. D. 110
Baddeley, A. 271
Baer, D. 164
Bakheit, A. M. O. 190
Bakken, A. 347
Balaña, J. M. 107
Ball, A. L. 211
Ball, L. 191
Banda, D. R. 179
Bangerter, A. 193
Barachetti, C. 224
Baranello, G. 118
Baratz, R. 199
Barber, A. D. 165
Barense, M. D. 161
Barkley, R. A. 250
Barnes, D. 7, 128, 262, 314, 320
Barnes, E. F. 10, 98–99, 107–108
Barnes, S. K. 241
Barnett, D. 52
Barnett, S. 128–129, 134, 314, 320
Baron-Cohen, S. 144, 146, 165, 168
Baron, J.-C. 191
Barsalou, L. W. 266
Bartesaghi, R. 109
Barthélémy, C. 155
Bartlett, D. E. 248
Barton-Hulsey, A. 10, 173, 182
Basso, A. 195
Batorowicz, B. 178
Battison, R. 64
Battle, C. W. 173
Bauer, J. 175
Bauer, P. J. 238
Bauman, M. L. 172
Baumgartner, J. E. 215, 217–218
Bavin, E. 157
Beaman, R. 244
Beattie, G. 193
Bebiroglu, N. 224
Becker, E. B. E. 172
Becker, K. A. xxi
Beckett, J. W. 100
Behen, M. E. 114
Behrmann, M. 144
Béland, R. 192
Belin, P. 155
Bell, K. R. 123
Bello, A. 240
Bellugi, U. 15, 72–73, 76–77, 79–80, 104, 109, 194, 209, 272–273, 322
Benigni, L. 6
Bennetto, L. 170
Benson, D. F. 211
Benton, A. L. 273
Bérard, A. 144
Berbeco, S. 348
Berglund, E. 106
Bergmann, R. 347
Berman, S. 144
Bernas, R. 252
Bernier, R. 171
Bernstein Ratner, N. 222
Berry, J. O. 317
Best, W. 193
Beukelman, D. R. 10–11, 20, 94, 97, 123, 173, 188, 191, 232, 282, 313, 330
Beverly, B. L. 25
Bezuidenhout, A. 328
Bhogal, S. K. 190
Bigelow, J. 339
Bimbela, A. 130
Binger, C. 128, 131, 134, 316, 319
Binkofski, F. 34
Bird, H. 343
Bishop, D. V. M. 216, 220, 222–223, 227
Björck-Åkesson, E. 129
Blackburn, D. W. xi, 11, 164–165, 167
Black, S. E. 195
Blake, J. 224
Blanton, D. J. 25
Blasi, D. E. 82
Blau, V. 219
Bliss, Charles 378
Bloom, K. 241
Bluestone, C. D. 45
Blumberg, S. J. 145
Boddaert, N. 155
Boers, F. 262
Bohn, M. 240
Böhringer, K.-P. xix
Bo, J. 165
Bølling, G. 216
Bolton, P. 144
Bonasoni, P. 109
Bonet, J. P. 57
Bonifazi, S. 211
Bonnet-Brilhault, F. 145
Bonvillian, E. B. xxii
Bonvillian, J. D. xi, xii, xiii, xix, xxiii, xxiv, 11–13, 31–32, 36, 44, 47, 85–88, 90, 95, 100, 119, 153–154, 164–165, 167, 177, 183, 197–198, 204, 237, 252–253, 291, 293, 299, 306, 337, 445–447, 455, 471, 498, 505, 514, 531–533, 551, 555–557
Bonvillian, W. B. xxiv
Bookheimer, S. Y. 297
Boone, M. A. xxii
Borghi, A. M. 328
Borgia, M. E. 46
Borgna, G. 275
Boria, S. 166
Bornman, J. 178
Boroojerdi, B. 161
Börstell. C. 65
Borthwick-Duffy, S. 93
Botha, R. 36
Botting, N. 220, 222, 224–225, 229–230
Boukhris, T. 144
Bourdages, J. S. 260
Bourgeois, M. S. 190
Bowen, C. N. 162
Bowker, A. 178
Boyes Braem, P. 87–88, 138, 218
Boyle, M. H. 151
Boyle, M. P. 144
Bracaglia, K. F. xxi
Braddock, B. A. 224
Braden, J. P. 268
Bradley, V. 93
Brady, N. C. 99, 112, 129, 134
Bragg, L. 53
Brambilla, P. 172
Bram, S. 156
Brandt, J. P. 209
Branson, D. 5, 135, 158, 315, 340
Brauti, J. M. 71
Bredin-Oja, S. L. 134
Bregman, J. 144
Breitenstein, C. 211
Brennan, Martin 45
Brennan, Mary 82
Brereton, A. 128, 254, 311, 320
Bresnahan, M. A. 144
Bretherton, I. 6
Bridge, J. A. 251
Bright, B. J. 25
Brimacombe, M. 166
Brindley, R. 329
Bristol, M. M. 145
Brock, J. 98
Brookner, S. P. 214
Brooks-Gunn, J. 245
Brown, C. A. 237
Brownlie, E. 20, 311, 314–315, 324, 326, 329, 343
Brown, R. 240
Brown-Williams, J. 116
Brown, W. T. 99
Brunelle, F. 155
Bryen, D. N. 10, 95, 98, 116–117, 128, 132, 134, 320
Bryson, S. E. 151, 157, 170–172
Buchanan-Mellon, J. 117, 128–129, 131, 133–134, 164, 316, 319–320
Buckingham, J. 244
Buckwalter, P. 222
Budiyanto 7, 127–128, 134, 311, 319–320
Buell, E. P. 99
Bui, D. Q. 114
Bulcock, G. 193
Buntinx, D. L. 93
Burchinal, M. 246
Burnham, D. 68
Burton, B. 162
Butcher, C. 57
Byrne, B. 255
Cacace, A. T. 26
Caithness, T. 154
Call, J. 240
Call, N. A. 162
Camaioni, L. 6
Cameron, J. L. 158
Cameron, M. 317
Campanella, D. 200
Campbell, C. R. 201
Campbell, D. J. 157
Campbell, F. 178
Campbell, R. 73, 169, 194, 297, 321
Campbell, T. F. 227
Campione, G. C. 35
Campo, J. V. 251
Cans, C. 119
Cantagallo, A. 211
Caparulo, B. K. 221
Capek, C. M. 194
Capirci, O. 6, 158, 169, 269–270, 279, 328
Capitani, E. 270
Caplan, D. 189
Carbone, V. J. 159
Carey, B. 308
Carper, R. 157
Carragher, M. 192–193, 197, 206
Carrazana, E. J. 215
Carr, D. 314
Carretti, B. 113
Carrington, S. 190
Cartier, J. 50
Cartmill, E. A. 13–14, 28, 34, 266
Carver, L. 143
Casasanto, D. 213
Casey, B. M. 276
Cassidy, S. 168
Castañeda, P. de 51
Catlett, E. McD. xvi
Cattaneo, L. 166
Caute, A. 193
Ceccarelli, S. B. 172
Ceder, I. 276
Censoplano, S. 347
Centanni, T. M. 99
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 145–147
Centre for Excellence in Universal Design 3
Ceulemans, E. 134
Chadwick, D. D. 131
Chamberlain, C. 87
Chao, C. 347
Chapey, R. 191
Chapman, K. L. 231
Chapman, T. 216
Chasin, J. 320
Chatley, N. 261
Chazan-Cohen, R. 243
Checa, E. 107
Chen, H.-L. 26
Chen Pichler, D. 65
Chen, Y. 213
Cheron, G. 172
Che, X. 144
Chiang, M. C. 109
Chiong, C. 243
Cho, S.-h 191
Chow, M. L. 144
Christiansen, M. H. 82
Chugani, H. T. 114
Chu, H. 347
Chukoskie, L. 165
Chu, M. 275
Chung, W. 144
Ciani, E. 109
Claessen, M. 225
Clark, B. 149
Clark, W. P. 43
Clay, R. A. 259
Clayton-Smith, J. 114
Cleveland, S. 144
Clibbens, J. 13, 86, 110, 126, 135, 314, 316, 320
Coccia, M. 211
Code, C. 212
Coelho, C. A. 197, 202, 208, 288
Coez, A. 155
Coffey-Corina, S. 155
Coggins, T. E. 230
Cogswell, J. G. 50
Cohen, B. 144
Cohen-Goldberg, A. M. 76
Cohen, I. L. 157
Cohen, J. 149
Cohen, L. G. 189
Cohen, R. L. 261
Cohen, S. 108
Colamarino, S. A. 144
Colbert, A. 165
Coleman, A. 120
Colla, S. 134
Collins, D. L. 157
Collins, J. 144
Cologon, K. 127–128, 134, 314, 316, 320
Colville, D. 314
Conant, K. D. 114
Condillac, E. B. de 35–36, 259, 383
Coney, T. S. xxi
Connant Almrot, J. 170
Connell, T. M. 124
Conners, F. A. 113
Constantine, J. 245
Constantino, J. N. 157
Contemori, C. 229
Conti-Ramsden, G. 225, 227, 229–230
Converse, S. L. xxii
Convertino, C. 275
Cook, J. 51
Cooney, A. 10
Cooper, B. R. 244
Cooper, F. S. 35
Corby, D. 106
Cormier, K. 73, 79, 85–87, 228, 288
Coronado, F. V. de 51
Correia, M. M. 144
Cortés, H. 47
Corthals, P. 262
Cossu, G. 166
Costello, E. Jane 145
Cotnoir-Bichelman, N. M. 238
Cotton, M. M. xxii
Coulter, D. L. 93
Coulter, G. R. 63
Courtaux, S. 65
Cousins, W. 106
Cox, A. 146
Craig, E. M. 93
Craighero, L. 211
Crais, E. R. 157
Crawford, D. C. 99
Creedon, M. P. 5, 22, 160, 316
Creek, G. 193
Cress, C. J. 158
Crippa, A. 158
Crocetti, D. 165
Cronin, A. xxii
Cross, S. 150
Cruice, M. 193
Cruickshanks, K. J. 26
Crystal, S. 251
Cui, J. 276
Culp, D. M. 232
Cumley, G. D. 232
Currie, J. 243
Curtin, S. 143
Cuva, S. 169
Dachkovsky, S. 72
Dada, S. 179
Dager, S. R. 144–145, 157, 166
Dahlgren, SO. 123
Dammeyer, J. 102
Dan, B. 172
Daniels, D. 108
Daniels, M. 27, 246–250, 257, 341
Danziger, E. xxii
Dapretto, M. 297
Dark, L. 20, 311, 313–315, 320–321, 330
Darwin, C. 161
Daumüller, M. 330
Davidoff, V. 218
Davies, G. A. 10, 188, 191, 232
Davies, M. S. 297
Davis, J. A. xxii
Davis, J. L. 175
Davis, T. N. 179
Dawson, G. 147, 152, 155, 157, 170–171
Dayanim, S. 243
Dean, J. 153
de Beer, C. 192–193, 197, 206, 209
DeBoer, T. 238
Deckers, S. R. J. M. 20, 110, 330
De Deyn, P. P. 172
Dedrick, R. F. 25
DeFries, A. H. xx
Degener, T. 127
Dekhinet, R. 244
Delafield-Butt, J. T. 166
Delaporte, Y. 58
de l’Épée, Abbé C.-M. 58, 60, 386
Delk, M. T., Jr. 83
Dell, S. B. 36
Delprato, D. J. 163
Del Vecchio, G. 172
Delwiche, L. 145
Demchak, M. 5, 135, 158, 315, 340
De Meulder, M. 66
De Meyer, A.-M. 105
Demopoulos, C. 147
Denes, G. 158
Denmark, T. 74, 169, 226, 228, 288, 297, 321
Dennis, R. 12, 17, 105, 137, 284, 343
DePaolis, R. A. 238
de Radonvilliers, C.-F. L. 259–260
de Ridder, H. 63
de Ruiter, J. P. 192–193, 197, 206, 209
de Saint Martin, A. 227
De Smet, H. J. 172
Desoete, A. 134
D’Esposito, M. 213
DeThorne, L. S. 5, 232, 245, 340
Deth, R. C. 147
Deuchar, M. 77
Devkota, N. K. 349
de Waal, F. B. M. 34
De Weerdt, W. 166
Diaz-Caneja Sela, P. 115
Díaz del Castillo, B. 47
Dietz, A. 191
Dimarco, R. 330
Dimitrova, N. 6, 110, 169–170, 238
DiNatale, P. 101
Dinno, N. 157
Dinstein, I. 144
Dippel, D. W. J. 190
Divale, W. T. 46
Dixon, J. 113
Dodd, J. L. 129, 133, 164, 317
Dodge, M. 57
Dodge, R. I. 45
D’Odorico, L. 107
Dodson, C. S. xxii
Dodson, H. L. xv
Doherty, J. E. 76, 105, 156, 284, 289, 325–326, 332, 334
Dolan, S. 7, 128–130, 133–136, 311, 314, 316–317, 319
Dollaghan, C. 227
Dong, H. xv
Donkin, A. 245
Donlan, C. 227
Donvan, J. 142
Dooley, T. T. xix, xxiv, 446, 555–556
Dores, P. A. 159
Dossani, A. 348
Dowd, D. 194
Downing, S. F. 115
Dow, R. S. 172
Drasgow, E. 178
Drew, A. 146
Drew, R. 210
Dubey, P. 166
Dubno, J. R. 26
Duffy, C. 163
Duffy, H. 5, 103–104, 128, 134, 311, 319, 340
Duffy, L. 347
Duffy, R. J. 197, 202–203, 205, 208, 288
Dugdale, P. 348
Duggan, K. A. 276
Duku, E. 151
Dulaney, S. B. xv
Duncan, G. J. 246
Duncan, P. 103
Duncan, S. D. 82
Dunn, Leota M. 247
Dunn, Lloyd M. 247
Dunn, M. L. 284, 315, 329, 343
Dunst, C. J. 95, 110, 157, 159, 317, 340
Duran, M. H. C. 217
Durieux-Smith, A. 241
Durkin, A. 275
Dykens, E. M. 106
Dykstra, J. R. 157
Dyson, A. T. 317
Dziuk, M. A. 168
Eadie, P. 157
Eagleson, H. M., Jr. 198
Eales, N. 193
Eastman, G. C. 347
Ebbels, S. H. 227
Eberhard, D. M. 1
Eberhard, P. 252
Eccarius, P. N. 64
Eckberg, T. J. 145
Eco, U. 40
Eddy, M. L. 144
Edelson, M. G. 146
Edwards, L. A. 329
Edwards, R. P. 106
Ege, B. 219
Eikeseth, S. 150
Eisenberg, L. 151
Elder, E. A. xx
Eldevik, S. 150
El Hachioui, H. 190
Ellison, T. M. 14, 33–35, 57, 81
Elrod, M. 147
Elwér, Å. 255
Emmerson, F. 116
Emmons, H. M. xviii, 299–300, 302
Emmons, M. M. 243
Emmorey, K. 15, 67, 77, 79–81, 194, 272, 274–275, 288
Enders, J. 52
Engelhardt, T. E. xxii
Engineer, C. T. 99
Enticott, P. G. 166
Entwisle, D. 250
Erdie-Lalena, C. R. 147
Erickson, H. B. xxii
Eriksson, M. 106
Erisir, A. xxii
Erkut, S. 276
Erlenkamp, S. 126
Esch, M. 263
Estenberger, M. 102
Estes, A. M. 144–145, 157, 166
Estivill, X. 98
European Sign Language Centre 69, 80, 284
Evans, A. C. 157
Evans, J. L. 224
Fabbri-Destro, M. 166
Fager, S. 191
Fairchild, M. 134
Faircloth, B. H. 114
Faja, S. 152
Falcone, C. 118
Faragher, B. 229
Farb, P. 42
Farkas, G. 246
Farmer, A. 101
Farnell, B. 46
Fee, M. S. 258
Feinberg, T. 194
Felce, J. 314
Fenlon, J. 73
Fennig C. D. 1
Fenson, L. 228
Fentress, J. 40
Ferber, S. 161
Ferm, U. 133
Fernald, A. 244
Fernell, E. 152
Ferrari, P. F. 34
Fidler, D. J. 109
Finestack, L. H. 99, 107, 134, 222, 225
Finney, M. C. 226
Finucane, B. M. 106
Fischer, R. 38
Fitch, R. H. 224
Fitzgerald, A. xiii
Fitzgerald, J. R. 129, 133, 314
Fitzpatrick, E. M. 241
Fleming, K. 129
Fleming, K. K. 99
Fletcher, P. 229
Flett, P. J. 124
Flöel, A. 211
Floris, D. L. 165
Florit, E. 224
Flynn, K. E. xxii
Focaroli, V. 166
Fogassi, L. 34
Foley, M. A. 261
Foltys, H. 161
Fonov, V. S. 157
Fontanella, C. A. 251
Forber-Pratt, A. J. 227
Ford, J. 101
Foreman, C. T. 43
Fosco, G. M. 129
Foster, A. M. 206
Fouts, R. S. 5, 22, 160–161, 340–341
Fox, N. P. xxii
Fox Tree, P. 45
Frankel, R. 151
Freebairn, L. A. 231
Frick-Horbury, D. 266
Friederici, A. D. 263
Friedman, H. S. 276
Friedman, R. J. 198
Friend, M. 245
Fries, L. 243
Frishberg, N. 77
Fritelli, G. 201
Frizelle, P. 136, 311, 314, 320
Frobisher, M. 44
Fruchter, D. 153
Fryman, J. 157
Fuller, D. R. 105
Furukawa, M. 84
Fuson, R. H. 50
Gabo, V. B. 231
Gagliardi, C. 98
Gajewski, B. J. 225
Galaburda, A. M. 109
Galeote, M. 107
Gallaudet, T. H. 58, 248, 371, 380, 392
Gallese, V. 34
Gamache, G. 24
Gamsiz, E. D. 144
Ganz, J. B. 175
Gao, W. 26
Garber, A. M. 36
Garces, E. 243
García, G. 47
Garcia, J. M. 126
Garfinkle, A. N. 175
Garon, N. 157
Garraffa, M. 229
Garves, M. M. 232
Gaskell, A. 110
Gates, G. A. 26
Gates, G. E. 106
Gathercole, S. E. 98, 226, 271–272
Gaunt, C. 212
Gauthier, K. 25
Gauthier, L. V. 211
Gayle, V. 106
Gaynor, M. 224
Geary, D. C. 276
Geier, D. A. 147
Geier, M. R. 147
Gellevij, M. 27
Genesee, F. 25
Geraci, C. 271
Gerhard, T. 251
Gerig, G. 157
Gernsbacher, M. A. 109, 146, 168, 276, 321
Gerstman, L. J. 211
Gervais, H. 155
Geschwind, D. H. 144
Geschwind, N. 189
Ghandour, R. M. 145
Ghezzi, P. 209
Giacobini, M. 152
Gianfreda, G. 328
Gidley Larson, J. C. 165–166, 168
Gilliam, T. C. 144
Gillon, G. G. 4
Gilrane, U. 7, 128–130, 133–136, 311, 314, 316–317, 319
Girolametto, L. 134
Glacken, M. 7, 128–130, 133–136, 311, 314, 316–317, 319
Glennen, S. 25
Glück, S. 68
Goddard, I. 42
Goebel, R. 219
Gokhale, S. 240
Goldbart, J. 127, 129, 134–135, 317, 319
Goldberg, M. C. 166
Golder, H. 52
Goldin-Meadow, S. 6, 13, 28, 34–36, 57, 82, 96, 157, 160, 211, 244–245, 266
Goldman, A. S. 116
Goldsmith, H. H. 146, 168, 321
Goldstein, S. 250
Golinkoff, R. M. 249
Gomez, S. C. 93
Gong, Q. 64
Gonsiorowski, A. 170
Gooch, D. 256
Goodman, L. 93
Goodwyn, F. D. 175
Goodwyn, S. W. 5, 160, 237, 241, 269, 316, 340–341, 347
Gordon, A. M. 120
Gordon, B. 159
Gordon, K. 175
Gordon, N. 219
Gorman, G. 147
Gorman, P. 349
Goswami, U. 9
Gottesman, I. 144
Gottesman, R. F. 213
Gozzi, M. 271
Grandpierre, V. 241
Granlund, M. 129
Gray, C. 271
Gray, S. 225
Greenblatt, S. 50
Green, E. M. 71
Greenson, J. 152
Greiner, N. 330
Grether, S. 211
Griebeling, K. H. 225
Grieco, J. 107
Griffith, N. M. 211
Griffiths, S. 190
Grinker, R. R. 145
Grinnell, M. F. xviii, 129, 317
Grosse, J. 41
Grossi, D. 270
Grove, N. xxiii, 4–5, 10, 20, 95, 98, 102–104, 111–113, 117–119, 128–134, 136, 158, 164, 166, 171, 226–229, 284, 297, 311, 314–316, 319–320, 322–324, 326, 328–331, 334, 340, 343, 348
Grush, R. 172
Gruson-Wood, J. F. 149
Guardino, C. A. 101
Guerreiro, M. M. 217
Gu, H. 157
Guidi, S. 109
Guimarães, C. A. 217
Gullberg, M. 265
Gunn, D. 108
Gunnes, N. 144
Guralnick, M. J. 106, 127, 130–131, 133–134, 316
Gur, R. C. 276
Gustafson, S. 255
Gustason, G. 348
Guttentag, R. E. 266
Guynn, M. J. 261
Haan, E. 113
Haar, S. 144
Habib, E. I. 231
Haga, C. 39
Hagger, J. K. W. xviii
Hahn, L. J. 99
Haight, J. C. 238
Haiman, J. 82
Hall, A. 108
Hall, S. M. 100
Hall, S. S. 145
Halpern, D. F. 276
Halverson, S. R. 114
Hamby, D. W. 95
Hamilton, A. 171
Hamilton, A. F. de C. 329
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Hammond, S. A. 46
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Hannant, P. 168
Hansen, A. 231
Hansen, B. 347
Harnish, S. 211
Harrington, T. R. 68
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Haskill, A. M. 222
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Hastings, R. P. 150
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Hatfield, F. M. 189
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Haug, T. 227
Hawken, L. S. 246
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Heath, P. 279
Heckman, J. J. 158
Hedges, L. V. 6
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Heilman, K. M. 196, 200, 204–205
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Heithaus, D. 108
Helfrich-Miller, K. R. 232
Hellblom, A. 189
Heller, I. 257
Helt, M. 152
Hendriks, E. A. 63
Henkel, L. 143
Hennon, E. 99
Henry, M. 158
Henson, R. 348
Herault, Y. 98
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Hertz-Picciotto, I. 145
Hesketh, A. 227
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Hetzroni, O. E. 325
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Hiance, D. L. 251
Hickey, F. 108
Hickox, I. T. xv
Hicks, J. 144
Hiddinga, A. 71
Hildebrandt, U. 63
Hill, E. L. 226
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Hillis, A. E. 190
Hilton, J. 262
Hinkley, T. 166
Hirsch, E. 227
Hirsh-Pasek, K. 249
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Hobson, P. A. 103
Hockema, S. A. 330
Hockett, C. F. 81
Hodapp, R. M. 106
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Hoffmeister, R. J. 101
Hof, P. R. 172
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Hoodin, R. B. 210
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Hopkins, W. D. 34
Hoppenbrouwers, K. 134
Hornberger, N. H. 46
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Hornig, M. 144
Horn, T. 179
Hostetter, A. B. 343
Hough, R. 51
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Howard, D. 189
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Hughes, J. C. 150
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Huntington, N. 143
Huq, A. H. M. 114
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Hutman, T. 157
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Hwa-Froelich, D. A. 25
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Iacoboni, M. 297
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Ingersoll, B. 170
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Inzlicht, M. 308
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Izawa, J. 171
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Jacobs, B. 210
Jahr, E. 150
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Jansiewicz, E. M. 166
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Jasiurkowski, S. A. xvii
Jaswal, V. K. xxii
Jeanes, R. C. 348
Jenkins, J. M. 246
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Jerath, V. K. 166
Jiménez, L. 170
Jobanputra, V. 144
Johannsen-Horbach, H. 192, 197
Johansson, I. 106
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Jolleff, N. 116
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Jong, T. de 27
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Jørgensen, H. S. 189
Joseph, A. 108
Jowett, B. 38
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Kagohara, D. M. 179
Kahana-Kalman, R. 249
Kahan, T. 189
Kahn, J. V. 116
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Kallen, R. 145
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Kaneko, M. 314
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Kappers, A. M. L. 272
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Kasper, T. 159
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Kellett, K. A. 109
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Korpela, R. 120
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Lancz, E. 348
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Landrigan, P. J. 144
Lane, H. 337
Lanfranchi, S. 113
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Lanza, S. T. 244
Lapkin, S. 260
Laska, A. C. 189
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Machmer, E. 275
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MacSweeney, M. 194
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Magimairaj, B. M. 226
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Pruett, J. R. 157
Pullara, O. 159
Pullens, P. 219
Pullens, W. 219
Pulsifer, M. 107
Pulvermüller, F. 144, 190, 211, 266
Purser, H. R. M. 108
Puura, K. 144
Pyers, J. E. 89, 158, 166, 168–170, 240, 275
Quadros, R. M. de 88
Quinlisk-Gill, S. 116
Quinn, D. B. 50
Raaschou, H. O. 189
Radford, L. 28
Rafiee, S. M. 149
Rahbari, N. N. 205
Rahebi, K. C. 99
Raikes, H. Abigail 245
Rajnik, M. 147
Ramachandran, V. S. 161
Ramdoss, S. 179
Randerath, J. 196
Raskind, W. H. 231
Rathmann, T. 86
Ratner, H. H. 261
Ratusnik, C. M. 177
Ratusnik, D. L. 177
Raudenbush, S. W. 6
Rautakoski, P. 316
Raven, Jean 147
Raven, John C. 147
Recchia, M. 107
Records, N. L. 222
Reed, P. 150
Reed, V. A. 230
Reeve, E. 93
Reichart, R. 328
Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. 144
Reichhardt, R. 211
Reichle, J. 12, 17, 105, 137, 163, 175, 284, 330, 343
Reid, B. 95, 100, 116, 124, 152
Reikowsky, D. I. 133, 314, 321
Reilly, C. 349
Reilly, S. 157
Reinders, M. J. T. 63
Reiss, A. L. 109
Reker, J. 41
Repetto, C. 276
Rescorla, L. 223
Reséndez, A. 49
Reszka, S. 175
Reuterskiöld-Wagner, C. 227
Reynolds, B. E. 348
Rey, R. 107
Rezaee, M. 149
Reznick, J. S. 228
Rhyne, J. M. 153
Rice, E. H. xxii
Richards, H. C. xix
Richardson, T. 104
Richmond, E. K. 99
Rickli, F. 218
Riekehof, L. L. 349
Rinehart, N. J. 166
Risch, N. 144
Riseborough, M. G. 266
Risi, S. 151
Risley, T. R. 244
Rispoli, M. 179
Riva, D. 118
Riva, F. 118
Rivers, W. M. 266
Roberts, B. 330
Roberts, Jenny A. 25
Roberts, Jillian 10, 24, 98–99, 107–108, 129, 245
Roberts, J. M. A. 150
Robinson, G. 216
Robinson, H. 99
Robinson, K. 257
Robinson, R. O. 216
Robinson, S. W. xix
Rochat, P. 240
Rødbroe, I. B. 102
Rodriguez, A. D. 211
Rodriguez, E. T. 245
Rodriguez, S. 242
Roeyers, H. 166
Rofiah, K. 7, 127–128, 134, 311, 319–320
Rogers, S. J. 109, 152, 157, 163, 170
Rogers, T. T. 18
Rojeski, L. 180
Rombach, D. W. 130
Rombouts, E. 117, 128–129, 131, 133–134, 164, 311, 316, 319–320
Romeo, O. 349
Romero Lauro, L. J. 271
Romski, M. A. 10, 98, 116, 129, 173, 182, 317
Ropar, D. 155
Rose, D. H. 128
Rose, M. L. 197, 205–206, 210–212
Rosenberg, R. E. 144
Rosenfeld, S. 36
Rosengren, K. S. 174
Rosen, R. S. 65
Rosenthal, M. 152
Rösser, N. 211
Ross, P. 349
Rost, B. xxii
Roth, F. P. 223
Rothi, L. J. G. 204
Rothi, R. L. G. 200
Roth, T. 325
Roth, W.-M. 276
Roulet Perez, E. 218
Rovito, C. R. xxii
Rowe, M. L. 6, 157, 160, 244–245
Rowley, K. 68, 84, 226–227, 229–231
Roy, E. A. 195
Roy, S. 144
Rubert, E. 34
Ruble, L. 134
Rudner, M. 339
Rudolph, J. M. 220
Russell, D. 71
Ruusu-Niemi, P. 120
Ryan, M. 116
Ryder, N. 224
Rygvold, A.-L. 25
Saadia-Redleaf, M. 26
Sahlén, B. 227
Saletti, V. 118
Samarin, W. J. 46
Samar, V. J. 273
Sampson, T. 77
Samson, Y. 155
Samuels, A. 179
Samuelsson, S. 255
Sanchez, S. 106
Sandager, O. 349
Sandberg, A. D. 123
Sandberg, C. W. 189
Santini, D. 109
Santogrossi, J. 175
Sanz Aparicio, M. T. 107
Sarno, J. E. 194
Sarti, D. 118
Sathe, K. 273
Saulnier, K. L. 75
Sautin, L. 191
Savage-Rumbaugh, S. 34
Saville, C. W. N. 251
Savino, M. A. 340
Scarbro-McLaury, J. 160
Schaaf, C. P. 180
Schaeffer, B. 148, 162–163, 340
Schaer, M. 155
Schalock, R. L. 93
Schatschneider, C. 245
Schinsky, L. 105, 200–202, 211–212
Schjølberg, S. 144
Schlesinger, H. S. 84
Schlosser, R. W. 5, 130, 178–179, 182, 320
Schmitt, S. A. 245
Schmitz, C. 172
Schreibman, L. 130, 163–164, 170
Schuchardt, K. 108
Schuler, A. L. 165
Schultz, A. F. 144
Schultz, R. T. 152, 157–158, 166
Schulz, E. 251
Schunk, H. A. 27
Schwartz, A. 107
Schwartz, J. B. 156
Schweigert, E. K. 168
Schweigert, P. 173
Sciarra, L. N. 144
Scott, A. A. 297
Scott, H. L. 45
Scott, K. A. 25
Sebastián, E. 107
Sebat, J. 144
Seeff-Gabriel, B. 229
Seegers, S. 77
Segers, M. 161
Seigel, J. P. 58
Self, H. 318
Seligsohn, K. 107
Selvin, S. 146
Sepulveda, A. 242
Seton, E. T. 349
Sevcik, R. A. 10, 34, 98, 116, 129
Sfaello, I. 155
Shadmehr, R. 171
Shankweiler, D. P. 35
Sharma, S. R. 216
Shaw, D. W. 157
Shaw, E. 58
Shaw Points, K. 83
Shaw, S. 190
Sheehan, J. 98
Sheehy, K. 311, 316, 319–320, 340
Sheehy, O. 144
Shelton, I. S. 232
Shema, S. J. 26
Shen, B. 165
Sherley-Appel, C. 44
Sherman, K. 243
Sherman, S. L. 99
Shield, A. 65, 155, 158, 166, 168–171, 315, 329
Shillingsburg, M. A. 95, 133, 153, 159, 162
Shneidman, L. A. 244
Shogren, K. A. 93
Shohdi, S. 231
Shonkoff, J. P. 158
Shott, S. R. 108
Shovelton, H. 193
Shriberg, L. 231
Shtyrov, Y. 144
Sibscota, G. 39
Sideridis, G. D. 143
Siedlecki, T., Jr. xii, 13, 85–86, 291
Sigafoos, J. 114, 116, 130, 137, 163, 175, 178–182, 320, 330
Silver, S. 42
Silverstein, M. 245
Simmons, N. N. 210
Simons, G. F. 1
Simpson, A. M. 245
Simpson, R. L. 175
Sims, V. K. 27
Singer, J. D. 244
Singh, G. K. 145
Singh, H. 170
Singh, S. J. 5, 127, 130, 134–135, 311, 316, 319, 340
Singleton, J. L. 227
Sinigaglia, C. 34
Sisterhen, C. 210
Sitter, S. 226
Ska, B. 192
Skelly, M. 105, 200–203, 208, 211–212, 284, 302, 349, 371, 423
Skotko, B. 107
Skuse, D. 144
Slavoff, G. xiii, 165, 169–170, 293, 306
Slobin, D. I. 74
Sloman, L. 153
Small, S. L. 208
Smet, L. 348
Smilovitz, R. 130
Smith, A. 113
Smith, E. 222
Smith, I. M. 144–145, 151, 157, 170–172
Smith, K. 144
Smith, L. B. 330
Smith, M. 152
Smith, P. 168
Smith, R. W. 105, 200–202, 211–212
Smith, V. 149
Snoddon, K. 243
Snow, C. E. 244
Snyder-McLean, L. 105
Sokol, S. 134
Sola, F. 13
Solodkin, A. 208
Sommer, J. 211
Song, D.-H. 145
Song, K. E. xxii
Song, L. 249
Soorya, L. V. 168
Sorger, B. 219
Soto, P. 107
Souriau, J. 102
Sparing, R. 161
Speechley, M. 190
Spellmann, M. E. 245
Spence, M. A. 145
Sperdin, H. F. 155
Spiker, D. 106
Spoden, L. E. xx
Sposato, J. A. xxii
Spotti, M. 328
Spreat, S. 93
Spreen, O. 273
Srinivasan, S. M. 158, 166, 168–170
Sroda, M. S. 328
Stahmer, A. C. 163
Stamenova, V. 195
Stanaway, I. B. 231
Stedt, J. D. 307
Steenbergen, B. 120
Stefanini, S. 107
Steinbach, M. 72
Steinhausen, H.-C. 151
Sterling, A. M. 99
Sternberg, M. L. A. 349
Stevenson, J. L. 109, 168, 321
Stevenson, R. A. 161
Stierwalt, J. A. G. 190
Stillman, R. 173
St. John, T. 166
Stokes, S. F. 229
Stokes, T. 164
Stokoe, W. C., Jr. 33–35, 53, 57, 60–64, 76–77, 81, 85–87, 91, 167, 202, 291, 349, 395, 401, 407, 422, 425–426
Stoltenberg, C. 144
Stone, C. 71
Stoner, R. 144
Stoodley, B. 172
Storch, S. A. 247
Stormont, M. 216
Strand, E. A. 123
Strawbridge, W. J. 26
Streiner, D. L. 151
Striano, T. 240
Strickland, B. B. 145
Stricklin, S. B. 330
Strid, K. 170
Strome, M. 108
Strome, S. E. 108
Strong, G. K. 225
Strouse, G. A. 243
Stuart, S. 282
Studdert-Kennedy, M. 35
Styner, M. 157
Suckling, J. 165
Suhrheinrich, J. 163
Sujik, B. I. xxii
Sulzer-Azaroff, B. 159
Suma, K. 249
Sümer, B. 89
Summers, J. 115
Sundaram, S. K. 114
Sundberg, C. T. 117
Sundberg, M. L. 117, 311, 331–332
Sundqvist, A. 123
Sunkin, S. M. 144
Susi, A. 147
Susser, E. S. 144
Sussman, F. 134
Sutcliffe, J. S. 144
Sutherland, G. F. 100
Sutherland, H. 228
Sutherland, P. J. 156
Sutton-Spence, R. L. 68, 73, 78, 314
Suwanarat, M. 349
Suzuki, S. 84
Swanson, M. R. 157
Swanson, S. 232
Swanwick, R. 328
Sweeney-Kerwin, E. J. 159
Swettenham, J. 146
Swinburne Romine, R. E. 99
Swineford, L. 160
Sykes, L. K. 147
Szaflarski, J. P. 211
Szatmari, P. 115, 144–145, 157
Taffoni, F. 166
Tagavi, D. 143
Tager-Flusberg, H. 143, 151, 157–158, 160
Taggart, L. 106
Takkinen, R. 86
Talbot, K. F. 273
Talkington, L. W. 101
Tallal, P. 224
Tang, G. 64
Tan, X. Y. 154
Tao, S. 24
Tapio, E. 328
Tartter, V. C. 195
Tarullo, L. B. 245
Tassé, M. J. 93
Tate, T. L. 288
Taub, E. 211
Tavares, L. 125
Tavassoli, T. 168
Taylor, H. G. 231
Teasell, R. 190
Tedstone, A. 245
Teitelbaum, O. 157
Teitelbaum, P. 157
te Kaat-van den Os, D. J. A. 6, 95, 107
Tellier, M. 264
ten Holt, G. A. 63
Tessler, R. 24
Tew, A. A. xxii
Thal, D. J. 228
Thapar, A. 144
Theie, S. 25
Thelen, E. 181
Thibert, J. 241
Thibert, R. L. 114
Thiele, E. A. 114
Thiruvahindrapuram, B. 144–145
Thomas, D. 243
Thomas, K. xvi
Thompson, C. K. 210
Thompson, J. R. 93
Thompson, P. M. 109
Thompson, R. H. 238
Thunberg, G. 133
Thurm, A. 160
Tibbitts, R. 320
Tincani, M. 180
Tjosvold, L. 149
Tjus, T. 170
Toga, A. W. 109
Tolar, T. D. 240
Tomaiuolo, F. 211
Tomasello, M. 240
Tonucci, F. 98
Töpper, R. 161
Topping, K. 244
Torgerson, C. J. 225
Torgerson, D. 225
Torigoe, T. 144
Torrence, J. B. xxii
Torres, A. 144
Toth, A. 116
Townsend, J. 165
Trani, A. 275
Trentacoste, S. V. 144
Trent, R. J. 113
Trevarthen, C. 166
Trevathan, E. 145
Trevisan, M. A. 82
Trillingsgaard, A. 113
Trivette, C. M. 134
Troseth, G. 243
Trosman, S. 26
Tuchman, R. F. 171
Tulving, E. 308
Turner, G. 99
Turner, S. 106
Tyler, A. A. 222
Tylor, A. B. 37
Tyree, K. xvi
Tyson, K. 152
Tytgat, M.-G. 349
Tzeng, C. Y. 82
Ukaigwe, J. E. 144
University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics 231
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 244
Uswatte, G. 211
Vaillancourt, T. 157
Valentino, A. L. 95, 133, 153, 159, 162, 313
van Balkom, H. 20, 108, 110, 135, 330
Van Cleve, J. V. 69
Vandell, D. L. 246
Van Den Pol, R. A. 129, 133, 314
Vanderborght, M. 243
Vandereet, J. 5, 104, 330, 340
van der Hulst, H. 62
van der Kooij, E. 62
van der Lely, H. K. J. 227
Vandermeer, B. 149
van der Meere, J. 120
van der Meer, L. 137, 179, 181–182
Van der Meij, H. 27
van de Sandt-Koenderman, M. 206–207
van Doorn, A. J. 63
van Dyck, L. I. 144
van Dyck, P. C. 145
van Engeland, H. 172
van Hoek, K. 273
Van keer, I. 134
Van Leeuwen, K. 134
Van Naarden Braun, K. 123
Varney, N. R. 273
Vaughn, G. R. 198
Vege, G. 102
Veglia, M. 231
Venema, K. 152
Veness, C. 157
Venuti, P. 169
Verdugo, M. L. 93
Vergara, D. 105
Verhoeven, L. 20, 108, 110, 135, 330
Vermeerbergen, M. 63
Vernon, M. 59
Verrazzano, G. da 50
Vigliocco, G. 14, 82, 89, 160, 228, 288
Vignola, M.-J. 260
Villeneuve, S. 86
Vinson, D. P. 82, 89, 228, 288
Visch-Brink, E. G. 190
Vivanti, G. 171
Vlaskamp, C. 134
Vogelsberg, R. T. 12, 17, 105, 137, 284, 343
Volterra, V. 6, 15, 90, 98, 240, 269–270, 279
von Arbin, M. 189
Von Berg, S. 209
von Humboldt, W. 279
von Kriegstein, K. 264
von Tetzchner, S. 10, 86, 102, 173, 221, 224, 321, 330–331
Wade, A. 175
Wagner, G. C. 166
Wagner, K. 257
Wai, J. 268
Waitzman, N. M. xxii
Wake, A. 99
Walker, Margaret 5, 7, 10, 20, 348–349
Wallace, M. T. 161
Wallace, S. 191
Waller, A. 116
Wallhagen, M. I. 26
Walsh-Gallagher, D. 7, 128–130, 133–136, 311, 314, 316–317, 319
Walsh, T. 144
Walters, K. 238
Walvoord, A. xviii
Wang, X.-l 252
Warburton, D. 144
Ward, N. S. 189
Ware, R. S. 120
Watson, R. M. 123
Watter, P. 226
Wat, W. K.-C. 191
Waxman, R. P. 320
Waxman, S. R. 240
Webb, S. J. 147, 152, 157, 171
Webb, T. 99
Webb, W. G. 200
Wechseler, R. 349
Wehmeyer, M. L. 93
Weir, K. A. 120
Weisleder, A. 244
Weissling, K. 191
Weitzman, E. 134
Wendt, O. 153, 173, 179, 182–183
Weng, P.-L. 262
Werner, E. 157
West, D. 178
Westerfield, M. 165
Westerhoff, U. 211
Westerlund, J. 152
West, K. L. 144
West, L. E. xix
Wetherell, D. 230
Wheelwright, S. 146
Wheldall, K. 244
Whitehouse, A. J. O. 223
Whiten, A. 170
Whynot, L. 71
Wiebe, S. A. 238
Wiesmayer, S. 192
Wigler, M. 144
Wijnroks, L. 19
Wikipedia 74
Wilbur, R. B. 64, 85, 214, 225
Wilder, J. 129
Wiley, T. G. 258
Wilkinson, E. 15
Willems, R. M. 213
Willerman, R. 87
Williams, C. A. 114
Williams, J. H. 170
Williams, J. H. G. 170
Williams, K. J. 166
Williamson, R. A. 170
Williams, W. 12, 17, 105, 137, 284, 343
Wilson, B. J. 114
Wilson, F. R. 33
Wilson, K. P. 157
Wilson, M. 270
Wilson, P. S. 93
Wilson, R. H. 26
Wingfield, A. 26
Winkielman, P. 297
Winship, G. P. 51
Winter, J. 152
Winter, S. 123
Wolff, John 231
Wolfson, S. 200
Woll, B. 68, 71, 73, 84, 86–89, 98, 112–113, 128–129, 134, 194–195, 216–219, 227–229, 231, 238, 288, 314, 320, 329, 331
Wolter-Warmerdam, K. 108
Wong, A. M.-Y. 229
Wozniak, R. H. 144
Wraikat, R. 117
Wray, C. 222
Wright, Courtney A. 133, 314, 321
Wrigley, O. 349
Wynshaw-Boris, A. 144
Yates, R. L. xx
Yeager, M. H. 93
Yeargin-Allsopp, M. 123
Yenokyan, G. 144
Yeolekar, M. E. 216
Yi, C.-h. 191
Yildiz, I. B. 267
Yip, T. K. 28
Yirmiya, N. 157
Ylvén, R. 129
Yoder, D. E. 4
Yoder, P. J. 107, 133–134, 136, 169–170
Yoon, P. 108
Yorkston, K. M. 123
Yoshikawa, H. 249
Yoshinaga-Itano, C. 84
Young, G. S. 157
Young, J. M. 276
You, S.-h. 191
Yust, P. K. S. 249
Yuzda, E. 144
Zampini, L. 107
Zangari, C. 134
Zawolkow, E. 348
Zeedyk, S. 244
Zhang, R. 144
Zhang, X. 222
Zhu, H. 157
Ziegler, A.-L. 219
Zilbovicius, M. 155
Zimmer, B. J. 99
Zink, I. 5, 104–105, 117, 130, 311, 320, 330, 340
Zipin, C. 46
Zlotowitz, S. 191
Zoghbi, H. Y. 180
Zucker, C. 142
Subject Index
AAC. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)
abstract concepts. See iconicity/iconic signs: abstract concepts
Abul Fazl 36
Accelerative Integrated Methodology (AIM) 260, 369
acquired epileptic aphasia. See Landau-Kleffner syndrome
acquired language impairment 189
acquired neurological disorder 103, 369, 389
active hand. See sign production: active hand
adaptive behaviors 97, 154, 370, 393, 397
ADHD. See attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
adult-acquired apraxia of speech. See apraxia: adult-acquired apraxia of speech
agent. See grammar: agent
agglutination of signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: agglutination of signs
aided communication 173, 370, 430
alphabetic language 57, 370, 391
alternative communication system xiv, 4, 21, 117, 123, 141, 148, 150, 172, 182, 282, 340, 370, 413
Alzheimer’s disease 261
American Indian Hand Talk. See sign(ed) languages: Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL)
American School for the Deaf 371, 380, 392
American Sign Language (ASL). See sign(ed) languages: American Sign Language (ASL)
Amer-Ind 105–106, 119, 136, 199–202, 204, 208, 210–212, 287, 302–303, 349, 371, 421, 423
constraining factors 202
glossectomy patients, use with 200, 371
laryngectomy patients, use with 200
origins of signs 105, 200–201, 371
amodal symbol processing 371, 389
Angelman syndrome 98, 113–116, 371–373, 403, 412
arcuate fasciculus, role of 114, 372
intellectual disability 116, 371
intellectual disposition 113
loss of speech 371
natural gestures approach 115
poor movement coordination (ataxia) 113–114, 371
sign-communication training or teaching outcomes 114–115
speech-generating devices, use of 116
aphasia 2, 8, 9, 10, 16, 21, 23, 29, 54, 76, 91, 94, 128, 139, 185, 187–195, 197–215, 217, 218, 221, 232, 233, 235, 277, 284, 308, 311, 325, 337, 369, 371, 373, 378, 380, 385, 390–392, 394, 399, 403, 408, 416, 418, 421, 422, 433, 434. See also Landau-Kleffner syndrome
apraxia/dyspraxia, co-occurrence with 195
auditory training 218
childhood aphasia and language disorders in children 187, 214–215, 233, 369
dysphasia 188, 220–221, 371, 387, 424
gestures, use of 190–195, 199, 206–208, 211–213
incidence 189
intensive language therapy 190
language recovery 190–191, 193, 199, 210, 212–214, 217, 219
pantomime skills 192, 195, 199, 202–207
preactivation of motor cortex 211, 415
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 187, 192, 197–201, 204, 207–210, 212, 214–215, 219, 233, 308, 325, 337
simultaneous communication 192–193, 206, 211–214, 233
sounds, atypical processing of 9, 205
speech comprehension 189–190, 193, 197, 211–213, 215–216
speech production 10, 189–190, 193, 198, 211, 213, 215–216
types
Broca’s aphasia 206, 211, 378, 390, 408
expressive (speech) aphasia 185, 198, 308, 390, 416
nonfluent aphasia 211, 378, 408
primary progressive aphasia 209, 416
productive (speech) aphasia 390, 416
Wernicke’s aphasia 198, 206, 392, 433
visual-processing difficulties 191, 205, 208
Appendix A (sign language dictionaries and other sources) 30, 288, 347
Appendix B (handshapes) xx, 30, 334, 336, 351
Appendix C (palm, finger, and knuckle orientations) xx, 30, 357
applied behavior analysis 149, 371
apraxia 108, 167–168, 188, 195–197, 205, 207, 209, 220, 231–233, 370, 372, 379, 387, 400, 402, 410, 431
adult-acquired apraxia of speech 231, 370
apraxia of speech 188, 196, 207, 209, 231–233, 370, 372, 379, 431. See apraxia: dyspraxia
childhood apraxia/dyspraxia of speech 188, 220, 231–232, 379
autism spectrum disorder 231
childhood verbal apraxia/dyspraxia 231
developmental apraxia of speech 231
developmental articulatory apraxia 231, 379
impaired reading skills 232
inheritability 231
intellectual disability 231
limb apraxia 232
Melodic Intonation Therapy 232, 403
sign-communication training 232–233
dyspraxia 167–168, 195, 231, 372, 379, 387, 431
developmental dyspraxia 167, 387
limb apraxia 196–197, 205, 207, 400
manual apraxia 196, 402. See apraxia: dyspraxia
oral-motor/oromotor apraxia 196, 410
arbitrary signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: arbitrary signs
arcuate fasciculus. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: arcuate fasciculus
articulation 10, 25, 99, 108, 126, 161, 187, 196, 232, 373
articulatory disorders 10, 373
articulatory gestures. See gestures: articulatory gestures
ASD. See autism/autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
ASL. See sign(ed) languages: American Sign Language (ASL)
Asperger syndrome 143, 373, 375
asymmetrical signs 64–65, 340, 373, 426, 430
two-handed 64–65, 340, 373, 426
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 147, 236, 250–254, 374, 419
attentional control problems 250–251, 253, 374
boys more often affected 250
disruptive behavior 250, 254, 374
incidence 250
intact imitation abilities 251
micro-signing 253
motor dysfunctions 251
poor executive functioning skills 251
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 251–254
attention span 10, 154, 321, 370, 374
auditory memory. See memory, types of: auditory
auditory processing 215–216, 374, 413, 431
auditory sequencing 224, 374, 413, 431
auditory-temporal processing deficit 224, 374
auditory-vocal languages 373, 374, 376, 425. See also spoken languages
auditory-vocal modality. See language, modalities of: auditory-vocal
auditory-vocal processing skills 173
augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) xiv, 4, 10, 21, 94, 99, 112, 117, 122–123, 129, 134–135, 137, 141, 148, 150, 158, 172, 182, 184, 190–191, 232, 282, 312, 316–317, 369, 375, 381, 398, 408, 416–417, 429
advantages and disadvantages 173
aided communication 173, 370, 430
alternative communication system 141, 282, 340, 370, 413
augmentative communication system 23, 375
communication boards, books 117, 123–124, 174, 178, 196, 232, 381, 413
communication devices 210, 429
comparison studies 179–182, 299
line drawings 123–124, 177, 378, 413
non-oral communication systems 94, 142, 152, 183, 408
photographs/pictures xxi, 10, 23, 117, 162, 173–176, 178, 183, 203–205, 211–212, 259, 264–265, 268, 271, 273, 294, 305, 315, 370, 375, 381–382, 385, 389, 398, 407–408, 412, 417–418, 430
Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) 99, 123, 175–176, 179–181, 412–413
communication partner 175
physical prompter 175, 413, 417
portable prompt system 131, 414
printed words or letters 124, 177, 381
real objects 10, 162, 173–174, 183, 204, 294, 315, 370, 407, 430
sign-communication systems xii, xiv, xix, 2, 7, 23–24, 27, 32, 40–42, 44–46, 48–49, 54, 58, 69, 75, 105, 119, 134, 138, 153, 166, 191, 200, 220, 235–236, 277, 281, 284, 304, 338, 345, 369, 371, 378, 383, 399, 410, 414, 421, 423
speech-generating devices 10, 23, 116, 137, 173, 178, 181–182, 197, 232, 370, 424, 429–430, 433
symbols, wooden or plastic 177
text-to-speech alternative communication device 209, 429
touchscreen devices 178
unaided communication 173, 370, 430
voice output communication aid (VOCA) 178, 424, 429, 433
voice output system 179
writing 10
autism/autism spectrum disorder (ASD) xi–xiv, xvi, xviii, xxiii, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 29, 54, 65, 76, 91, 94, 103, 109, 121, 128, 130, 132, 139, 141–173, 175–185, 188, 220–222, 231, 235, 238, 277, 281, 284, 287, 290–292, 297, 308, 311, 321, 324, 325, 329, 331, 337, 346, 371, 373, 375, 377, 380, 386–388, 391, 393, 396, 398, 413, 415, 423, 426. See also Grafton School; See also Grandin, Temple
Asperger syndrome 143, 373, 375
childhood autism 94, 141–147, 184, 375, 380, 386, 398
comorbidity, issues of 147
ADHD 147
apraxia/dyspraxia 167
depression 147
hearing impairment 147
intellectual disability 146
otitis media 147
diagnosis, age of 157
diagnosis, stability of 151, 157
dianostic substitution, issues of 146
echolalia/verbal imitation 171, 431
generalization skills, teaching of 162–164, 393
incidence 145
intensive early intervention 150, 152, 158
maladaptive, challenging, or problem behaviors 148, 325
maternal chromosomal deletion, form of 116
motor and imitation abilities xi, xii, xiii, 141, 156, 158, 164–172
motor cortex 161
non-oral communication approaches, use of 142, 152, 183
parental concerns 158, 160, 162
peripheral vision, use of 321, 412
proprioceptive feedback 171
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 169, 183, 185
social touch aversion 157, 423
speech development and signing, myths 158–162
speech therapy and outcomes 8
spontaneous communication skills, teaching of 162–164
synesthesia 161
twin studies 144
axon 376
baby signs/baby-signing 237–243, 269, 376
basal ganglia. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: basal ganglia
behavior modification (speech) training 8, 148–149, 162, 376, 409
bilateral 120, 122, 191, 340, 377, 379
bimodal bilinguals. See sign language psycholinguistics: bimodal bilinguals
bimodal input. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: bimodal input
Binet, Alfred 426
Bonet, Juan Pablo 57
brain, diseases or conditions of. See also acquired neurological disorder; See also Alzheimer’s disease; See also aphasia; See also ataxia; See also cerebral hemorrhage; See also cerebral palsy; See also cerebrovascular accident (CVA); See also encephalitis; See also epilepsy; See also herpes encephalitis; See also Landau-Kleffner syndrome; See also seizure; See also stroke; See also synesthesia; See also traumatic brain injury (TBI); See also tuberculous meningitis; See also tumor
infection 185, 189, 371–372, 394, 420
neuromotor disorder or impairment 12, 97, 120, 167, 372, 387, 408
brain, neuro-imaging and tests of 209, 408
computed tomography (CT) scan 382, 408
electroencephalogram (EEG) 152, 217, 388
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 401, 408
positron emission tomography (PET) scan 408, 415
brain stem. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: brain stem
brain, structures and neurophysiology of
arcuate fasciculus 114, 144, 372–373
Broca’s area 372
cerebellum 109, 172, 196, 266, 378, 395, 404
cerebral cortex 376, 379, 384, 406, 429, 433
cerebral hemispheres (left and right) 194–195, 217, 223, 376, 379, 383–384, 392, 400, 409, 411, 419, 424, 428, 431
cerebrum 209, 378–379, 392, 400, 419, 424
cortex 143–144, 161, 172, 209, 211, 217, 266, 376, 379, 384, 406, 409, 429, 431, 433
hindbrain 172, 378, 395, 403–404, 414
lobes
medulla oblongata 378, 395, 403, 414
motor centers of the brain 376, 395
primary auditory cortex 217
speech-language center of the brain 424
temporal cortices 209
white matter/white matter tract 114, 119, 144, 372, 428, 433
Broca’s aphasia. See aphasia: types: Broca’s aphasia
Broca’s area. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: Broca’s area
Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez 32, 47–49, 378
caregiver xvii, 4–5, 7, 16, 19–22, 24, 30, 76, 103–104, 115, 118–119, 127, 129, 132–135, 138, 141, 146, 148, 153–156, 173–175, 179, 183, 193, 214, 238, 243, 286, 288, 290, 293, 298–299, 303, 308–309, 311, 314–316, 318–334, 339, 341–343, 346, 397, 413
Cartier, Jacques 50
case study 98, 110, 112, 200, 218, 221, 228, 252, 378
Castañeda, Pedro de 51
CATALISE 220
central nervous system 369, 378, 425
central symbolic deficit 203, 205, 378
Centre for Excellence in Universal Design 3
cerebellum. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebellum
cerebral cortex. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebral cortex
cerebral hemispheres. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebral hemispheres (left and right)
cerebral hemorrhage 119, 379, 426
cerebral palsy xvi, 2, 8–9, 21, 23, 29, 54, 76, 91, 93–94, 100, 119–126, 128, 137–139, 147, 185, 235, 277, 281, 284, 311, 337, 373, 377, 379
communication strategies, use of
Blissymbols 123
Makaton Vocabulary 125
PECS 123
etiology 119
fine motor skills, deficits in 120, 122–124, 379
hearing loss 121, 124–125, 379
intellectual disability 120–123, 379
motor planning disturbances 120
posture and movement disorders 120
seizures 121
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 94, 124–125, 128, 137–138, 337
spoken language production 120–121
types and subtypes
choreoathetoid 379
dystonic 379
vision problems 121
cerebrovascular accident (CVA) 189, 194, 379, 426
cerebrum. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebrum
challenging behaviors. See maladaptive, challenging, or problem behaviors
cheremes. See sign language psycholinguistics: cheremes
child development
adaptive behaviors/skills 154, 393
attention span 10, 154, 370, 374
behavioral regulation 248, 374
cognitive development 98, 107, 121, 234, 242, 268
expressive language development 99, 107, 111–112, 126, 183, 189, 211, 223, 228, 249, 328, 378, 416, 434
eye-hand coordination 278, 390
fine motor skills 120, 165–166, 372
imitation skills 170–171, 226, 396
impulse control 374
language milestones 87, 90, 220, 237, 399–400
oral language skills 210–211, 255–256
oromotor coordination 410
prereading skills 246
productive speech skills 221, 224, 416
reading acquisition skills 244
self-help skills 154, 370, 417, 421
social development 215, 242, 419
symbol-processing skills 208, 427
childhood apraxia of speech. See apraxia: childhood apraxia/dyspraxia of speech
childhood autism. See autism/autism spectrum disorder (ASD): childhood autism
chromosomes 380, 388, 393, 403
chronic aphasia. See aphasia: types: chronic aphasia
Clark, William P. 43
classifiers. See sign production: classifiers
cochlea. See ear/aural structures: cochlea
codes
motor (action) codes 28
visual (pictorial) codes 28
cognitive impairment 11, 94–95, 98–101, 104, 107, 119, 121, 124, 185, 228, 293, 337, 380
cognitive processing 29, 77, 156, 279
collateral effects. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: collateral effects
Columbus, Christopher 42, 49–51, 381
communication assessment. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: communication assessment
communication disorder xvii, 25, 94, 200, 230, 381, 424
communication intervention system 129, 381
communication (or picture) board/book. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): communication boards, books
communication plan. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: communication plan
communicative competence 132, 382
communicative spontaneity 163, 382
complex communication needs 2, 19, 29, 100, 382
compound signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: compound signs
computed tomography (CT) scan. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: computed tomography (CT) scan
concepts xiv, xv, xvii, xxi, 3, 13–15, 17–20, 28, 38, 44, 53, 58, 65, 69, 76, 79–81, 94, 100, 103–105, 110, 128, 138, 141, 163–164, 170, 177, 182–183, 198, 201–202, 211–212, 235, 257, 259, 266–268, 276, 278, 282–283, 285, 287–290, 296–299, 302, 305, 314–315, 318, 324–325, 328, 330–331, 333, 341, 369–372, 382–383, 390, 393, 403–404, 409, 413, 415, 419–420, 423, 426–427
conceptual integration skills 78
concrete nouns 263
Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de 35–36, 259, 383
congruent gestures 262, 264, 383
consecutive movements. See sign production: consecutive movements
Cook, James 51
Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de 51
Corsi block-tapping test 270–271, 384, 387, 424
Cortés, Hernán 47
cortex. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cortex
Cratylus 38
criterion/selection criteria. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: criterion/selection criteria
cross-modal activation 213, 385
CT scan. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: computed tomography (CT) scan
cued-recall memory task. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: cued-recall memory task
cueing 211–212, 224, 239, 294, 327–328, 385, 389, 415, 417, 423, 433
CVA. See cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Dancing with Words: Signing for Hearing Children’s Literacy 246
Deaf associations and organizations
British Deaf Association 349
Edinburgh & East of Scotland Society for the Deaf 347
Japanese Federation of the Deaf, Institute for Sign Language Studies 348
National Association for the Deaf 348
Tanzania Association of the Deaf 349
World Federation of the Deaf, Unification of Signs Commission 70, 349
Deaf community/culture xi, 1, 33, 60, 91, 103, 284, 298, 335–336, 371, 375, 377–378, 385, 392, 407, 427
Deaf/deaf xi, xii, xiii, xvi, xix, 1–3, 7, 11–12, 15–16, 19, 23, 26, 28–29, 32–33, 37–39, 43, 46, 54–60, 62–66, 68–72, 75, 77, 79, 81–85, 87–91, 93, 96–98, 100–104, 112, 125, 138, 147, 153, 156, 158, 160, 166, 171, 187–188, 194–195, 198, 201–202, 215–216, 218–219, 221, 224, 226–231, 235–237, 239, 242, 248, 257, 268–275, 284, 289–292, 298–299, 303, 306, 313, 320–321, 329, 335–338, 340, 371, 375–378, 380, 385–386, 391–393, 395, 402, 407, 410, 414–415, 420–422, 427
Deaf education/educators of deaf persons. See also American School for the Deaf; See also Bébian, R.-A.; See also Clerc, Laurent; See also de l’Épée, Abbé Charles-Michel; See also Gallaudet, Thomas H.; See also Gallaudet University; See also Haga, Cornelius; See also homesigns; See also personal signs; See also Ponce de León, Pedro
history of deaf education 56–62
manual alphabet, letters of 57, 64
Monastery of San Salvador de Oña 56
oral-only education programs 59–60, 84, 97, 160, 410
deafness/hearing loss or impairment xiv, 1, 8–9, 26, 45–46, 59, 84, 91, 101, 107–108, 121–122, 125, 130, 147, 156, 226–227, 281–282, 373, 385, 387, 393, 410
cochlear implants 59
congenital deafness 59, 102, 218
deafblind populations 102
German measles (rubella), link with 101, 393, 419
prelingual deafness xvi, 59, 272, 415
Deaf People Around the World: Educational and Social Perspectives 60
deblocking. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: deblocking
declarative memory. See memory, types of: declarative
deixis/deictic gestures. See sign language psycholinguistics: deixis/deictic gestures
delayed recall. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: recall studies: delayed recall
de l’Épée, Abbé Charles-Michel 58, 60, 386
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 380, 386, 393
de Radonvilliers, Claude-François Lyzarde 259–260
descriptive name signs. See name signs: descriptive
developmental apraxia of speech. See apraxia: childhood apraxia/dyspraxia of speech: developmental apraxia of speech
developmental articulatory apraxia. See apraxia: childhood apraxia/dyspraxia of speech: developmental apraxia of speech
developmental delay 143, 226, 387
developmental dysphasia. See developmental language disorder (DLD): developmental dysphasia
developmental dyspraxia. See apraxia: dyspraxia: developmental dyspraxia
developmental language disorder (DLD) 29, 188, 220, 222–231, 233, 387, 424
attention span problems 226
auditory processing difficulties 224
auditory-temporal processing deficits 224–225
delayed and slower rate of language acquisition 220, 223
developmental dysphasia 220–221
grammar and morphosyntactic deficits 222
imitation skills 226
poor phonological memory 225–226
right-hemispheric dominance 223
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 221–222, 224–226, 229–231
sign language DLD in deaf persons 226, 230–231
specific language impairment (SLI) 220, 424
spontaneous development of signs 220–221
diagnostic substitution 146, 387
discrete trial training. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: discrete trial training
DNA. See deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
dominant hand 65, 326, 358, 369, 388, 395
Down syndrome xvi, 6, 8–9, 98–99, 106–113, 116, 126, 133–134, 136–137, 147, 238, 277, 281, 388, 410
articulation disorders 108
decreased cerebellar size 109
early intervention, importance of 106, 109
epicanthic eye folds 388
hippocampus, role of 109
intellectual disability 106, 388
otitis media, occurrence of 108, 410
poor phonological/verbal memory 107–108
preservation of visual-spatial skills 107
recessed mandibles 10, 108, 388
short stature 388
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 109–113
speech intelligibility 108, 112
spoken language delays 98, 106–109
trisomy 21 388
verbal apraxia 108
dysgraphia. See aphasia: dysgraphia
dyslexia. See aphasia: dyslexia
dysphasia. See aphasia: dysphasia
dyspraxia. See apraxia: dyspraxia
ear/aural structures
eardrum 404
incus 404
inner ear 108, 380, 397, 404, 420, 431
malleus 404
middle ear 45, 108, 147, 404, 410
stapes 404
early intervention 106, 151–152, 158, 248, 388
early screening 109
echolalia 150, 159, 171, 388, 431
EEG. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: electroencephalogram (EEG)
elderly persons with hearing loss 16, 308
embodied cognition 389
empirical 7, 36, 260–261, 284, 306, 389
EMT. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: enhanced milieu teaching (EMT) program
enactment effect. See foreign language vocabulary acquisition: enactment effect
encephalitis 215, 217, 369, 389, 395
English translation/word equivalent 294, 302–303, 307, 389, 394, 434
enhanced milieu teaching (EMT) program. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: enhanced milieu teaching (EMT) program
environmental cues 164, 210, 294, 327–328, 389
epilepsy 114, 116, 120, 122, 147, 217, 388–389, 399, 420
Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge 35
essentially correct (sign) recall. See recall accuracy (sign): essentially correct
etiology 98, 106, 136, 144, 147, 231, 390
European expeditions to North America. See also Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez; See also Cartier, Jacques; See also Columbus, Christopher; See also Cook, James; See also Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de; See also Cortés, Hernán; See also Frobisher, Martin; See also Verrazzano, Giovanni da
Baffin Island 44
communication through signs 47–51
Great Plains 44–46, 49, 51, 378, 414
Gulf Coast 48
executive functioning skills 251, 390
exemplars. See sign language psycholinguistics: exemplars
expressive aphasia. See aphasia: types: expressive (speech) aphasia
expressive language skills 99, 183, 189, 223, 249, 328, 390, 392, 399, 416
expressive vocabulary 104, 285, 390, 416
eye-hand coordination 278, 390
facial discrimination 268, 271, 273–274, 391
facial (non-manual) expression 62, 72–73, 229, 297, 306, 319, 321–322, 327, 338, 391, 402, 407, 409
Facial Recognition test 273, 391
field testing. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: field testing
fine motor skills 120, 165–166, 372, 391
fingerspelling 57, 58, 97, 102, 172, 209, 219, 247, 248, 253, 322, 335, 391, 402, 410, 422. See also manual alphabet
fluent aphasia. See aphasia: types: fluent aphasia
forebrain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: forebrain
foreign language vocabulary acquisition xx, 16, 20, 28, 236, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 277, 278, 308, 309, 397. See also Accelerative Integrated Methodology (AIM); See also Asher, James; See also congruent gestures; See also embodied actions; See also incongruent gestures; See also Maxwell, Wendy
enactment effect 261, 389, 427
greater depth of processing 267, 386
increased proficiency 257, 262, 264, 266–267, 308
memory processes 261–264, 266–267
migrants/refugees 259
neural activation 266
rate of vocabulary learning 265
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 262–263, 265–267
subject performed task effect 261, 427
synchronous gestures 259–262, 264, 267
Total Physical Response (TPR) 260, 429
vocabulary retention over time 262, 264, 266
fragile X syndrome 98–99, 147, 392
expressive language deficits 99
intellectual disability 98
males more often affected 98
PECS, use of 99
phonological processing impairments 99
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 99
Frobisher, Martin 44
frontal lobe. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: lobes: frontal
Gallaudet Encyclopedia of Deaf People and Deafness 69
Gallaudet, Thomas H. 58, 248, 371, 380, 392
Gallaudet University xiii, xv, xxii, 58, 392
general exposure. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: general exposure
generalization skills, teaching of 162–164
genetic 116, 122, 126, 144, 231, 369, 371, 375, 383–384, 386–387, 392, 403
genitive case (possessive). See grammar: genitive case (possession)
German measles (rubella) 101, 393, 419
Gestuno. See sign(ed) languages: Gestuno
Gestuno: International Sign Language of the Deaf 70
gestures
gestural communication 6, 31, 33–34, 37, 41, 46, 50–51, 96, 169, 192, 200, 214, 220, 222, 249, 383, 394–395
gestural imitation xiii, 169–170, 393
gestural modality 400, 402, 428, 432
gestural processing 394
gestural sequencing 166, 169, 394
manual gestures 33–34, 37, 82, 192, 196, 208, 211, 224, 330, 427
representative gestures 40, 107, 224, 236, 240, 251, 263–265, 267, 276, 383, 389, 419
symbolic gestures 237, 239, 427
global aphasia. See aphasia: types: global aphasia
gloss (sign) 14, 18, 66, 283, 303, 389, 394, 434
grammar 38, 66, 72, 75, 113, 223, 228–229, 255, 371, 384, 394, 408, 419
consonants 376
genitive case (possession) 88, 393
locative case (location) 88, 401
nouns 68, 113, 125, 198, 228, 263, 383–384, 433
syllables 63, 216, 325, 376, 418
vowels 376
Grandin, Temple 155
Hadley, Lewis (Ingonompashi) 43, 348
Haga, Cornelius 39
hand-internal movements 87, 394
hand preference xix, 369, 388, 394
Head Start. See Project Head Start
hearing loss or impairment 1, 8–9, 16, 26, 45, 59, 84, 107–108, 121–122, 125, 130, 147, 226, 281–282, 308, 373, 385, 387, 410
conductive hearing loss 122
sensineural hearing loss 122
hemiplegia 120, 191, 199, 395, 426
hindbrain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: hindbrain
hippocampus. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: hippocampus
human rights 127
iconicity/iconic signs xiv, xvi, xvii, xxi, 13–16, 24, 27–28, 35, 44, 57, 67, 70–71, 76–82, 88–89, 97, 100, 104–105, 118–119, 126, 136, 138, 141, 155, 173, 182, 185, 190–191, 193, 198, 201, 203–206, 208, 210, 212–213, 224–226, 228, 233, 235–236, 239–240, 252, 257–258, 262–263, 265–268, 277–278, 280, 282, 284, 286–290, 297–298, 300, 303, 306–307, 318, 334, 338, 341–343, 369, 371, 383, 385–386, 389, 396, 409, 411, 419
abstract concepts 14, 40, 79–80, 369
advantages of xiv, 14, 27–28, 76, 81, 88–89, 104–105, 138, 225, 233, 236, 257, 262, 265–268, 277, 286, 342
concrete objects 40, 79–80, 221
metonymic signs 77
pantomimic signs 14, 35, 76, 78–79, 81, 88, 155, 182, 201, 204, 286, 288–289, 300, 303, 306, 343, 411
translucency/translucent signs 13, 15, 79, 105, 138, 198, 287, 289–290, 318, 429
transparency/transparent signs xiv, 4, 13–15, 26, 38, 41, 51, 54, 72, 77, 79, 105, 141, 177, 212–213, 225, 284–285, 289, 318, 327, 429
variations across sign languages 15, 80
identifiable (sign) recall. See recall accuracy (sign): identifiable
ideophones 76
idioms/idiomatic expressions. See semantics: idioms/idiomatic expressions
imitation skills 170–171, 226, 396
immediate recall 307, 396. See also research methods, procedures, and terminology: recall studies: immediate recall
incidence/incidence rate 45, 98–99, 108, 119, 147, 156, 168, 222, 231, 246, 250, 387, 396
incidental teaching program. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: incidental teaching program
incongruent gestures 262–264, 397
indexical signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: indexical signs
Indian Sign Language, The 43
Indian Sign Talk 43
Indigenous peoples 12, 31–32, 38, 42–51, 54, 71, 105, 138, 198, 200, 302, 378, 381, 414, 421
Ingonompashi (Lewis Hadley). See Hadley, Lewis (Ingonompashi)
inner ear. See ear/aural structures: inner ear
instrument. See grammar: instrument
intellectual disability xiv, xix, 2, 8, 14, 16, 18, 21, 23, 29, 54, 76, 91, 93–106, 108, 113, 116–118, 120–123, 126, 128, 130, 131, 133, 135–139, 143, 146, 185, 197, 200, 214, 220, 228, 231, 235, 261, 284, 289, 304, 308, 311, 337, 371, 379, 384, 387, 388, 392, 393, 397, 402, 404, 405, 416, 417, 420, 421, 434. See also Angelman syndrome; See also Cri du chat syndrome; See also Down syndrome; See also fragile X syndrome; See also Williams syndrome
classification of 97
deafness and intellectual disability 100–102
linguistic deficits 98
neuromotor impairments 97
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 99–102, 104–106, 117–118, 128, 130, 135
speech therapy, use of 8
intelligibility of signs 65, 398
intelligibility of speech 8, 107, 118, 187, 212, 398
internal models or representations 171, 398, 409, 432
International Sign. See sign(ed) languages: International Sign
International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (ISAAC) xvi, 398
intervention program 29, 91, 94–95, 99–100, 106, 111, 116, 124, 127–129, 131–132, 134–137, 141, 147, 151, 158, 162, 172, 182–183, 196, 204, 225, 243, 248, 251, 276–277, 301, 311, 316–317, 320, 342, 344, 398, 417, 428
IQ tests 99, 121, 151, 247, 268–269, 279, 398, 426
Kanner, Leo. See autism/autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Kanner, Leo
key word signing 103, 111–112, 125, 130, 134, 136, 154, 214, 218, 280, 320, 322–323, 342, 399, 423
content (or key) words 103, 111, 130, 154, 198, 238, 322–323, 398–399, 433
simultaneous communication 322–323, 423
simultaneous speech and sign 322–323
kinesthetic system 399
knuckle orientation xx, 30, 357, 360, 399
Lámh (Irish key word signing) 134, 136
Landau-Kleffner syndrome 188, 214–219, 233, 369, 399, 420, 431
age of onset 216
attention span problems 216
expressive language skills 216–218, 399
hyperactivity 216
receptive language skills, impairment of 215–218, 399
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 188, 218–219
spoken language recovery 219
language acquisition xii, xiv, xviii, 8, 9, 25, 87, 90, 108, 109, 160, 220, 226, 227, 228, 237, 245, 269, 278, 287, 369, 389, 420, 422. See also second-first language acquisition
language milestones 87, 90, 220, 237, 399–400
language, modalities of 64, 73, 87, 89, 90, 212, 222, 322, 399. See also gestures: gestural modality
auditory-vocal 240, 252, 258, 375, 399–400, 424
manual 155, 195, 222, 385, 393, 400, 402, 428, 432
speech 104, 113, 375, 377, 385, 400, 424
tactile 102, 393, 400, 402, 428
visual-gestural 2, 33, 63, 72, 235, 240, 252, 393, 399–400, 402, 422, 432
visual-motor 2, 63, 166, 283, 311, 373, 377, 422, 432
language, origins of 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 405. See also Akbar; See also Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de
gestural theory of language origins 33–34
mirror neurons 33–34, 405, 409
observation matching system 34
prehominid ancestors 33
primates 34
vocal mechanisms, control of 34
language, writing, and literacy disorders. See also acquired language impairment; See also aphasia; See also aphasia: dysgraphia; See also aphasia: dyslexia; See also aphasia: dysphasia; See also apraxia; See also apraxia: dyspraxia; See also articulatory disorders; See also developmental language disorder (DLD); See also developmental language disorder (DLD): specific language impairment (SLI); See also late talkers; See also motor speech disorders; See also reading comprehension impairment; See also reading comprehension impairment: poor comprehenders; See also speech disorders
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 152, 197
larynx. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: larynx
left hemisphere of the brain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebral hemispheres (left and right)
limb apraxia. See apraxia: limb apraxia
linguistics, terminology. See also alphabetic language; See also autonomous speech; See also birth language; See also concepts; See also grammar; See also language acquisition; See also lingua franca; See also native user; See also natural language; See also onomatopoeia/onomatopoeic words; See also phonology; See also proprioception; See also referents; See also Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; See also semantics; See also sensorimotor actions; See also spoken languages; See also syntax; See also vocal inflection
fluency 2, 7, 168, 218, 230, 258, 341, 377
intonation (speech) 216, 322, 433
linguistic deprivation 227–228
mental representations 80, 266, 369
monosyllabic 64
speech stream 238
symbolic coding system 238, 427
literacy 177, 245–247, 277–278, 401
lobes. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: lobes
location (sign). See sign formational parameters: location (tabula)
locative case. See grammar: locative case (location)
longer-term recall. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: recall studies: longer-term recall
longitudinal studies. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: longitudinal studies
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
mainstream schools or settings 127, 132, 136, 152, 219
Makaton Vocabulary 103–104, 114, 124, 348, 402
graphic symbols 103
key word signing 103
origins 103
maladaptive, challenging, or problem behaviors 112, 148, 176, 181, 317, 325, 345, 379, 402, 416
mandible. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: mandible
manual alphabet 57, 64, 160, 232, 335, 336, 337, 349, 391, 402, 407. See also fingerspelling
manual apraxia. See apraxia: manual apraxia
manual modality. See language, modalities of: manual
manual numeration system 402
maternal chromosomal deletion 116, 403
Maxwell, Wendy 260
Mayfield, Gail xi, xxiii, xxiv
mean (mathematical). See research methods, procedures, and terminology: mean
medulla oblongata. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: medulla oblongata
Melodic Intonation Therapy. See apraxia: childhood apraxia/dyspraxia of speech: Melodic Intonation Therapy
memory aids or cues 15, 131, 287, 305–307, 403, 405, 414
memory, types of. See also research methods, procedures, and terminology: recall studies
lexical retrieval 213, 266, 385
phonological 108, 374, 412, 431
spatial 30, 236, 268, 270–272, 275–276, 279, 424
word span 271
Mendelian inheritance pattern 144, 403
mental rotation skills 30, 236, 268, 270, 272–273, 275–276, 279, 404
metaphors. See semantics: metaphors
metonymic signs. See iconicity/iconic signs: metonymic signs
midbrain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: midbrain
middle ear. See ear/aural structures: middle ear
military personnel and veterans. See signs, contemporary use by or with: military personnel and veterans
mime 35, 78, 100, 220, 347, 411. See also pantomime/pantomimic signs
mime artists 78
mirror image signs 405, 427. See also symmetrical signs
mirror neurons 33–34, 405, 409
mnemonic explanations 307, 403, 405
Benedictines 52–53, 56–57, 414
Vatican II 53
monozygotic twins 144, 388, 405
motor actions/activity xxi, 33–34, 78, 167, 172, 191, 251, 267, 378, 383, 394, 406, 408, 415, 421
motor and imitation abilities xi, 20, 106, 109, 123–124, 164–165, 170, 173, 187, 191, 248, 318, 326, 339, 406
motor complexity of signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: motor complexity of signs
motor coordination 202, 338–339, 390, 405
motor cortex. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: motor cortex
standing 166
motor processing skills 406
motor programming process 213, 406
motor sequencing 406
motor speech disorders 120, 406
movement (sign). See sign formational parameters: movement (signation)
MRI. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
multi-channel system. See sign language psycholinguistics: multi-channel system
multimodal 82, 94, 110, 135, 160, 211, 327–328, 407
multimodal communication system 82, 407
multi-movement signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: multi-movement signs
multi-term sign utterance. See sign language psycholinguistics: multi-term sign utterance
mute 38–39, 56–57, 150, 154, 159, 407
name signs
descriptive 336, 372, 386, 407
Native American tribes or nations
Cheyenne 44
Comanche 44
Cree 44
hearing loss, incidence of 45–46
Inuit 44
Iroquois 44
otitis media, incidence of 45
Paiutes 44
spoken language diversity 32, 42–43, 45
Utes 44
natural language 38–40, 82, 84–85, 408
neural circuitry. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: neural circuitry
neural plasticity. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: neural plasticity
neuro-imaging techniques. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of
neuromotor impairment. See brain, diseases or conditions of: neuromotor disorder or impairment
neuropathology. See brain, diseases or conditions of: neuropathology
neurophysiology 34, 143, 147, 408
neutral place/space. See sign production: neutral place/space
nondeclarative memory. See memory, types of: nondeclarative
nonfluent aphasia. See aphasia: types: nonfluent aphasia
non-oral communication system. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): non-oral communication systems
non-speaking or minimally verbal persons xi, xiv, xv, xvi, xix, 4–8, 10–13, 16, 19–23, 30, 78, 91, 93–97, 100, 103–104, 106, 112, 114, 117, 128–133, 137, 149–150, 152–154, 156, 159–160, 162, 167, 170, 173–174, 176–179, 182–184, 187, 197–198, 200, 214, 220, 248, 277, 281–282, 284–286, 289–290, 299, 303, 305, 308–309, 312–314, 316–317, 319–321, 323–324, 327, 333, 336–338, 341, 346, 371, 377, 381, 395, 398, 402, 412, 417, 423, 433
nonverbal communication 6, 143, 168, 316, 391, 409
nonverbal intelligence 274, 409
nucleus 380
object visualization 212, 398, 409, 432
observation matching system 171, 405, 409
occipital lobe. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: lobes: occipital
onomatopoeia/onomatopoeic words 76, 81, 338, 396, 409
operant (speech) training. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: operant (speech) training
oral educational programs. See Deaf education/educators of deaf persons: oral-only education programs
oral-motor/oromotor apraxia. See apraxia: oral-motor/oromotor apraxia
oral-motor/oromotor coordination 108, 410
oral-motor/oromotor planning 108, 410
oral-motor/oromotor sequencing 108, 410
oral-motor/oromotor skills 9, 168, 410
oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus
esophagus 412
jaw 5, 10, 63, 108, 373, 384, 388, 402, 410
larynx 5, 200, 384, 400, 410, 433
lips 5, 9, 63, 108, 168, 196, 332, 339, 373, 380, 401, 410, 425
mouth 14, 63, 72, 161, 181, 212, 339, 373, 380, 401, 407, 410, 412, 431
oral cavity 410
palate (hard and soft) 373, 380, 410, 431
tongue 2, 5, 9, 36–39, 49, 63, 108, 161, 168, 196, 200, 338–339, 371, 373, 394, 410
upper respiratory tract 108, 431
vocal cords 200, 338, 400, 433
otitis media 45, 108, 147, 410
Paget-Gorman sign system 125, 198, 410, 421
palate. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: palate (hard and soft)
pantomime/pantomimic signs 14, 35, 39, 46, 49, 51–52, 56, 60, 76–79, 81–82, 88, 100, 155, 182, 192, 195–196, 199, 201–207, 212, 235, 260, 278, 286, 288–289, 300, 303, 306, 343, 369, 394, 409, 411
parietal lobe. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: lobes: occipital
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R). See psychological testing: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R)
perfect (sign) recall. See recall accuracy (sign): perfect
PET scan. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: positron emission tomography (PET) scan
pharynx. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: pharynx
phonology 63, 190, 229, 371, 413
phonemes xii, 61–63, 78, 85–86, 291, 379, 395, 401, 407, 411–412, 422, 426–427
phonemic awareness 244
phonemic sequencing errors 232, 412
phonological memory 108, 374, 412, 431
phonological processing 8, 99, 374, 413, 431
phonological sequencing 374, 413, 431
physical prompter. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS): physical prompter
pictographic line drawings 123–124, 378, 413
picture board/book. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): communication boards, books
Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS). See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)
pivotal response treatment. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: pivotal response treatment
Plains Indians. See Native American tribes or nations: Plains Indians
Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL). See sign(ed) languages: Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL)
Plato 38
play therapy. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: play therapy
Ponce de León, Pedro 56–57, 414
pons. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: pons
poor (reading) comprehenders. See reading comprehension impairment: poor comprehenders
portable prompt system. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): portable prompt system
positron emission tomography (PET) scan. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: positron emission tomography (PET) scan
postlingual deafness. See deafness/hearing loss or impairment: postlingual deafness
prelingual deafness. See deafness/hearing loss or impairment: prelingual deafness
prelinguistic gestures 87, 415
prestimulation 212, 385, 415, 417
prevalence 99, 145–147, 396, 416
primary progressive aphasia. See aphasia: types: primary progressive aphasia
chimpanzees 93, 177, 240, 416, 433
gorillas 416
humans 1–2, 28, 33–37, 39, 44, 49, 52, 56, 82, 90–91, 127, 158, 160, 240, 261, 271, 282, 308, 339, 379, 392, 399–400, 409, 412, 415–416
lemurs 416
principal language xi, 1, 27, 54, 60, 82, 103, 266, 298, 372, 407, 416
problem behaviors. See maladaptive, challenging, or problem behaviors
procedural memory. See memory, types of: procedural
productive aphasia. See aphasia: types: productive (speech) aphasia
productive language skills 390, 416
productive vocabulary 390, 416
professional societies and organizations
AAIDD Ad Hoc Committee on Terminology and Classification 97
AGRE Consortium 146
American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 93
American Association on Mental Retardation 93
American Psychiatric Association 143, 146
Autism Genome Project Consortium 144
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 145–147
European Sign Language Centre 69, 80, 284
International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication xvi, 398
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation xiii
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 189
Sign Language Tutors Association of Ireland 348
progressive disorder 215, 369, 417
Project Head Start 243–246, 417
Proloquo2Go. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): Proloquo2Go
prompts 131, 163, 212, 385, 414–415, 417, 433
psychodynamic therapy. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: psychodynamic therapy
psychological testing. See also apraxia test battery; See also Corsi block-tapping test; See also Digit Span Task; See also Facial Recognition test
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) 247, 411
Raven Progressive Matrices 147, 270, 409, 418
Responsive Augmentative and Alternative Communication Style (RAACS) scale 134
Stanford-Binet IQ test 247, 426
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC-R) 269, 433
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition (WISC-III) 269, 433
Random House Webster’s American Sign Language Medical Dictionary 283
Raven Progressive Matrices. See psychological testing: Raven Progressive Matrices
reading comprehension impairment 236, 255–258, 414, 418
adequate phonological skills 255
grammar processing difficulties 255
listening comprehension problems 255, 418
oral vocabulary training outcomes 256
problems understanding figurative language 255
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 257–258
verbal memory deficits 255
weak vocabulary knowledge 255
rebus. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): rebus
recall accuracy (sign) 295, 297, 300, 384. See also research methods, procedures, and terminology: recall studies
essentially correct 295, 300, 390, 419
receptive aphasia. See aphasia: types: receptive aphasia
receptive language skills 99, 189, 197, 213, 215, 221, 225, 392, 399, 418
receptive vocabulary 104, 229, 247, 418
recognizable (sign) recall. See recall accuracy (sign): recognizable
referential words 415
referents 14–16, 35, 53, 68, 72–73, 76–82, 88–89, 97, 100, 177, 198, 230, 240, 258, 266, 284, 286–287, 289, 294, 297, 305–308, 320, 338, 404, 411, 419
register. See linguistics, terminology: register
rehabilitation program 27, 419
representative gestures. See gestures: representative gestures
research methods, procedures, and terminology. See also attrition rate; See also case study; See also English translation/word equivalent; See also field testing; See also foreign language vocabulary acquisition: enactment effect; See also foreign language vocabulary acquisition: subject performed task effect; See also incidence/incidence rate; See also intelligibility of signs; See also list intrusion; See also mnemonic explanations; See also object visualization; See also prevalence; See also pseudo-words; See also recall accuracy (sign)
contrasting sign pairs 302
criterion/selection criteria xxii, 150, 181, 288–290, 294–298, 384
cross-system comparisons 302
cued-recall memory task 293, 295, 385
empirical evidence 36
experimenter 294, 297, 300–301, 385, 390, 396, 412, 419
longitudinal studies 104, 111, 116, 152, 223, 237, 401
mean 101, 116, 121, 247, 269–270, 300, 403, 425
memory aids, provision of 131, 287, 305–307, 403, 405, 414
non-sign repetition task 227–228
non-word repetition task 227–228
object naming task 206
recall studies
immediate recall 300–301, 307, 396
receptive vocabulary test 104, 229, 247
sentence repetition task 229
stimulus, provision of 150, 206, 272, 415
story retelling task 206
word cues 295
residential programs. See Deaf education/educators of deaf persons: residential programs
right hemisphere of the brain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebral hemispheres (left and right)
Ritalin (methylphenidate) 251, 419
rubella (German measles). See German measles (rubella)
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 279, 420
second-first language acquisition 25, 420
seizure 120–121, 214–215, 217, 369, 388–389, 395, 399, 420, 430
self-performed task effect. See foreign language vocabulary acquisition: subject performed task effect
semantics 13, 18, 35, 77–78, 88, 150, 190, 196, 205, 221, 230, 256, 294, 308, 420
idioms/idiomatic expressions 256, 396, 418
semantic categories 77–78, 420
semantic hierarchy 18
semantic relations 88, 221, 420
semicircular canals. See ear/aural structures: semicircular canals
sequential movements. See sign production: sequential movements
sign apraxia. See apraxia: limb apraxia; See apraxia: manual apraxia
signation. See sign formational parameters: movement (signation)
sign-communication deblocking therapy 385. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: sign-communication deblocking therapy
sign-communication systems. See Amer-Ind; See Lámh (Irish key word signing); See Makaton Vocabulary; See Paget-Gorman sign system; See Signed English; See Signed Norwegian; See Signing Exact English; See Simplified Sign System (SSS)
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes xiv, 3–4, 7, 10–11, 30, 93, 95, 97, 110, 112, 124, 141, 152, 154, 159–160, 185, 197, 200, 207–208, 212–213, 215, 341, 421
sign-communication training concerns 4–8
effects of signing on speech skills 4–5
stigmas about sign/gestural use 6
time investment 7
sign dialects. See sign language psycholinguistics: sign dialects
sign echolalia. See sign language psycholinguistics: sign echolalia
sign(ed) languages
American Sign Language (ASL) xi, xviii, xx, xxi, 1–3, 7, 11–12, 29, 38, 46, 58, 60–67, 69–72, 74–76, 78, 81, 85, 87–89, 91, 93, 105–106, 141, 169, 181, 199–202, 209–210, 228, 230, 243, 247, 253–254, 257, 273, 283, 287, 291, 298–302, 306–307, 322, 334, 336–337, 347, 349, 371, 373, 377, 380, 385, 390–393, 408, 412, 419, 421–422, 426, 433
Argentine Sign Language (LSA, Lengua de Señas Argentina) 66
Australian/Australasian Sign Language (AUSLAN) 66, 199, 375
Belgian Sign Language xvi, 377, 392
British Sign Language (BSL) 74, 89, 103, 112–113, 228–229, 257, 271, 378, 402
Czech Sign Language (CSE) 66
Flemish Sign Language (VGT, Vlaamse Gebarentaal) xvi, 377, 392
French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB, Langue des Signes Belge Francophone) xvi, 377, 392
French Sign Language (LSF, Langue des Signes Française) 58, 69, 392
Indigenous sign languages 43, 46. See also sign(ed) languages: Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL)
International Sign 70–71, 349, 393, 398
Italian Sign Language 15, 269–270, 279
Japanese Sign Language (JSL) 66
Kenyan Sign Language (KSL) 66
linguistic recognition of 56–62
Mexican Sign Language (LSM, Lenguaje de Señas Mexicanas) 66
natural sign languages 71, 75, 347
Persian Sign Language (PSC) 66
Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL) 42–43, 105, 138, 200–201, 371, 378, 409, 414, 423
American Indian Hand Talk 42, 200, 349, 371, 414
lingua franca, use as a 43
North American Indian Sign Language 42, 200, 371, 409, 414
research into and documentation of 43–45
Portuguese Sign Language (LGP, Língua Gestual Portuguesa) 66
Quebec Sign Language (LSQ, Langue des Signes Québécoise) 66
sign language interpreters xix, 39, 42, 71, 272
Sign Language of the Netherlands 272
Swiss-French Sign Language (SSR) 218, 427
Taiwanese Sign Language (TSS) 66
Turkish Sign Language 89
Warlpiri Sign Language 66
Signed Norwegian 221
sign formational parameters xii, 16, 55, 61, 66, 85–86, 138, 230, 288, 290–291, 308, 332, 338, 386, 395, 401, 407, 421, 423, 426, 428
finger/knuckle orientations 360, 362–367, 391, 399
handshape (designator) xx, 11–13, 16, 30, 41, 55, 57, 61–62, 64–65, 67–68, 75, 78, 86–87, 119, 168, 170, 195, 276, 284, 292, 296, 325, 334–336, 338–339, 341, 351, 373, 380, 391, 395, 402–403, 422, 427, 430
location (tabula) xii, 3, 14, 16, 28, 34–35, 55, 61–68, 73–74, 78, 80, 85–86, 88, 113, 164, 167, 173–174, 187–188, 193–195, 202, 209, 271–272, 274–276, 291–292, 295, 306, 325, 332, 339, 373, 380, 390, 401–402, 404–405, 408, 411, 422–424, 426–428, 430
movement (signation) xii, 11, 14, 16–17, 34–35, 55, 61–65, 67–68, 73–74, 76–78, 85–86, 100, 105, 118–119, 137, 161, 167, 169–170, 195, 202, 205, 226, 228, 237, 291–293, 295–296, 298–300, 306, 315, 325–326, 328–329, 332–334, 338–339, 341, 373, 388, 390, 394, 402, 407, 411, 421–423, 426–427
non-manual (facial) expression 62, 72–73, 229, 297, 306, 319, 321–322, 327, 338, 391, 402, 407, 409
palm orientation 62, 171, 195, 357–360, 362, 411
relationship to meaning 66
sign formation errors xii, 167, 292, 296
location errors 167
palm orientation errors 171, 329
sign handshape. See sign formational parameters
Signing Exact English 254, 422
sign language acquisition xii, xiv, xviii, 82–90, 227, 287, 422
age of introduction to signs 84–85
location phonemes 66–67, 85, 291–292
movement phonemes 63, 65, 67, 85, 167, 292, 388, 394
sign versus spoken language acquisition
babbling 87
combination of lexical items 87
copula verb 75
formation of short sentences 87
gestural advantage 90
hand-internal movements 87
negation 87
prelinguistic gestures 87
recognizable utterances 87
semantic relations 88
verb agreement 87
vocabulary, content 87
vocabulary, growth 87
vocabulary, rate of acquisition 87, 89
Sign Language among North American Indians 43
sign language interpreters/interpreting. See sign(ed) languages: sign language interpreters
sign language psycholinguistics. See also fingerspelling; See also language, modalities of: visual-gestural; See also sign formational parameters; See also sign formation errors; See also sign production; See also sign phonemes; See also sign(ed) languages: American Sign Language (ASL)
agglutination of signs 202, 370, 382
arbitrary signs 77, 138, 240, 287, 289, 307, 338, 372
bimodal bilinguals 341
deixis/deictic gestures 13, 169, 206, 252, 386, 397
embodied actions/cognition 266, 389
hand preference/dominance xix, 65, 326, 358, 369, 388, 394–395
motor complexity of signs 202, 405
motor production skills 41, 107, 169, 213, 245, 263
multi-movement signs 167, 169, 205, 292–293, 407
multi-term sign utterance 407
sign apparatus 63
sign echolalia 171
sign notational system 63, 167, 378, 425–426
visual perspective-taking 171, 329, 432
sign-learning and signing environment, recommendations for enhancement 127–128, 130–136, 319–320
caretaker and family involvement 129, 133–134
communicative competence 129, 132
consistency of sign use 319
early intervention 135
factors affecting signing success 129–135, 320
incidental teaching 132–133, 393, 397
molding of signs 154–155, 170, 208, 279, 314–315, 320–321, 326, 339
sign use throughout day 128–129, 131
spontaneous sign communication 129, 132–133
use of environmental cues 327–328
sign location. See sign formational parameters
sign movement. See sign formational parameters
sign notational system. See sign language psycholinguistics: sign notational system
sign palm orientation. See sign formational parameters
sign phonemes xii, 61, 62, 63, 78, 291, 379, 395, 401, 407, 411, 422, 426. See also sign formational parameters
sign production xii, 60, 63, 64, 155, 161, 162, 167, 187, 194, 212, 254, 267, 274, 285, 287, 290, 292, 294, 305, 319, 320, 322, 339. See also asymmetrical signs; See also manual alphabet; See also manual numeration system; See also sign formational parameters; See also symmetrical signs
active hand 64–65, 369, 388, 395
classifiers 67–68, 113, 228–229, 380
consecutive movements 63, 383, 421
neutral place/space 64, 291, 408
one-handed sign 65, 292, 326, 334
simultaneous movements 63, 72, 74, 423
sociolinguistic variations 69
spatial relations 68, 73, 113, 275, 424, 432
stationary hand/base 64–65, 77, 291, 340, 376, 426
syllable-like structure 63
topicalization 74
signs, contemporary use by or with
all persons for cognitive enhancement 268–276, 279–280
caregivers and family members 24–25
elderly persons with hearing loss or impairment 23, 26
elementary school teachers 28, 236, 246–248, 257, 278
foreign language teachers and students 24, 27–28, 236, 257–268, 277
healthcare providers 24, 27, 235, 238
hearing children of hearing parents 24–26, 236–240
immigrants, migrants, refugees 24, 27
military personnel and veterans 23, 27
non-speaking or minimally verbal persons 23, 94–95, 133, 150, 154, 170, 176, 187, 277, 282, 309, 312–313, 316, 324, 346, 371, 398, 433
tourists or international travelers 23–24
workers in the travel and hospitality industries 23–24
signs, historical use by
actors in theatrical performances 52
court jesters and mimes 52
Europeans in the New World 31, 47–51, 54
European travelers 32, 38, 46–47, 51, 54
Native Americans of the Great Plains 31–32, 38, 42, 44–47, 49–51
signs, philosophy of. See also Bébian, R.-A.; See also Bulwer, John; See also Plato; See also Socrates
gestural origins of language 33–38
signs as a natural language 37, 39–40
signs as a universal language 37–40
signs, potential benefits of
collateral behavioral effects 10, 154, 181, 215, 219, 232, 254, 316–317, 345
enhanced vocabulary learning/retention in one’s principal language 240, 248, 256
foreign language vocabulary acquisition. See foreign language vocabulary acquisition
increased vocalization/speech skills 5, 22, 111, 159–160, 162, 188, 200, 218, 221, 224, 340–341, 346
motor control, gains in 226, 278, 346
reading comprehension/literacy skills 255–258
Simplified Sign System (SSS) xi, xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxiv, 2–4, 7, 12–24, 26, 28–30, 54–56, 62, 76, 91, 105, 119, 127, 136, 138–139, 141–142, 164, 170–172, 182, 185, 201–202, 204, 207–208, 210, 212, 233, 262, 265, 277–278, 280–290, 293–294, 297–306, 308–309, 311–314, 316–319, 321–327, 330, 333–335, 338–339, 341–347, 351, 376–377, 379–380, 384–385, 390–391, 394–396, 398, 400, 402–403, 409, 412, 414, 419, 421, 423, 425–426, 428, 431
approaches to teaching 312–318
factors affecting sign acquisition 11–12
finger/knuckle orientations. See Appendix C (palm, finger, and knuckle orientations)
frequently asked questions (FAQs) 330–345
handshapes 16. See also Appendix B (handshapes)
locations 16
memory aids, provision of 287, 305–308
palm orientations. See Appendix C (palm, finger, and knuckle orientations)
potential users. See signs, contemporary use by or with
selection of iconic signs 286, 288–290
sign formation modification 287, 290–293
sign testing, comparison studies 287, 298–303
special populations, use by 8–12
simultaneous communication 5, 214, 322, 377, 399
simultaneous movements 63, 72, 74, 423
Skelly, Madge 200
SLI. See developmental language disorder (DLD): specific language impairment (SLI)
SLP. See speech-language pathologist (SLP)
social interaction skills 10, 251, 286, 309, 370, 423
social touch aversion 157, 423
socioeconomic status (SES) 25, 245, 249, 423
Socrates 38
spatial memory. See memory, types of: spatial
spatial orientation 202, 405, 424
spatial relations. See sign production: spatial relations
spatial skills/spatial cognition skills 273–274, 276, 424
speech disorders 126, 209, 231, 370, 372, 406
speech-generating devices. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): speech-generating devices
speech-language center of the brain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: speech-language center of the brain
speech-language pathologist (SLP) 22, 30, 424–425
speech modality. See language, modalities of: speech
speech-sound processing 215, 255
speech therapy. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: speech therapy
spinal cord 378, 403, 425, 430
spoken languages xix, 1–6, 8–13, 16, 17, 18, 21–27, 29, 31–33, 35–39, 42, 43, 45, 46, 49, 52–55, 59–64, 67–69, 71–76, 81–85, 87, 90, 91, 94–96, 98, 99, 106–112, 114, 116, 120–141, 143, 147–149, 151, 153–155, 157–162, 169, 175–178, 184, 185, 187–194, 196, 197, 199, 207, 208, 210–216, 218–220, 222–224, 227, 229, 231–233, 237–242, 245–249, 252, 253, 257, 258, 260, 268, 276, 277–279, 283, 285, 286, 304, 308, 317, 322, 323, 325, 338, 339–343, 371, 372, 374, 375, 377, 383, 385, 394, 399, 400, 402, 413, 415, 421–423, 425–427, 429, 434. See also auditory-vocal languages
spontaneous communication 114, 185, 425
Spread Signs (app) 69
Spread the Sign (website) 69, 80, 284
SSS. See Simplified Sign System (SSS)
standard deviation. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: standard deviation
Stanford-Binet IQ test. See psychological testing: Stanford-Binet IQ test
stationary hand. See sign production: stationary hand/base
stereotypies/stereotyped motor movements 148, 156, 402, 426
Stokoe notation. See sign language psycholinguistics: Stokoe notation
Stokoe, William C., Jr. 60, 167, 291, 395, 401, 407, 422, 426
stroke xv, 2, 185, 187–191, 193–194, 215, 231, 281–282, 369–372, 379, 394, 406, 420
and hemiparesis 191
and hemiplegia 191
hemorrhagic stroke 189
incidence 189
ischemic stroke 189
subject performed task effect. See foreign language vocabulary acquisition: subject performed task effect
symbols 12, 21, 60, 81, 103–104, 124, 137, 173, 177, 289, 294, 311, 318, 325, 341, 348, 370–371, 381–382, 399, 408, 417–418, 422, 426–428
graphic symbols 103–104, 124, 348, 377, 417
symbolic coding system 238, 427
symbolic gestures 237, 239, 243, 427
symbol-processing skills 208, 427
symmetrical signs 17, 64–65, 86, 105, 339, 405, 427, 430, 432
two-handed 64–65, 326, 427, 430
synesthesia 161, 428. See also cross-modal activation; See also sensory blending
syntax 98, 107, 125, 150, 190, 394, 428
tabula. See sign formational parameters: location (tabula)
tactile modality. See language, modalities of: tactile
tangible symbols. See symbols: tangible symbols
target population or user 13, 103, 285, 312, 318, 324, 333, 402, 428. See also signs, contemporary use by or with; See also Simplified Sign System (SSS): main user
TBI. See traumatic brain injury (TBI)
teaching strategies, methods, and techniques. See also augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): communication boards, books; See also augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS); See also augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): Proloquo2Go; See also early intervention; See also enhanced milieu teaching (EMT) program; See also key word signing; See also joint attention; See also lip reading; See also Melodic Intonation Therapy; See also pictographic line drawings; See also Project Head Start; See also speech reading; See also Total Physical Response (TPR)
Accelerative Integrated Methodology (AIM) 260, 369
applied behavior analysis 371
behavior modification (speech) training 8, 148–149, 162, 376
communication assessment 22, 381
communication plan 309, 343–345, 382
contextual information, use of 327–328
cueing, prompts, and prestimulation. See cueing; See prestimulation; See prompts
discrete trial training 313, 387, 393, 397
enhanced milieu teaching (EMT) program 133, 389, 397
environmental cues, use of 294, 327–328, 389
eye contact, establishment and maintenance of 176, 180, 184, 319, 321–322
Fast ForWord 225
general exposure 221, 313, 387, 393, 397
incidental teaching program 126, 163, 387, 389, 393, 397
initial sign vocabulary or lexicon, suggestions for xvii, 331, 397
joint engagement 249
multimodal communication 82, 407
operant (speech) training 149–150, 376, 409
pivotal response treatment 149, 413
pointing, use of 13–15, 71, 74, 115, 117, 123, 175, 190, 212, 216, 220, 276, 328, 381, 394, 397
preactivation of motor cortex 211, 415
pre-kindergarten programs 246
preschool programs 84, 243, 246, 286, 308
psychodynamic therapy 150, 418
reinforcement 131, 149, 327, 387
sign-communication deblocking therapy 211, 385, 421
sign-communication training or intervention programs xiv, 3–4, 7, 10–11, 29–30, 93, 95, 97, 110–112, 124, 141, 152, 154, 159–160, 185, 197, 200, 207–208, 212–213, 215, 341–342, 398, 421
specific training sessions 94, 313
speech therapy 8, 22, 190, 199, 218, 424–425, 431
verbal (speech) imitation program 150, 162, 388, 431
temporal lobe. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: lobes: temporal
temporal relations. See sign production: temporal relations
Terman, Lewis 426
text-to-speech alternative communication device. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): text-to-speech alternative communication device
thalamus. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: thalamus
topicalization. See sign production: topicalization
Total Physical Response (TPR) 260, 429
tourists or international travelers. See signs, contemporary use by or with: tourists or international travelers
Tower of Babel 39
translucency/translucent signs. See iconicity/iconic signs: translucency/translucent signs
transparency/transparent signs. See iconicity/iconic signs: transparency/transparent signs
traumatic brain injury (TBI) 189, 430
tuberculous meningitis 215, 430
tumor 185, 188–189, 215, 369, 371–372, 394, 420, 430
two-handed signs 64–65, 199, 326, 339–340, 359–360, 373, 426–427, 430
unaided communication 173, 370, 430. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): unaided communication
unmarked (basic) handshapes). See sign formational parameters: handshape (designator): unmarked
upper respiratory tract. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: upper respiratory tract
velum. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: velum
verbal apraxia/dyspraxia 231, 372, 379. See apraxia: apraxia of speech
verbal auditory agnosia. See Landau-Kleffner syndrome
verbal expression 212
verbal imitation program. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: verbal (speech) imitation program
verbal memory. See memory, types of: verbal
verbal processing 374, 413, 431
verbal sequencing 374, 413, 431
Verrazzano, Giovanni da 50
vestibule. See ear/aural structures: vestibule
visual cortex. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: visual cortex
visual-gestural languages. See language, modalities of: visual-gestural
visual-gestural modality. See language, modalities of: visual-gestural
visual image 266–267, 386, 398, 409, 432
visual-motor languages. See language, modalities of: visual-motor
visual-motor modality. See language, modalities of: visual-motor
visual-motor/visuomotor integration 226
Visual Patterns Test. See psychological testing: Visual Patterns Test
visual perspective-taking. See sign language psycholinguistics: visual perspective-taking
visual-processing skills 173, 432
visual sequencing 432
visual-spatial/visuospatial cognition 270
visual-spatial/visuospatial immediate memory skills 226, 433
visual-spatial/visuospatial memory. See memory, types of: visuospatial
vocal cords. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: vocal cords
voice output communication aid (VOCA) 178, 424, 429, 433. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): voice output communication aid (VOCA)
von Humboldt, Wilhelm 279
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC-R). See psychological testing: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC-R)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition (WISC-III). See psychological testing: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition (WISC-III)
Wernicke’s aphasia. See aphasia: types: Wernicke’s aphasia
Wernicke’s area. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: Wernicke’s area
white matter (tract). See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: white matter/white matter tract
Williams syndrome 98, 109, 434
word-sign pairs. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: word-sign pairs
working memory. See memory, types of: working
Yebra, Melchor de 57