ʿAyn et-Tīne 245, 254–256, 260–261, 263, 265–266, 270, 272–273
ʿIwardo 40, 47, 56, 60, 66, 78, 354–355, 359, 367, 487
affectedness 31, 45–47, 58–59, 61, 63, 83, 85–87
agent 18, 30, 37, 39–40, 45–46, 66, 68, 72, 82–87, 134
agreement 34, 37–40, 43, 64, 66, 71, 75–76, 119, 200, 471, 478
agreement, verbal 32, 34, 36, 38–39, 42, 44, 53, 62–63, 66, 68, 70, 86–87, 237
Akkadian 219, 301, 339, 343, 348, 389, 408
alignment, split 41
Amedia, Jewish 37–38, 73, 96, 139
Ankawa 395, 469–472, 475–479, 482–484
Arabic 3–5, 25, 72, 76, 83, 90, 93, 96, 102, 140, 188–190, 192–193, 221, 224–227, 229–231, 235–265, 267–272, 275, 277–281, 284–285, 289–292, 295, 297–299, 335–337, 339, 341–343, 345–347, 349–350, 383–385, 389–390, 395, 397, 400, 403, 410–411, 445, 469–479, 481–485, 488–494, 498–499
Arabic, Anatolian 225, 227, 230–231, 340, 342–344, 346
Arabic, Classical 4, 193, 254, 256, 301, 439
Arabic, Damascene 272
Arabic, Moroccan 188
Arabic, Palmyrene 295
Arabic, Syrian 29, 88–89, 235–273, 275–285
Aradhin, Christian 395, 403, 407
Arbel 38, 62–63, 90, 135, 285, 407, 439
Ardishay 398
Arena 443
Arkaḥ 356, 363, 365–366, 369, 374–376, 384, 487
articulatory phonology 326
Ashitha 390, 395, 397, 403, 410
aspect 45, 57, 86, 95, 97, 134–136, 138, 156–157, 162, 184, 235, 264, 267, 277, 279, 281–282, 391, 472
Azeri Turkish 437
Barwar 28, 69, 73, 84, 90, 130, 134, 140, 143–146, 162, 166, 168–169, 177–178, 180–181, 184–186, 191, 195, 219, 225, 229–230, 232, 308–310, 317, 336, 340, 348–349, 376, 387, 398, 406, 439, 445, 468
Baxʿa 250, 254–255, 257, 259–260, 267, 270, 275, 283, 288, 292, 294, 296
Betanure 73, 77, 84, 91, 96, 395, 397, 400, 408, 419, 440
Billin 169
Bne Belatha-Ṭyare 405
Bohtan 44, 89, 292, 297, 406, 410
Bsorino 337, 357, 365, 381–382
case marking, prepositional 29–34, 36–40, 43–44, 55, 62, 64–67, 69–70, 79–80, 82, 85, 87, 312
case marking, zero 32–33, 55, 57, 63–64, 70, 76, 80, 85, 87
Central Semitic 2, 4–5, 21, 236, 254, 282
Chamba d-Mallik-Ṭyare 395, 405
Christian Palestinian Aramaic 258, 271, 287, 293–294, 298, 357
circumstantial clause 221–228, 230–231
cognate 5, 188, 235, 238–241, 246, 248, 253–254, 257–258, 262–265, 267–269, 271, 277–278, 280–282, 341, 343, 345, 394–395, 400–401, 406–408
complement clause 208, 210, 235, 269, 271, 279–280
concessive 195, 205–206, 208, 218
conditional 149–150, 154, 158–159, 177, 188, 195, 198, 200–203, 205–209, 211–218, 235, 271, 275, 279–280
construct state 27, 214, 302–303, 305–307, 313–314
continuous 3, 100, 134–138, 264, 282, 482
copula 10, 42, 63–64, 70, 87, 100–101, 116, 119, 132–137, 139, 178, 180, 204, 214, 224–227, 231
cycle, linguistic 165, 301–302, 313–315
Danish 402
dative 29–30, 32, 34, 36, 45, 54, 64–66, 85–87, 259
dative, ethical 32, 45, 51, 53, 85–86
deontic modality 139, 144, 146–148, 154, 156–158, 165, 173, 188, 196–198, 256, 279–280
dependency 143, 146, 150, 153, 158–163, 174, 187–189, 216–217, 302
Dêrxas 225
deverbal adjective 1, 3–4, 25, 37
diaspora 35, 487, 489–494, 498–499
differential object marking 30, 32, 38, 66, 68, 247
Diyana-Zariwaw 320, 332, 412, 440
Dohok, Jewish 41, 45–46, 59, 61, 69, 76–78, 84, 95–98, 101, 105, 115, 118, 128, 130, 132–133, 135–139, 395
English 29, 66, 69, 73, 141, 159, 163, 220, 233, 285, 316–317, 331, 339, 347, 349–350, 385, 399, 402, 408–409, 412, 438, 453, 500
epistemic modality 131, 158, 195–198, 200–201, 216–218
etymology 23, 116, 291, 345, 348, 399, 419–422, 424, 427, 433–434, 437
eventive 16
existential constructions 30, 55, 57, 63, 87, 385
experiencer 29–30, 32–34, 36, 71–73, 75–86
fientive 16
focus 46
French 23, 86, 167–168, 233, 347
future, immediate 167, 169–170, 172–173, 183
Gaznakh 391
genitive case 302–303, 306, 314–315
Georgia 416
Geppa 443
gestures (phonological) 320, 322–323, 326, 330
Geʾez 306
grammaticalisation 30, 76, 130, 137–139, 144, 148, 169
Greek 8–15, 17–18, 20–21, 26, 335, 338
Halmun 408
Harari 394
Harbole 169–170, 173, 176, 395, 400–403, 405
Harene 443
Haṣṣan 44, 89, 390, 395, 406–407
Hawdiyan 320
Hebrew 5, 29, 61, 65, 88, 90–91, 102, 292, 296–297, 299, 316, 339, 343, 347–349, 391, 408, 412
Hebrew, Biblical 4–5, 189, 292, 389, 393
Hertevin 41, 68, 79, 81, 83–84, 90, 390, 395, 397, 400, 407
imperfective 37, 47, 49–51, 84–85, 157, 162, 173, 199, 354
impersonal constructions 29–32, 34, 36, 53, 57, 59, 63, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77–79, 83–84, 87, 112, 264, 267
Inishke 400
intransitive 1–3, 7, 18, 21, 23, 25, 30, 37, 52–53, 62, 77–79, 85, 115, 169, 171, 176, 289, 292, 294
inversion 37
Iṣṣin 407
Italian 18, 23, 28, 91, 140, 317, 404
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic 27, 88, 336, 343–345, 350, 357, 385, 389, 410, 418, 438
Jewish Palestinian Aramaic 1, 271, 287, 293–294, 298–299, 343–344, 350, 357, 389, 410, 438
Jinet 391
Jubbʿadin 28, 76, 250, 259–261, 275, 283, 288, 292, 294, 395, 400
Judaeo-Syriac 407
Kalate 443
Karimlash 397
Kerend 404
Kfarze 2, 353, 356, 362, 365, 379–382, 487
Kinderib 225–227, 230, 232, 349, 383, 385
Koy Sanjak, Christian 166
Kurdish xxv, 72, 89, 96, 102, 112, 117, 189, 221, 225, 229, 231, 238, 244, 285, 304, 310–312, 316–317, 320, 329, 335, 341–343, 345, 381, 383–385, 389–390, 400, 403–404, 408–409, 419, 427, 430, 437–438, 443, 445, 469–470, 477, 484, 488–489, 492
Kurdish, Behdini 72
Kurmanji 105, 189, 304, 307, 310–312, 320, 329, 376, 384, 399, 404, 430, 433, 437
language contact 189, 221, 237–238, 253, 264, 277, 280, 310, 320, 329–330
Late Aramaic 32, 236, 254, 256, 265, 277, 287–288, 293–294, 357, 396
Latin 26, 339, 341, 350, 399, 404, 412, 416
lexical innovation 401
Lishana Deni Jewish Neo-Aramaic 41, 45, 59, 84, 419
loanword 102, 117, 238, 242–244, 260, 275, 335, 338, 340–341, 347, 383, 394–397, 470–471, 478, 481, 483–484, 498
L-suffix 34, 36–47, 49–53, 55, 57–63, 65–66, 68–70, 73, 75–80, 82–87
Mandaic 1, 28, 292, 357, 386, 389, 395, 399, 409–411, 418, 438
Mardin 225, 232, 384, 386, 488
Marga 40–42, 44, 59, 71, 75, 81, 398
Maʿlula 2, 27–28, 51–52, 72, 243, 245, 249–250, 254, 256–261, 263, 266, 270–271, 275, 284–285, 287–292, 294–296, 298, 395, 400
Mehri 394
Meze 168
Middle Aramaic 1–2, 6, 23, 25, 287, 357
Middle Eastern Aramaic 357, 376, 382–384, 418–437
Midin 2, 46, 48, 62, 64, 70, 74–75, 90, 93, 233, 244, 285, 337–338, 341, 347, 357–358, 360–361, 365, 373, 379, 381–382, 487
Midyat 2, 46–49, 54–56, 58, 62, 75, 82, 335, 341–342, 344, 347, 353, 355, 359–360, 363, 365–367, 372–378, 382, 400, 487–488, 491–493
mixing of dialects 319
Mlaḥso 2, 35, 50, 61, 64–65, 90, 395, 410
modality 131, 139, 158, 162, 195–198, 200, 203, 205, 214, 217–218, 256, 279–280
mood 57, 95, 97, 128–130, 235, 255, 263, 279
morphosyntax 30, 36, 66, 86, 238, 241, 246, 257–258, 261–262, 269, 271, 277, 280, 282, 288, 301
Mosul plain 50, 52, 143, 350, 395, 409, 483–484
Mzizaḥ 73–74, 354, 356, 365, 374–375
narrative 16, 21, 97, 134–135, 138, 164, 166, 170, 172, 176, 178, 181, 183–189, 213–214, 218, 222, 416, 489
Neo-Mandaic 1–3, 237, 285, 389, 395–396, 411, 440
nominal pattern 288
non-verbal clause 225
Norwegian 402
obligatorisation 34
Old (Ancient) Aramaic 394
palatalisation 329
Palmyrene Aramaic 295
participle 3, 36, 45, 76, 100, 132, 139, 180, 228, 236–237, 240, 248–249, 253, 259, 261, 263, 265, 271, 275, 278, 281–283, 288–289, 407
passive 16, 18, 236–237, 251, 289, 293
perfect 11, 16, 19, 21–22, 45, 50, 86, 100, 133–134, 139, 224, 231, 264, 267–268, 277, 281–282, 294
perfective 20, 37–38, 41, 44–45, 48–51, 59, 61, 66, 68, 74–75, 84–87, 97, 99–100, 134–135, 156–157, 166, 175–176, 178
Persian xxv, 25, 72, 90, 231, 285, 335–336, 339–340, 350, 389, 437–438
person marking 36, 44, 68, 87, 237
Polish 402
possessee 30–31, 59–60, 64, 66–70
possessor 29–33, 35, 45, 54–55, 57, 59, 61–66, 68–69, 71–73, 82, 85–87
possessor, external 31, 59, 61–62
possessor, predicative 29, 32, 34, 36, 57, 59, 61, 64–65, 68–69, 73, 84, 87, 204
prefix conjugation 236, 240, 248–249, 253, 255–258, 260, 262–264, 267–272, 274–275, 277–283
preterite 40, 45, 50, 59, 66, 68, 83–86, 134, 199, 203, 208–209, 240, 290, 294, 385
progressive 99, 130, 135–137, 139, 177–178, 180–181, 183, 186–187, 255, 264, 282
pronoun, dependent 66–67, 171, 176
pronoun, independent 32, 46, 55, 67, 69, 74, 85, 312
purpose clause 168, 177, 181–184, 187, 260
Qalunta 443
Qaraqosh 51–52, 90, 135, 144, 156, 166, 191, 308, 317, 336, 349, 395, 397, 400–402, 404–405, 407, 410
Qurich 407
realis 98–100, 104, 128–131, 135, 139, 197
recipient 45–47, 55, 58–59, 61–62, 65, 73, 75, 82–83, 85–87
Rekan 408
relative tense 16, 21, 173–174
replication 221, 237–240, 243–247, 250–254, 257–259, 262, 267, 277–278, 280–282, 307, 310–312, 317
resultative 8, 10, 16, 45, 76, 100, 132–135, 139, 236–237, 248–249, 253, 259, 261, 265, 271, 275, 282–283
resultative participle 7, 16–17, 45, 248, 253, 265–267, 271, 275–277, 279, 281–283
Russia 416
Salamas 44
Samaritan Aramaic 287, 293, 299, 357, 389, 412
Samʾal inscriptions 302
Sanandaj, Jewish 63
Semitic 29, 32, 236, 277, 292, 302, 343, 345, 394
Shkafte 443
Soddo 394
Sorani 189, 304, 312, 430, 433, 437
Sprachbund
Caucasian 329
Eastern Anatolian 329
stative 3, 7–8, 10, 16, 45, 74, 99–100, 133–136, 139, 426
stem 1–2, 37, 83, 99, 135, 177–178, 242, 244, 248–252, 257–258, 264–265, 267, 270–271, 278, 289–290, 292, 294, 304, 335–336
subject, non-canonical 30, 32, 86–87
subjunctive 57, 166–168, 177–178, 180–181, 183–187, 189, 199–200, 203–204, 206–209, 211, 240, 354
suffix conjugation 1, 27, 236, 240, 248–251, 253–254, 256, 262, 267–268, 271–272, 275–279, 281–283
Sulemaniyya, Christian 166
Ṣurayt (Ṭuroyo) 335–340, 342–343, 345–346, 348
Syria 51, 72, 76, 236, 240, 287, 290, 293, 295, 489
Syriac 1, 3–4, 6–7, 10, 15–16, 18–28, 32–33, 88, 90–92, 225, 228, 230–232, 292, 296–297, 304–307, 313–314, 317, 335–340, 343, 345–351, 355, 357, 382–383, 386–387, 389–393, 397, 399–400, 403, 405–406, 408–409, 411–413, 417–418, 424, 430–431, 438, 489–490, 500
TAM 55, 57, 86, 98, 235, 238, 248, 252–253, 255, 262, 267–268, 277, 279, 281–282
Telkepe 88, 91, 137, 391, 395, 397, 400, 402–404, 422
tense 1–2, 10–11, 18, 23, 40, 45, 55, 57, 86, 95, 97, 105, 129–130, 146, 154, 156, 166, 173–174, 223–224, 231, 235, 240, 254, 277, 281
Tigre 408
Tin 400
Tkhuma 395
Tkhuma-Gáwaya 395
transitive 1–2, 16, 18, 67–68, 83–84, 86, 133, 139, 169, 176, 292, 294
transitivisation 30, 34, 66–67, 84, 86
Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic 53, 61–62, 79, 244
trigger effect 230
Turkish 303, 316, 320, 335, 445, 488, 493
Ṭuroyo 21, 24–25, 335–338, 340–343, 346, 348, 350–351, 500
Ṭūr ʿAbdīn 350
Ṭyare 134, 391, 403–404, 406–408
Upper Barwar (Hakkâri) 406
Urmi, Christian 34–35, 50, 56, 58–59, 67, 70, 77, 83–84, 135, 143, 181, 183–184, 186–187, 321, 329, 343, 376, 391–393, 395, 398, 400, 402–405, 415–416, 419, 430, 436
Urmi, Jewish 404
Western Neo-Aramaic 2, 35, 51–52, 55, 57, 65, 72, 76, 85, 235–243, 245–254, 257–260, 262–264, 267–271, 275, 277–284, 287–288, 290–292, 294–295, 389
Western Syriac 337–338, 347, 400, 490, 492
Xarabe Məška 361, 364, 379, 384
Zakho, Jewish 88–89, 96, 98, 117–118, 136, 139–141, 195, 201, 217, 219–220, 309, 313, 315, 397, 412, 438
Zaz 365