11. The Simplified Sign System Lexicon

ABOVE

Synonyms: Aboveground, Over (above), Upper

The active spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side, initially is held about six inches above the stationary spread- or 5-hand, palm facing down and fingers pointing to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The upper, active hand then circles horizontally above the lower, stationary hand.

The act of showing the area over or above the lower hand.

The active hand represents one space, area, or location that is positioned at a higher level than another space, area, or location (represented by the stationary hand). Above means that something is in a higher place or on a higher floor. This sign may also be used to indicate an area that is located aboveground or above the surface of a body of water (represented by the stationary forearm).

ACUPUNCTURE

Synonyms: Acupuncture Needles, Acupuncturist

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the active baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially touch the lower part of the stationary forearm, palm facing down. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then slowly moves up the forearm in a series of small hops.

The act of inserting acupuncture needles into one’s skin.

The active hand grasps imaginary acupuncture needles and inserts them into different parts of a person’s stationary arm. Acupuncture is a medical practice from China in which thin needles are used to block or release pain in specific areas of the body.

ADDITION (MATH)

Synonyms: Add To, Additional, Add Up, Augment, Bonus, Extra, Sum, Summation (total), Supplement, Total (math)

The active tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing up and knuckles pointing forward, initially is held in front of and to the side of the body near waist level. The stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing up and fingers pointing diagonally forward, is held in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then arcs up and to the side, rotating so that the palm faces down and knuckles point diagonally forward as the tips of the fingers and thumb touch the upturned palm of the stationary hand.

The act of adding the contents of one hand to the contents of another hand.

The active hand represents an extra amount of something that is added to and supplements, augments, or increases the amount that one already has (represented by the stationary hand). This sign is also used to represent the mathematical process of addition. Addition is a calculation in which numbers are combined together to form a sum or total amount.

ADDRESS

Synonyms: Label, Nameplate, Tag

The C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm facing out and fingers pointing mostly up, initially is held in front of the opposite side of the body at chin level. The hand then moves to the other side.

The act of placing a nameplate on the door to one’s office.

A person who works in an office building often has a nameplate attached to the door or the wall outside of his or her office. The fingers trace the upper edge and the thumb traces the lower edge of such a nameplate. This sign may also be used to represent the rectangular shape of a large address label. An address indicates where a person or organization is located.

AFRAID

Synonyms: Apprehensive, Cowardly, Craven, Faint-Hearted, Fear, Fearful, Fright, Frightened, Panic, Phobia, Pusillanimous, Scared, Terrified, Timid, Timorous

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up to opposite sides, initially are held in front of the sides of the body at chest level. The hands then crisscross as they move diagonally up to opposite sides. The action is repeated. A fearful or scared facial expression is appropriate.

The act of covering one’s heart when one is scared or frightened.

When a person is afraid, his or her hands often move to cover or protect his or her heart (represented by the final position). To be afraid means that a person is scared, frightened, or full of fear. Fear is a natural response to a dangerous, shocking, or uncertain situation.

AFTERNOON

Synonym: P.M.

The elbow of the active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing up, rests on the back of the stationary flat-hand, palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side. The stationary hand is in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then arcs several inches out to the side of the body.

The act of the hour hand of a wall clock moving past 12:00 (noon).

The active hand and forearm represent the hour hand of a clock. Initially, the hand points straight up (indicating noon or 12:00 pm), but then the hand moves out to the side as the afternoon progresses. Afternoon is the period of a day lasting from noon to evening. The active hand may also represent the sun as it moves beyond its highest point in the sky (during the day at noon) to indicate the afternoon. Related to the sign for Noon.

AGAIN

Synonyms: Accustomed To, Frequently, Habit, Habitually, Often, On a Regular Basis, Once More, Practice, Recurrent, Regularly, Repeat, Repeatedly, Repetition, Reiterate, Routine, Time After Time, Typically, Usually

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward and down, initially touches the lower part of the stationary forearm, palm facing down. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active index finger then moves up the stationary forearm in a series of small hops.

The act of repeating the same action multiple times (again and again).

The active index finger represents something happening at more than one point along an imaginary timeline (represented by the stationary forearm). Again means to happen once more or that an action or event is repeated.

AGAINST

Synonyms: Blocked, Hamper (hinder), Hinder, Impede, Inhibit, Obstruct, Obstruction of Justice

The active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side, initially is held about six inches to the side of the stationary flat-hand, palm facing to the side and fingers pointing forward. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then moves to the side until the tips of the fingers contact the stationary palm.

The act of one hand striking against or coming into direct contact with the other hand.

The active hand represents a moving object that is blocked or obstructed by a wall or other immobile object (represented by the stationary hand). Against means to come into contact with or be in opposition to something. To block or impede means to inhibit the forward movement or progress of someone or something. Obstruction of justice is a criminal charge in which a person corruptly inhibits or attempts to inhibit prosecutors or officials from carrying out their duties.

AIRPLANE

Synonyms: Aircraft, Flight, Fly (plane), Glider, Hang Gliding, Jet (passenger), Pilot, Plane, Soar, Wings (plane)

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing out to opposite sides, initially are fully extended out to the sides of the body at shoulder level. One arm then tilts up slightly as the other arm tilts down slightly. The action is repeated by tilting to the opposite side.

The act of an airplane adjusting its position as it flies.

The body or torso represents the cabin or fuselage of an airplane and the arms represent the plane’s wings as the plane adjusts position and flies through the air. An airplane, plane, or aircraft is a vehicle for transporting people and/or cargo via flight. A pilot is a person who operates and flies aircraft.

AIRPORT

Synonyms: Air Base, Airfield, Airstrip, Landing Field, Landing Strip, Runway (airport), Tarmac (runway)

The active horns-hand (the little finger and thumb are extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially is held in front of one shoulder, about a foot above and closer to the body than the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing up and fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. The stationary hand is in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then arcs down and forward, ending on the palm and fingers of the stationary hand. (This sign can also be made without the little finger of the active hand extended.)

The act of a plane landing on a runway at an airport.

The thumb and little finger of the active hand represent the wings of a plane and the rest of the hand represents the body (or fuselage) of the plane. Initially, the plane is in the air, but then it descends and lands on the flat surface of the ground or an airport runway (represented by the stationary hand). An airport is the location from which airplanes operate.

ALARM

Synonyms: Alarm Bell, Alert (warning), Warning (alarm)

The active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing diagonally out and finger pointing up, initially is held a few inches to the side of the palm of the stationary spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The index finger of the active hand then repeatedly arcs to the side to strike the lower half of the stationary palm.

The act of striking the side of a metal alarm bell.

The index finger of the active hand represents the tongue or clapper repeatedly striking the metal side of an old-fashioned alarm bell (represented by the stationary hand). An alarm is a device that emits a loud, repeated sound (or spoken message) that warns or alerts people of impending danger (e.g., fire, tornado, tsunami, or prisoner escape).

ALL

Synonyms: All-Encompassing, Entire, Every, Everybody, Everyone, Inclusive, Whole (entire)

The curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing mostly forward, initially is held in front of one side of the body at chest level. The hand then arcs forward and to the other side, ending with the palm facing to the opposite side and fingers pointing mostly in.

The act of using one’s arm to encircle everyone who is present.

The active hand moves to include all of the people or everybody located in the immediate area. All means everyone or that no one is excluded or left out.

ALPHABET

Synonyms: Fingerspell, Letters (alphabet), Spell, Spelling

The spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing diagonally down and fingers pointing forward, initially is held in front of one side of the body at chest level. The fingers then wiggle.

The act of using one’s fingers to manually spell out the letters of the alphabet.

The letters of the written alphabet can be manually represented by various configurations of the hand and fingers. The movement of the fingers represents the consecutive production of individual letters of the alphabet when spelling (or fingerspelling) a word. An alphabet is a set of letters from which certain languages may be written.

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

Synonyms: Dementia, Senile

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing diagonally in and finger pointing diagonally up, initially touches the temple (the side of the forehead). The hand then rotates so that the index finger points down as the hand moves straight down to below waist level.

The act of one’s ability to think declining or going downhill.

The initial position of the hand by the temple represents a person’s thought processes and the downward movement represents a decline in such thinking. Alzheimer’s disease or dementia is a condition in which a person’s ability to think clearly or to remember things deteriorates. A combination of the signs for Think and Down.

AMBULANCE

Synonyms: Emergency Vehicle, Fire Truck, Police Car, Siren (vehicle)

The spread curved-hand (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palm facing out and fingers pointing mostly up, initially is held just above the head. The hand then twists so that the palm faces to the side. The action is repeated.

The act of lights twirling on an ambulance.

The hand represents the rotating or twirling light(s) on the roof of an ambulance or other emergency vehicle (represented by the body) that is responding to a call for help. An ambulance is a vehicle that is used to treat and safely transport injured or sick persons to a hospital. Fire trucks and police cars also have rotating or flashing lights on their roofs.

AMPUTATE

Synonyms: Amputation, Amputee, Cut Off (body part), Sever

The edge of the active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing up and fingers pointing to the side, slides back and forth across the stationary arm just above the elbow. The stationary arm is extended downward. (To indicate the amputation of another limb, make the sign on the area to be severed. If that is not possible, make this sign and then point to the appropriate limb.)

The act of cutting off or amputating part of a person’s arm.

The active hand represents a scalpel or medical saw that is used to amputate or remove part of a patient’s stationary arm (or to sever another limb). To amputate means to sever or cut off a body part. A limb may be cut off or amputated if it is severely injured, diseased, or contains too much dead tissue or infection to be saved.

AND

Synonyms: Also, In Addition, Too

The spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side, initially is held in front of the opposite side of the body at chest level. The hand then becomes a tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing forward, as it moves to the other side of the body.

Each finger represents one thing that is associated with and connected with the others.

The fingers of the 5-hand initially represent separate strands or things that later come together to form one unit (represented by the O-hand). And is a conjunction (a grammatical part of speech that connects or joins words, sentences, clauses, or phrases). Also and too mean in addition to something else.

ANGEL

Synonyms: Cherub, Halo, Saint

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally down and to the side, initially is held a short distance above one side of the head. The hand then makes a small horizontal circle over the head.

The act of drawing a halo above an angel’s head.

The index finger points to or indicates the circular shape of an angel’s halo. An angel is a heavenly being that many people believe protects or watches over the living. A halo is a ring of light above the head of an angel that represents the angel’s goodness and heavenly nature.

ANGRY

Synonyms: Anger, Belligerent, Cantankerous, Cross (angry), Enrage, Furious, Fury, Hostile, Irate, Mad, Outrage, Rage, Wrath

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing up, initially is held in front of the side of the body at head level. The fist then shakes slightly. A frown or angry facial expression is appropriate.

The act of clenching one’s fist and shaking it in anger.

When a person is angry, irate, or mad, he or she may clench a fist and get ready to physically attack someone. Anger, fury, or rage is a feeling of strong displeasure about a situation or hostility toward another person or group.

ANIMAL

Synonyms: Beast, Creature, Mammal, Paws

Spread curved-hands (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palms facing down and fingers pointing mostly forward, initially are held about six inches apart in front of the body at lower chest level. The hands then alternately arc forward and slightly down.

The act of an animal’s paws moving forward.

The hands represent the front paws of an animal and the fingers represent the animal’s toes and/or claws as the animal walks. Animals are creatures that exist in a variety of shapes, colors, and sizes. Many land-based animals have four legs — two in front and two in back. Paws are the padded feet of certain animals (such as felines, canines, and bears).

ANNOUNCEMENT

Synonyms: Advertise, Advertisement, Announce, Broadcast, Commercial (ad), Disclose (to the public), Inform, Make Public, Notify, Proclaim, Proclamation, Promulgate, Public, Publicity, Publicize, Spread News

The tips of the index fingers of pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing up, initially touch the face near the corners of the mouth. The hands then arc forward and to opposite sides, rotating slightly so that the palms face out and fingers point diagonally up and out to opposite sides.

The act of making an announcement or broadcasting news to the public.

The index fingers represent a spoken announcement that is made to a large group of people (represented by the movement). The index fingers may also represent words that are widely disseminated or that spread to other locations (represented by the final position of the hands). An announcement is a public statement or declaration meant to provide others with news or important information.

ANSWER

Synonyms: Reply, Respond, Response

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and finger pointing up, initially touches the face just below the mouth. The hand then arcs forward and down until the finger points forward.

The act of providing an answer or response.

The index finger represents an answer or reply coming out of one person’s mouth that is aimed in the direction of another person (represented by the final position) who has asked a question. To answer means to reply or say something in response to another person’s question.

APPLAUD

Synonyms: Acclaim (applause), Applause, Clap, Plaudits

The palms of the hands, one facing diagonally out and down and the other facing diagonally in and up, strike each other repeatedly in front of the body at chest level. (Alternatively, this sign can be made with the palms facing each other and to opposite sides.)

The act of applauding or clapping.

When a person likes or enjoys a performance or something that has been said, he or she often expresses approval by applauding or clapping his or her hands together. To applaud means to show appreciation for someone or something by hitting the hands together (typically palm-to-palm) so that they make a clapping noise.

APPOINTMENT

Synonyms: Choose a Time, Make a Reservation, Reservation

The active baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially is located a few inches to the side of the stationary hand, palm facing down. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then arcs up and to the side until the tips of its index finger and thumb touch the back of the stationary wrist.

The act of choosing a specific time for an appointment or reservation.

The active hand selectively picks a time (represented by the final position, a common location to wear a watch) and a date on a calendar (represented by the stationary hand) to make a reservation or appointment. An appointment is a scheduled meeting. A reservation is the setting aside of something for a particular use at a specific time in the future. A combination of the signs for Choose and Time.

APRON

Synonym: Apron Strings

The edges of the tips of the index fingers and thumbs of baby O-hands (the index fingers and thumbs are curved and touch at their tips from otherwise closed hands), palms facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially touch just in front of the body near waist level. The hands then separate and move to opposite sides and behind the back.

The act of tying the strings of an apron behind one’s back.

The fingers grasp the strings on an apron and then tie them behind a person’s back near waist level. An apron is a cloth garment that is often worn over the front of a person’s clothes while he or she is cleaning or cooking. Aprons help to protect a person’s clothes from getting dirty.

ARGUE

Synonyms: Argument, Argumentative, Conflict (quarrel), Contentious, Controversial, Debate, Disagreement (argument), Discord, Dispute, Dissension (discord), Divisive, Quarrel, Spat (argument), Squabble, Strife

Pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing diagonally in and fingers pointing to opposite sides, initially are held about a foot apart in front of the body with one hand at shoulder level and the other hand at lower chest level. The lower hand then arcs up as the upper hand arcs down. This alternating action is repeated rapidly several times. A frown or angry facial expression is appropriate.

The act of two people wagging their fingers at each other during an argument.

When two people are involved in an argument or dispute, they may point their fingers at each other and try to blame the other person for what has happened. An argument is a dispute, disagreement, or quarrel about someone or something. A debate typically is a discussion of the merits and failings of a policy, proposal, or position on an issue. Debates between political opponents are often held before a scheduled election.

ARITHMETIC

Synonyms: Census, Count, Math, Mathematics

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward, touches and then bends down the tip of the little finger of the stationary spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The action is then repeated on the tip of the stationary ring finger.

The act of using one’s fingers to count or do arithmetic.

When a person is doing math, he or she may use his or her fingers to keep track of the result. Arithmetic is the branch of mathematics that involves such basic functions as the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of numbers. Math is a discipline involving the use of numbers and equations to quantify and describe aspects of the world.

ARM

Synonyms: Brachial, Forearm

The index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward and down, points to the middle of the stationary forearm, palm facing diagonally down. The stationary forearm is partially extended in front of the body below chest level.

The act of showing the location of one’s arm.

The active index finger points to or indicates the location of a person’s stationary arm or forearm. Arms are the upper appendages or limbs of a human or primate; arms extend from the shoulders to the hands. The forearm is the part of the arm that extends from the elbow to the hand.

AROUND

Synonyms: Carousel, Encircle, Merry-Go-Round, Surround

The active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm and finger pointing down and knuckles pointing to the side, initially is held a few inches away from the top of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body near upper chest level. The active hand then circles horizontally around the top of the stationary hand.

The act of fully encircling or going around an object.

The active index finger represents a path around a central object (represented by the stationary hand). Around refers to the area surrounding, encompassing, encircling, or on all sides of an object. A merry-go-round is a playground device that rotates around a central point. A carousel is a similar, but larger, machine that allows individuals to ride on play horses and animals as the riding platform spins around a central hub.

ARREST

Synonyms: Apprehend (arrest), Cuffs, Handcuffs, Manacles, Shackles, Suspect (criminal), Take Into Custody

The active C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm facing diagonally down and fingers pointing mostly diagonally forward, initially is held several inches above the stationary hand, palm facing down. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then arcs down and grabs the back of the stationary wrist.

The act of arresting and putting handcuffs on someone.

The active hand represents handcuffs or shackles that are put on the wrists of a person who has been arrested (represented by the stationary arm). To arrest means to take a person suspected of a crime into legal custody. Handcuffs are connected metal bracelets used to restrain a suspected criminal’s hands and prevent that person from harming others while in police custody.

ARRIVE

Synonyms: Arrival, Attend

Antonyms: Depart, Departure, Evacuate, Exit, Flee, Leave

The active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and finger pointing up, initially is held about six inches to the side of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the opposite side and fingers pointing forward. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then moves to contact the stationary palm. (To indicate the meanings Depart, Departure, Evacuate, Exit, Flee, or Leave, reverse the action of the sign.)

The act of a person arriving at a specific location.

The active index finger represents a person, animal, or object arriving at a certain location (represented by the stationary hand). To arrive means to reach one’s destination or get to a specific location. To attend means to go to a meeting or be present at an event.

ASCEND

Synonyms: Go Straight Up, Launch (rocket), Launch Pad, Lift-Off, Missile, Pop-Up, Rocket

The edge of the tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing out and finger pointing up, initially touches the edge of the index finger of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing forward. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then moves straight up about six inches.

The act of a rocket or missile ascending or being launched into the air.

The index finger of the active hand represents a rocket as it lifts off from the ground or a launch pad (represented by the stationary hand) and ascends into the sky (represented by the final position). To ascend means to go up or rise to a higher point or level. A rocket is a fuel-powered device typically used to propel and launch satellites, shuttles, and cargo into space. A missile is a fuel-powered, explosive projectile used as a weapon.

ATTIC

Synonyms: Garret, Loft, Top Floor

The active spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward, initially is held just below the stationary bent-hand (the fingers are together and extended at a right angle with respect to the palm), palm and fingers pointing diagonally down to the opposite side and knuckles pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at upper chest level. The lower, active hand then circles horizontally below the upper, stationary hand.

The act of showing the area of an attic below the roof of a house.

The active hand represents and shows the location of an attic below the peaked roof of a house (represented by the stationary hand). An attic is the floor, space, or area that is positioned just below the roof of a house or building. Attics often are used for storage. This sign may also be used to refer to the top floor of a house or building.

AWAKE

Synonyms: Conscious, Open One’s Eyes, Wake Up

The tips of the index fingers and thumbs of baby O-hands (the index fingers and thumbs are curved and touch at their tips from otherwise closed hands), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing up, initially are held near the outer corners of the eyes. The fingers and thumbs then move apart.

The act of opening one’s eyes or waking up.

The index fingers and thumbs represent a person’s upper and lower eyelids. Initially, the eyelids are together or closed (representing that the person is asleep) but then the eyelids separate as the eyes open (representing that the person is now awake). To be awake means that a person is conscious and aware of his or her surroundings.

BABY

Synonyms: Babyhood, Cradle, Crèche, Crib (baby), Infancy, Infant, Neonatal, Neonate, Newborn, Rock (a baby)

One forearm initially rests on top of the other forearm, palms facing up and fingers pointing to opposite sides. Both forearms are in front of the body at lower chest level. The arms then swing gently from side to side.

The act of cradling and rocking a baby in one’s arms.

This sign represents a person holding a baby in his or her arms and comforting or rocking the baby to sleep. A baby is an infant or very young child. The forearms may also represent the bottom of a cradle and the gentle movement represents the rocking of that cradle. A cradle is a small bed or basket for holding a baby and rocking it to sleep.

BACK

Synonyms: Backbone, Cervical Spine, Chiropractics, Spinal Column, Spine, Vertebra, Vertebral Column

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm and finger pointing down and knuckles pointing to the side, reaches over the shoulder (on the same side of the body) and touches the upper back. (To indicate the meanings Backbone, Cervical Spine, Chiropractics, Spinal Column, Spine, Vertebra, or Vertebral Column, the tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand, palm facing forward and finger pointing diagonally down, slides up and down the back of the neck.)

The act of showing the location of one’s back.

The index finger points to or indicates the location of a person’s upper back. The back of a person is the rear side of the body. The spine or backbone is a series of interconnected bones (vertebrae) running from the base of the skull down the center of a person’s back to the tailbone. The spine protects the spinal cord (part of the central nervous system).

BACKACHE

Synonyms: Lower Back Pain, Lumbago

The palm of the spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing to the side and slightly forward and fingers pointing down, initially touches the side of the lower back. The body should lean forward slightly. The hand then slides a short distance up and down. The action is repeated a couple of times. A frown or pained facial expression is appropriate.

The act of feeling or rubbing one’s aching back.

A person may rub his or her back in an attempt to relieve aches or painful spasms. The pained facial expression and the placement of the hand indicate that the lower back is the source of discomfort. A backache is a pain in a person’s back, especially the lower back.

BACKPACK

Synonyms: Knapsack, Rucksack

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing in and knuckles pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially are held on the chest under each shoulder. The arms and elbows then rock back and forth slightly a few times.

The act of holding the straps on a backpack while on a hike.

The hands grasp and hold on to the front straps of a backpack. A backpack is a sack carried on a person’s back and secured by straps over and below the shoulders. Backpacks are often made of canvas or nylon and are used by students to carry books and school supplies. Backpacks also are commonly used to carry food, water, and other provisions while hiking and camping.

BAD

Synonyms: Defective, Detrimental, Downside, Inadequate, Lose (game), Negative (bad), No Good, Poor Quality, Unfavorable, Unsatisfactory

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing out and knuckles pointing to the side with the thumb extended and pointing down, initially is held in front of the body at chest level. The fist then moves down slightly. A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of giving someone or something one thumb down for a bad job.

A thumb pointing down often conveys disapproval or that something is bad. Bad means defective, inadequate, being of low or poor quality, or having a negative, unfavorable, or unsatisfactory result. This sign may also be used to refer to losing a game or contest.

BALANCE

Synonyms: Equilibrium, Justice, Libra (astrology), Scales

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing forward, initially are held about a foot apart in front of the body near waist level. One hand then moves down a few inches as the other hand moves up a few inches. If possible, one should lean slightly to the side with the downward movement of each hand (lean right when the right hand moves down; lean left when the left hand moves down).

The act of one’s balance shifting from one side to the other.

The hands represent a person’s feet as that person tries to gain his or her balance or equilibrium. Balance refers to a person’s ability to maintain poise and control over the positioning of his or her body. The hands may also represent the metaphorical scales of justice involved in weighing evidence. Scales are two matched plates that are suspended from each side of a center beam. Scales are used to measure and compare the weights of items placed on those plates.

BALL

The tips of the fingers and thumbs of spread curved-hands (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing mostly forward, touch as the hands are held in front of the body at chest level. (Alternatively, the fingers can point mostly up.)

The act of showing the round shape of a ball.

The fingers and hands represent the rounded outer edge of a ball. A ball is a spherical or round object that is often thrown, rolled, hit, or kicked in games. Examples of balls include baseballs, softballs, soccer balls, basketballs, tennis balls, and ping pong balls.

BALL CAP

Synonyms: Brim, Cap, Visor

The edges of the index finger and thumb of the curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), palm facing down and fingers pointing mostly to the side, rest against the top of the forehead.

The hand resembles the brim of a ball cap.

The hand and fingers represent the front extension or brim of a cap or visor. A ball cap is a covering for the crown of the head that has a brim projecting forward to help shield the face and eyes from the sun. A visor is a brim that connects to the head by means of an encircling strap.

BALLOON

Synonym: Inflate (a balloon)

The edges of the index finger and thumb of the tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing up, initially touch the lips. The hand then moves a short distance to the side and slightly forward as it slowly opens into the spread curved-hand (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing mostly up. Puckering the lips and blowing air are appropriate.

The act of blowing up a balloon.

The hand represents a balloon. Initially, the balloon is flat or deflated (represented by the O-hand) but then it expands as a person blows air into it (represented by the spread curved-hand). A balloon is an inflatable rubber bag that may float in the air. Balloons are often used as decorations at birthday parties and other celebrations.

BANANA

Synonyms: Banana Peel, Peel (banana), Plantain

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the active baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing up, initially touch the tip of the index finger of the stationary pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the opposite side and finger pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at upper chest level. The baby O-hand then arcs down and back toward the signer. The action is repeated with the baby O-hand ending slightly to the side of its previous position.

The act of peeling a banana.

The active hand grasps and removes the skin or peel of a banana (represented by the stationary index finger). A banana is a fruit, long and slender in shape, that is enclosed in a yellowish covering or rind. A plantain is a type of banana that is usually fried or baked before eating.

BAND-AID™

The index and middle fingers of the active H-hand (the index and middle fingers are together and extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward and down, initially touch the back of the stationary hand, palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then slides across the back of the stationary hand.

The act of putting a band-aid over a small cut.

The index and middle fingers of the active hand represent a rectangular band-aid as it is applied over a small cut or injury on the back of a person’s stationary hand. A band-aid is a relatively small strip of sterile material that is put over cuts or wounds to stop bleeding and prevent contamination.

BANK

Synonyms: Deposit, Invest, Safe (money), Safety Deposit Box, Stow Away

Antonyms: ATM, Withdraw (money), Withdrawal (money)

The active tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing diagonally out and knuckles pointing up, initially is held several inches behind and slightly above the stationary C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm facing diagonally out to the opposite side and fingers pointing mostly up. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then moves diagonally forward and down until it is between the fingers and thumb of the stationary hand. (To indicate the meanings ATM, Withdraw (money), or Withdrawal (money), reverse the action of the sign.)

The act of putting money into a bank.

The active hand represents money or a check as it is deposited or placed into a safe in a bank (represented by the stationary hand). A bank is an institution for the borrowing, lending, and safekeeping of money. A deposit is money or funds added to one’s bank account.

BARS

Synonyms: Banister, Bedside Commode, Commode, Handrails, Railings, Rehabilitation Bars

C-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumbs opposite the fingers), palms facing down and fingers pointing mostly diagonally down and out to opposite sides, initially are held in front of and to the sides of the body below chest level. The hands then move down slightly. (To indicate a single bar or railing, use only one hand. To indicate the meanings Bedside Commode or Commode, make the sign at waist level.)

The act of grasping support bars or railings as one walks.

The hands grasp imaginary bars or railings to help a person steady his or her balance while walking or standing. Bars typically are wooden or metal railings that may be grasped for support. A banister is a handrail on one or both sides of a staircase that a person may grasp as he or she goes up and down steps in a building or house. Some bedside commodes (portable toilets) have support bars to assist a patient while sitting and standing.

BASEBALL

Synonyms: Baseball Bat, Batter (baseball), Cricket (game), Softball, Sports, Swing (bat)

One fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing forward, rests on top of the other fist, palm facing back and knuckles pointing out to the side. Initially, the fists are held in front of one shoulder. The hands then swing forward and to the opposite side until the arms are almost fully extended and pointing diagonally forward.

The act of swinging a baseball bat.

The hands grasp the handle of an imaginary baseball bat (a long, wooden or metal rod used to hit baseballs) and then the arms swing forward in an attempt to hit a thrown ball. Baseball and softball are games in which players use a bat to hit a ball before running toward set points on a field (bases).

BASEMENT

Synonyms: Bottom Floor, Cellar, Lower Level

The active spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward, initially is held about a foot below the stationary bent-hand (the fingers are together and extended at a right angle with respect to the palm), palm and fingers pointing diagonally down and to the opposite side and knuckles pointing up. The stationary hand is in front of the body at upper chest level. The lower, active hand then circles horizontally below the upper, stationary hand.

The act of showing the area of a basement far below the roof of a house.

The active hand represents and shows the location of a basement or cellar far below the peaked roof of a house (represented by the stationary hand). A basement is the lowest floor, space, or area of a building, typically located partially or fully underground.

BASKET

Synonyms: Enmeshed, Interwoven, Thatched

The fingers of the upper C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm and fingers pointing to the side and knuckles pointing down, rest on top of the fingers of the lower C-hand, palm and fingers pointing to the opposite side and knuckles pointing down. The tips of the thumbs also touch and are held above the palms. Both hands are in front of the body near waist level. (This sign can also be made by interlocking the fingers. To indicate the meanings Enmeshed, Interwoven, or Thatched, rotate that sign so that the bottoms of the interlocked fingers face forward.)

The hands resemble the general shape of a basket.

The thumbs represent the handle on a basket and the hands and fingers represent the sides and bottom of the basket. A basket is a container that is made of interwoven materials. A basket often has one or two handles that allow a person to safely carry it around.

BASKETBALL

Synonym: Pass the Ball

Spread curved-hands (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palms facing out and slightly up and fingers pointing mostly up, initially are held just in front of the body at upper chest or chin level. The hands then arc up and forward.

The act of passing a basketball to another person.

The hands initially lightly grasp a basketball and then pass it to another person or throw it toward a hoop. Basketball is a game played on a court by two teams of players who try to toss an inflated ball through an elevated hoop (called a basket) at each end of the court.

BATH

Synonyms: Bathe, Take a Bath, Wash One’s Body

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side, initially rests on one side of the body at upper chest level. The hand then moves up and down slightly as it slides across the chest.

The act of cleaning oneself by taking a bath.

The hand represents a washcloth or sponge used by a person to bathe or wash his or her chest. A bath involves the cleaning of a person’s body, usually with water and some type of soap.

BATTERY

Synonyms: Battery Terminal, Sparks

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the active baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially touch the tip of the thumb of the stationary fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side with the thumb partially extended and pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then opens quickly into an L-hand (the index finger and thumb are extended from an otherwise closed hand and form a right angle), palm facing down and index finger pointing diagonally forward with the thumb pointing to the side. This action is repeated.

The act of sparks flying from a battery terminal.

The index finger and thumb of the active hand represent sparks flying from a vehicle battery terminal or connection point (represented by the stationary thumb). A battery is a source of electric current. Batteries come in various sizes and may be used to power the electronics in vehicles, handheld devices, flashlights, and radios.

BEAR

Synonyms: Bear Hug, Ursine

Claw-hands (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palms facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally up to opposite sides, initially are crisscrossed over the chest. The hands then make small scratching movements on the shoulders. An accompanying growl or scowl is appropriate.

The act of getting a bear hug.

The fingers represent a bear’s claws as they scratch an object or vertical surface such as a tree (represented by the person’s body). A bear is a large, ursine mammal with thick fur (often black, brown, or white) and big claws. A bear hug is a tight embrace.

BEARD

Synonyms: Facial Hair, Whiskers (beard)

The C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm facing in and slightly up and fingers pointing mostly to the side, initially cups the chin with the fingers on one side and the thumb on the other. The fingers and thumb then slide down the sides of the chin until they touch and close into a tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing in and slightly up and knuckles pointing diagonally up.

The act of stroking the whiskers of one’s beard.

The fingers and thumb feel the whiskers of a beard on a man’s chin. A beard is the hair that grows on a man’s face, especially around the chin and lower jaw. Whiskers are the individual hairs in a person’s beard.

BEAUTIFUL

Synonyms: Attractive, Beauty, Good-Looking, Gorgeous, Handsome, Lovely, Pretty

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up, initially is held just in front of and to the side of the face. The hand then circles around the edge of the face. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of showing off or being thankful for one’s beautiful face.

A person may show off a beautiful or attractive face by circling or framing it with his or her hand. Something that is beautiful or lovely is very attractive, pretty, or extremely pleasing to look at. Handsome and good-looking are words generally used to describe attractive men.

BED

Synonyms: Bedroom, Bedtime

The head tilts to the side as it rests on the palm of the flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing diagonally up and out to the side. (Alternatively, this sign can be made with two hands, palms touching, with the head resting on the back of the upper hand.)

The act of resting one’s head while lying in bed.

The hand represents the upper portion of a bed on which one is resting. A bed is a piece of furniture on which a person may lie down and sleep.

BEDPAN

The curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), palm facing up and fingers pointing mostly forward, initially is held just behind and to the side of one buttock. The hand then moves about nine inches diagonally forward and slightly up, ending with the fingers pointing mostly diagonally forward and out to the side.

The act of removing a bedpan from beneath a person’s buttocks.

The active hand represents a bedpan that initially is positioned underneath a person’s buttocks but is then removed. A bedpan is a shallow vessel or receptacle in which a bed-ridden person or patient may urinate or defecate.

BEFORE

Synonyms: Early, Opening Remarks, Preceding, Preface, Premature, Pre- (prefix), Previous, Prior To, Sooner

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing to opposite sides, are held in front of the body at chest level. The fingers of the back, active hand initially touch the fingers of the front, stationary hand. The active hand then moves about six inches straight back toward the body.

The act of showing an earlier time frame.

The stationary hand represents the present time frame and the active hand shows an earlier, preceding, or previous time frame — the time prior to or before the present. Before means earlier in time, sooner, prior to the present time, or in advance of something.

BEG (FOR CHARITY)

Synonyms: Alms, Beggar, Collection Plate, Panhandle, Solicit

The curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), palm facing up and fingers pointing mostly forward, initially is held in front of and to the side of the body at lower chest level. The hand then slowly swings inward until it touches the body, ending with the fingers pointing mostly to the side.

The act of holding out one’s hand to beg for money.

The hand represents a pan or collection plate that a person holds out or passes around to beg for charity or to request money or alms. To beg means to solicit or earnestly ask for charity or assistance for the needy.

BEHIND (POSITION)

Synonyms: Aft, Background, In Back Of, Rear (position)

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing out and fingers pointing up, initially are held in front of the body at chest level. The active hand, located about six inches behind the stationary hand, then moves slightly from side to side.

The act of showing the area behind someone.

The active hand represents an object, group of people, or area that is positioned behind or in back of another object, group of people, or area (represented by the stationary hand). Behind means in back of or toward the rear. Aft is a nautical term designating the direction toward the back, rear, or stern of a vessel (when a person is on that vessel).

BELL

Synonyms: Chime, Ring (bell)

The tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially is held in front of the body near lower chest level. The hand then rotates vigorously from side to side several times.

The act of ringing a bell to summon someone.

The hand holds a small, imaginary bell and causes it to ring by moving it back and forth. A bell typically is a hollow metallic device that emits a ringing sound when struck or when the clapper inside hits the sides of the bell. Bells or chimes may be used to get a person’s attention, to summon someone, to denote the passage of time (in certain clocks), and for musical enjoyment.

BELOW

Synonyms: Beneath, Lower, Sub- (prefix), Under, Underground, Underneath

The active spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side, initially is held about six inches below the stationary spread- or 5-hand, palm facing down and fingers pointing to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The lower, active hand then circles horizontally below the upper, stationary hand.

The act of showing the area below or under the upper hand.

The active hand represents one space, area, or location that is positioned at a lower level than another space, area, or location (represented by the stationary hand). Below means that something is under something else or is in a lower place or on a lower floor. This sign may also be used to indicate an area that is located underground or beneath the surface of a body of water (represented by the stationary forearm).

BELT

Synonym: Girth

The tips of the index fingers and thumbs of G-hands (the index fingers and thumbs are extended from otherwise closed hands and are parallel), palms and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing down, initially touch the sides of the waist. The hands then slide toward each other until the tips of the fingers touch in front of the body.

The act of putting on a belt.

The distance between the index fingers and thumbs represents the approximate width of a belt as it is put around a person’s waist. A belt is a band or strap that is worn around a person’s waist and is often used to hold up a person’s pants.

BEND

Synonyms: Bent, Flex (an object)

The tips of the thumbs of fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing out and knuckles pointing up with the thumbs extended and pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially touch in front of the body at chest level. The fists then slowly arc a short distance forward and down, ending with the palms facing diagonally down and out to opposite sides and knuckles pointing mostly forward.

The act of bending an object.

The hands grasp and then bend or flex an imaginary rod or object. To bend means to make something curved by applying pressure or force to it. Something that is bent has been changed from its typical shape into a different, often nonlinear, shape or form.

BERRIES

Synonyms: Blackberries, Blueberries, Cranberries, Currants, Gooseberries, Kiwi (fruit), Raspberries, Strawberries

The tips of the fingers and thumb of the active tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing diagonally out and knuckles pointing up, initially touch the tip of a finger on the stationary claw-hand (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palm facing diagonally in and knuckles pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at shoulder level. The active hand then moves to touch the mouth, rotating so that the palm faces in and knuckles point diagonally up. The action is repeated on one or more stationary fingers. Opening the mouth is appropriate.

The act of picking berries from a bush or vine.

The active hand picks berries (represented by the tips of the fingers of the stationary hand) from a vine or bush (represented by the stationary hand) and then brings the berries to a person’s mouth to be eaten. A berry is a small, edible fruit that typically grows on a vine, small plant, or bush. Examples of berries include blackberries, blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries.

BETTER

Synonyms: Ameliorate, Improve, Improvement

Antonyms: Deteriorate, Get Worse, Worse

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing down and thumb extended and pointing to the side, initially is held in front of the body at chest level. The fist then slowly rotates until the palm faces to the side and the thumb points up. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate. (To indicate the meanings Deteriorate, Get Worse, or Worse, the fist, palm facing down and thumb extended and pointing to the side, slowly rotates until the palm faces out to the side and the thumb points down. A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.)

The thumb moves from the neutral position to thumb pointing up, signaling an improvement or a better situation.

When the thumb points to the side, a neutral position or situation is indicated. When the thumb moves to point up, a better or more positive situation is indicated. Better means to improve, ameliorate, or to make greater in some quality.

BETWEEN

Synonyms: Amid, Amidst, Among, Inter- (prefix)

The lower edge of the active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing diagonally forward and slightly up, initially rests on the bases of the index finger and extended thumb of the stationary flat-hand, palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then slides from side to side between the stationary index finger and thumb.

The act of showing the area between the stationary thumb and index finger.

The active hand shows or moves around in the area between the stationary thumb and index finger. Between means in the location or space that separates two things. Between may also refer to a period, span, or stretch of time that separates two moments in time.

BIBLE

Synonyms: Holy Book, Koran, Sacred Writings, Scripture, Sutra, Tanakh, Torah

The edges of the little fingers of flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing up and fingers pointing forward, initially touch in front of the body at upper chest level. The hands then arc up until they are above the head with the palms facing in and fingers pointing up.

The act of raising a holy book to the heavens.

The hands represent the pages of an open book that is raised on high in an act of reverence. The Bible is a holy book that contains the sacred writings of the Christian faith. The Torah typically refers to the first five books of the Hebrew Bible or scriptures (known as the Tanakh, the core text of Judaism). The Koran (or Quran) is the central religious text of Islam, the Muslim faith.

BICYCLE

Synonyms: Bicycle Pedals, Bike, Cycling (sport), Exercise Bike, Pedal (a bike), Tricycle

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially are held a few inches apart in front of the body at chest level. The fists then make several vertical circles. The hands are offset so that one fist arcs forward and down as the other arcs back and up.

The act of pedaling a bike.

The fists represent a person’s feet as they move the pedals of a bicycle. A bicycle or bike is a two-wheeled vehicle that is propelled by pedals that are moved by a person’s feet. A tricycle is a three-wheeled vehicle (one wheel in front, two in back) often used by young children because it is more stable than a bicycle.

BIG

Synonyms: Amount (large), Colossal, Enormous, Gargantuan, Gigantic, Huge, Immense, Large, Lots, Major (big), Majority, Massive, Most, Much, Oversized, Too Much, Vast, Very

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing forward, initially are held about a foot apart in front of the body at chest level. The hands then move away from each other in a gentle arc until they are about three feet apart.

The act of showing the size of a big or large object.

The hands initially represent the outer edges of a standard-sized object but then move apart to show that a different object is much bigger or more massive in comparison. The greater the distance between the hands, the larger the object. Big means large, huge, enormous, above average in size, or to a great extent.

BILL (INVOICE)

Synonyms: Amount Due, Cost, Debt, Fee, Fine (fee), Invoice, Owe, Price, Taxes, Total (bill)

The active tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially is held a few inches above the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing up and fingers pointing diagonally forward. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then moves down until the tips of the fingers and thumb touch the stationary palm.

The act of putting money down to pay a bill.

The active hand represents money that is owed or needs to be put into the hand of another person (represented by the stationary hand). The active hand may also indicate the total cost, price, or amount due on a bill or invoice (represented by the stationary hand). A bill is the amount owed for products or services that must be paid to another person or a company.

BIRD

Synonyms: Avian, Flap (wings), Fly (bird), Wings (bird)

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing out to opposite sides, initially are held out to the sides of the body at chest level with the arms bent at the elbows. The forearms and hands then move up and down together in small flapping movements.

The act of a bird flapping its wings and flying.

The arms and hands represent the wings of a bird as they flap up and down while the bird is flying. A bird is a feathered, egg-laying animal with wings. Most birds are able to use their wings to fly or soar in the air.

BIRTH

Synonyms: Born, Childbirth, Date of Birth, Delivery (baby), Give Birth, Labor (birth), Nativity, Parturition

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side, initially rests on the belly. The hand then slides down the abdomen and then forward, ending with the palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward in front of the body below waist level.

The act of a baby being born.

The hand represents a baby that is originally inside its mother’s womb (represented by the initial position) but then moves through and out of the mother’s birth canal to be born (represented by the final position). A birth is the bringing forth of a new life into the world. Labor is the process of giving birth.

BIRTHDAY

Synonyms: Anniversary, Birthday Cake, Birthday Candles

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing up, initially are held in front of the chin with the edges of the tips of the pinkies touching. As the signer blows air over them, the hands then close into fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing in and knuckles pointing up.

The act of blowing out the candles on a birthday cake.

The fingers represent candles on a birthday cake (represented by the rest of the hands). Initially, the fingers are extended (indicating that the candles are lit) but then they close as the candles are blown out. One’s birthday is the day on which one was born. The anniversary of that event is often celebrated with a cake decorated with the same number of candles as that person’s age in years.

BITE

The mouth, with teeth bared and showing, opens wide and then closes. The action may be repeated.

The act of biting down with one’s teeth.

When biting, a person opens his or her mouth and then closes his or her teeth around something. To bite means to grip, seize, or tear something using one’s teeth.

BLACK

Synonyms: Dark (color), Ebony

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing to the side, grazes one eyebrow as it moves to the side of the brow or forehead.

The act of showing the blackness of an eyebrow.

The index finger points to or indicates the darkness or blackness of one of a person’s eyebrows. Many people have dark eyebrows. Black is very dark, as it has neither brightness nor color.

BLACKBOARD

Synonyms: Board (writing), Canvas, Chalkboard, Movie Screen, Projection Screen, Whiteboard

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing diagonally out and fingers pointing up, initially is held in front of the opposite side of the body near chin level. The hand then moves to the other side.

The act of feeling the smooth surface of a blackboard or screen.

The hand represents the flat surface of a blackboard or projection screen. A blackboard is a large, dark, flat surface that is often written upon with chalk in classrooms. A whiteboard is a white, slick surface that is often written upon with erasable markers. A movie screen or projection screen is a light-colored surface onto which images are projected.

BLANKET

Synonyms: Bedspread, Comforter, Duvet, Quilt

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially are held about a foot apart just in front of the body above waist level. The fists then move up to chest level.

The act of covering oneself with a blanket.

The hands grasp the top edge of an imaginary blanket or quilt and then pull it up to cover a person’s body. A blanket is a large piece of fabric that serves as a covering for a person while he or she is in bed. Blankets, quilts, and bedspreads are often used to keep a person’s body warm.

BLIND

Synonyms: Blindfold, Cannot See, Cataracts, Sightless, Visually Impaired

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides, cover the eyes.

The act of blocking the eyes or being unable to see.

The hands represent a blindfold or fabric mask that is used to cover a person’s eyes so that he or she is blind or cannot see his or her surroundings. Being blind means being unable to see or having impaired or very limited vision.

BLINDS (WINDOW)

Synonyms: Close the Blinds, Louver, Slats (blinds), Venetian Blinds

Antonym: Open the Blinds

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing to opposite sides, initially are held in front of the body at chest level with the wrist of one hand a few inches above the wrist of the other hand. The forearms and hands then rotate until the palms face in. The upper forearm and hand should rest on top of the lower forearm and hand. (This sign also means Close the Blinds. To indicate the meaning Open the Blinds, reverse the action of the sign. That is, the forearms and hands initially are palms in and then rotate until the palms face down.)

The act of closing the blinds on a window.

The forearms represent the slats on Venetian blinds. Initially, the slats are seen edge-on, indicating that the blinds are open. The forearms are then rotated to indicate that the blinds are closed. Window blinds are a flexible screen for windows that can be opened or closed to control the amount of sunlight that comes into a room (or for privacy).

BLOCKS

Synonym: Building Blocks

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing in and knuckles pointing to opposite sides, initially are held one on top of the other in front of the body at lower chest level. The lower fist then arcs up until it is on top of the other fist. The action is repeated as the fists alternately move upward.

The act of stacking blocks on top of each other.

Each fist represents a block that is placed on top of another block. A block is a solid piece of material, such as wood, metal, stone, or plastic, that is often used in building structures. Many children also play with toy blocks.

BLOOD

Synonyms: Bleed, Blood Loss, Hemorrhage, Plasma (blood)

The active spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward, initially touches the crook of the stationary arm, palm facing up. Both hands are in front of the body above waist level. The active hand then slides down the stationary forearm to the wrist.

The act of blood running down one’s forearm.

The fingers of the active hand represent streams of blood running down a person’s stationary forearm from a large cut. Blood is a fluid that circulates through a person’s or animal’s arteries, veins, and capillaries. Blood transports oxygen, minerals, and other important substances to organs throughout the body. To bleed means to hemorrhage or lose blood from the body, often from a cut or injury. Losing too much blood may put a person’s life in danger.

BLOOD PRESSURE

Synonyms: Blood Pressure Cuff, BP (blood pressure), Sphygmomanometer

The active C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm facing in and fingers pointing mostly to the side, initially grasps the upper part of the stationary arm. The active hand then slowly moves forward a few inches.

The act of inflating a blood pressure cuff.

The active hand represents the cuff on a blood pressure device (or sphygmomanometer) as it is inflated around a person’s stationary arm. Blood pressure is the force that flowing blood exerts on the walls of the arteries. Blood pressure is an indicator of a person’s health and is measured by putting and inflating a cuff on a person’s arm.

BOAT

Synonyms: Boating (sport), Bow (of a ship), Cruise, Nautical, Naval Vessel, Navy, Prow, Ship, Vessel (boat), Voyage

The tips of the fingers of flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing diagonally forward to opposite sides, initially touch in front of the body at lower chest level. The hands then move forward about six inches.

The act of a boat moving through water.

The fingers and hands represent the bow, prow, or front of a ship or boat as it moves through water. A boat is a vessel, typically powered by an engine, that is designed for travel through water. The bow is the forward part of a ship’s hull. The navy is the branch of a country’s armed forces that is responsible for waterborne military vessels and marine operations.

BODY

Synonyms: Anatomy, Contours, Figure, Form (shape), Physical, Physique, Shape

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing forward, initially are held about a foot apart in front of the body at upper chest level. The hands then move down to waist level, swerving toward and then away from each other.

The act of tracing the contours of a person’s body.

The hands follow the general shape or figure of a human’s body: wider at the top (which represents a person’s shoulders), slimmer in the middle (which represents a person’s waist), and wider again at the bottom (which represents a person’s hips). The body is the main portion of a human being or animal. Anatomy refers to the different parts that make up a person’s or animal’s body.

BONE(S)

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward and down, touches a few knuckles (or joints) on the back of the stationary hand, palm facing down. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. (To indicate the meaning Bone, touch only one knuckle.)

The act of showing the location of some of the bones in one’s hand.

The index finger of the active hand points to or indicates the location of some of the bones of the stationary hand. Bones are composed of hard, dense, whitish material; bones make up the skeleton or underlying structure of a person’s or animal’s body.

BOOK

Synonyms: Bookstore, Library, Literature, Notebook, Novel, Open One’s Book, Textbook, Volume (book)

Antonym: Close One’s Book

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms touching and facing to opposite sides and fingers pointing forward, initially are held in front of the body at chest level. The hands then rotate apart so that the palms face diagonally up to opposite sides and the edges of the little fingers touch. (To indicate the meaning Close One’s Book, reverse the action of the sign.)

The act of opening a book.

The hands represent the front and back covers of a book that is initially closed. The book is then opened as a person prepares to read the text inside. A book is made up of written material printed on sheets of paper that are bound together to form a volume. Books are written on a variety of topics and may be used for teaching or instruction (e.g., textbooks, history books, nonfiction books), as well as for pleasure reading (e.g., novels, fictional stories). A library is a building or room in a house for storing and displaying books.

BOOTS

Synonyms: Galoshes, Leggings

C-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumbs opposite the fingers), palms facing in and fingers pointing mostly diagonally down and out to opposite sides, initially grasp the legs below the knees. The hands then move slightly up and down.

The act of feeling the top of a pair of boots.

The hands feel or show the location of the top of a pair of boots or leggings worn on a person’s lower legs. Boots and galoshes are protective coverings for the feet and lower legs that are often made of leather or rubber. Galoshes are typically worn on rainy days to protect a person’s feet from getting wet and/or muddy.

BORED

Synonyms: Bore, Boredom, Boring, Dull (boring), Insipid, Tedious, Unexciting, Uninteresting

The chin and cheek rest on the palm of the curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing mostly up. A frown or bored facial expression is appropriate.

The act of propping up one’s head as a result of boredom.

When someone is suffering from boredom, that person may use his or her hand to prop up his or her head. An individual who is bored feels that life is dull, tedious, or unexciting, that there is nothing of interest happening, or that there is nothing to do.

BOTTLE

Synonyms: Ale, Beer, Beer Bottle, Canteen (drinking), Flask, Thermos

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing forward with the thumb extended and pointing up, initially is held in front of the body at chest level. The fist then arcs up until the knuckles point up and the thumb points in toward the open mouth.

The act of drinking from a bottle.

The fist represents the body of a bottle, flask, or canteen and the thumb represents the neck or drinking cap as it is brought toward a person’s mouth. A bottle or flask is a container, often made of glass, metal, or plastic, for holding or storing liquids. A bottle typically has a narrow neck with an opening at its top from which a person may drink the liquid inside. Beer and ale are popular alcoholic drinks often sold and served in bottles.

BOTTLE OPENER

Synonyms: Bottle Cap, Open a Bottle or Can

The tip of the thumb of the active fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and slightly down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward with the thumb extended and pointing diagonally up, initially touches the tip of the thumb of the stationary fist, palm facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side with the thumb extended and pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active fist then arcs up until the palm faces diagonally out and the thumb points diagonally down. The tips of the thumbs should remain in contact with each other.

The act of using a bottle opener to remove the cap from a bottle.

The active fist and thumb represent a bottle opener that bends and pops off the cap from the top of a bottle (represented by the stationary thumb and fist). A bottle opener is a device for removing the metal cap or top from a bottle.

BOUNCE (A BALL)

Synonym: Dribble

The spread curved-hand (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palm facing down and fingers pointing mostly forward, initially is held in front of and to the side of the body near waist level. The hand then arcs a short distance up and down a few times. (This sign can also be made by moving the hand and the forearm.)

The act of dribbling or bouncing a basketball on the ground.

The hand bounces an imaginary basketball on the ground or floor. In basketball, the player in possession of the ball must bounce or dribble it as he or she moves up and down the court. A bounce is a rebound, recoil, or reflection of something from a surface.

BOWEL MOVEMENT

Synonyms: BM, Defecate, Defecation, Excrement, Feces, Fertilizer, Poop, Solid Waste, Stool (feces)

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing in and knuckles pointing to opposite sides, initially are held one on top of the other with the upper, stationary fist grasping the extended thumb of the lower, active fist. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The lower, active fist then slowly moves down several inches.

The act of expelling solid waste from one’s rectum.

The active fist and thumb represent solid waste being discharged from the large intestine and rectum (represented by the stationary fist). Defecation or a bowel movement involves the elimination of waste, feces, excrement, or fecal material from a person’s or animal’s body.

BOWL

Synonyms: Basin (bowl), Bird’s Nest, Nest (bird’s)

The edges of the little fingers of curved-hands (the fingers and thumbs are together and curved), palms facing diagonally up to opposite sides and fingers pointing mostly forward, touch as the hands are held in front of the body at lower chest level.

The hands resemble the curved shape of a bowl.

The hands represent the bottom and sides of a bowl or small basin. A bowl is a hemispherical vessel or container that is larger than a cup. Bowls are often used to hold soups, salads, cereal, and ice cream while a person is eating. The hands may also represent the approximate shape of a bird’s nest in which a bird lays its eggs and raises its young.

BOWLING

Synonyms: Bowling Alley, Bowling Ball

The spread curved-hand (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palm facing out and fingers pointing mostly down, initially is held at the side of the body below waist level. The hand then swings back about a foot and then swings forward until it is about a foot in front of the body.

The act of holding and swinging a bowling ball.

The hand holds an imaginary bowling ball and then swings and releases the ball. Bowling is a game that involves rolling a ball down a long, relatively narrow wooden lane (or alley) to knock down a grouping of ten pins. A bowling ball is a heavy ball with three finger holes that are used for grasping and maneuvering the ball.

BOX

Synonyms: Bin, Carton, Case, Crate, Dimensions, Package, Parcel

One flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing forward, initially is held about six inches above the other flat-hand, palm facing up and fingers pointing forward. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The hands then move to opposite sides, rotate, and then move a short distance so that the palms face each other.

The act of showing the shape and dimensions of a box.

The hands represent the top, bottom, and then sides of a small box, parcel, or package. A box is a container (often rectangular in shape) that typically is made of wood, cardboard, or metal. A bin or crate often is used for long-term storage. The dimensions or size of an object include the length, width, and height of its sides.

BOY

Synonyms: Son, Youngster (male), Youth (male)

The edges of the index finger and thumb of the tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing up, initially touch the forehead above the eyebrow. The hand then moves up slightly.

The act of adjusting the hat on a boy’s head.

A boy may grasp the brim of his hat and then tip it up slightly when greeting another person. A boy is a male child (a son) or young person.

BRA

Synonym: Brassiere

The tips of the fingers of curved-hands (the fingers and thumbs are together and curved), palms facing up and fingers pointing mostly at each other and to opposite sides, touch as the edges of the little fingers rest on the chest below the breasts.

The act of wearing a bra.

The hands represent the cups on the front of a bra. A bra or brassiere is an undergarment that is worn around a woman’s chest to provide support for her breasts. A typical bra has cups in the front to hold the breasts, a strap that goes around the woman’s back to secure the bra in place, and shoulder straps that provide additional support.

BRACELET

Synonyms: Carpal, Carpus, Wrist

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm and finger pointing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially is held close to or touching the wrist of the stationary hand, palm facing down. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active index finger then circles most of the way around the stationary wrist.

The act of showing the location of a bracelet on one’s wrist.

The index finger of the active hand points to or indicates the location of a bracelet worn on a person’s stationary wrist. A bracelet is an ornamental band or chain that is worn around a person’s wrist. The wrist (carpus) is the joint that connects a person’s forearm with the hand.

BRACES (TEETH)

Synonym: Orthodontics

The index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing up, is bent slightly as the tip of the finger initially touches an upper tooth on one side of the mouth. The finger then slides across the upper teeth to the other side of the mouth. The lips should be drawn back with the teeth exposed.

The act of showing the location of braces worn on one’s teeth.

The index finger points to or indicates the location of braces worn on a person’s teeth. Braces are wires that are fastened to misaligned teeth for the purpose of straightening them. Orthodontics is the branch of dentistry that specializes in the correction of crooked teeth and teeth irregularities.

BREAD

Synonyms: Loaf, Slice Bread, Toast (bread)

The lower edge of the active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing forward, initially rests on the upturned palm of the stationary flat-hand, palm facing up and fingers pointing to the side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then slides back and forth a few times on the stationary palm.

The act of slicing bread.

The active hand represents a large knife as it is used to slice a loaf of fresh bread (represented by the stationary hand). Bread is a food typically made with flour and baked in the shape of a rectangular or oval loaf. Pieces of toast are slices of bread that have been browned in a toaster or under the broiler of an oven.

BREAK (FRACTURE)

Synonyms: Breakdown, Broken, Fracture, Snap

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially are held several inches apart in front of the body at chest level. The fists then quickly rotate so that the palms face each other and to opposite sides.

The act of breaking an object in half.

The fists hold an imaginary object and then break or snap it into two pieces. To break means to suddenly snap or separate an object into parts. Something is considered broken if it contains a fracture or no longer works as designed.

BREAKFAST

Synonyms: Brunch, Morning Meal

The tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing out and knuckles pointing up, initially is extended forward and diagonally up in front of the body at head level. The hand then rotates so that the palm faces in as the tips of the fingers and thumb move to touch the lips.

The act of eating a piece of fruit for breakfast.

The hand reaches out to grasp a piece of fruit (or other food) and then brings it to a person’s mouth. Breakfast is the morning meal or the meal eaten at the top or beginning of the day. Fruit is often eaten for breakfast. Related to the signs for Lunch and Dinner. (The hand in this sign reaches out to a higher location than in those two signs.)

BREATHE

Synonyms: Alive, Breath, Breathing, Exhale, Inhale, Life, Live, Pant, Respiration, Respiratory, Survive

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing to opposite sides, initially are held one above the other with the upper hand touching the upper chest and the lower hand touching the lower chest. The hands then slowly move forward a few inches, and then return to the chest. The action may be repeated.

The act of a person breathing in and out.

The position of the hands away from the chest represents the expanded chest cavity as a person breathes air into his or her lungs. The position of the hands close to the chest represents a deflated chest cavity as a person breathes air out. To breathe means to inhale and exhale air. Respiration typically refers to the process of breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide.

BRIDGE

Synonym: Span

The tips of the fingers of curved-hands (the fingers and thumbs are together and curved), palms and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing up, touch as the hands are held in front of the body at upper chest level. (Alternatively, this sign can be made with the tips of the fingers of bent-hands (the fingers are together and extended at right angles with respect to the palms), palms and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing up, touching in front of the body.)

The hands resemble the shape of a bridge.

The fingers and hands represent a bridge and its supporting girders. A bridge is a structure that enables people to cross or travel over a river, stream, or ravine.

BROOM

Synonym: Sweep

The spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing diagonally down, initially is held in front of and to the side of the body at waist level. The hand then swings from side to side a couple of times.

The act of sweeping the floor with a broom.

The arm represents the handle of a broom and the hand and fingers represent the bristles as a person uses the broom to sweep dirt or crumbs from the floor (represented by the location). A broom is a large brush connected to a long handle. Brooms are often used to clean or sweep up dust, dirt, and other debris from the floor.

BROTHER

Synonyms: Brotherhood, Fraternity

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing forward, initially is extended straight out in front of and to the side of the body at upper chest level. The arm then arcs in until the fist rests on the chest over the heart, palm facing in and knuckles pointing to the side.

The act of taking a pledge of brotherhood.

The movement of the fist represents the taking of a pledge of togetherness in a person’s heart (represented by the final position): brothers forever. A brother is a male sibling (someone who has the same parents as another person). A fraternity is a college social club and/or service organization composed of male students.

BRUISE

Synonyms: Birthmark, Blemish, Blister, Bump(s), Contusion, Discoloration, Flaw (blemish), Hematoma, Spot, Stain (on clothing)

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward and down, traces a small circle on the back of the stationary forearm, palm facing down. Both hands are in front of the body near lower chest level.

The act of outlining a bruise or discoloration on one’s arm.

The index finger of the active hand points to or indicates the location of a bruise or blemish on the stationary forearm. A bruise is an injury that results in the discoloration, but not the breaking, of a person’s skin. A birthmark is a patch of discolored skin present from birth onward.

BUCKET

Synonyms: Aquarius (astrology), Pail

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing out and knuckles pointing down, initially is held next to the body at knee level. (If possible, the signer should bend over slightly in that direction.) The fist then moves up to waist level as the signer straightens.

The act of lifting a bucket or pail by its handle.

A person bends over and grasps the handle of an imaginary bucket and then uses it to lift the bucket. A bucket or pail is a cylindrical container with a handle. Buckets are typically used to carry and transport liquids such as water or milk, but may also be used to convey other items.

BUFFET

Synonyms: Banquet, Cafeteria, Feast, Picnic, Smorgasbord

The active tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially is extended diagonally forward in front of the body just above waist level. The active hand then moves back until the tips of the fingers and thumb touch the upturned palm of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. The action is repeated a couple of times with the active hand moving forward and then moving diagonally forward to the other side.

The act of getting food from a buffet.

The active hand reaches out and picks up multiple food items from a buffet and then puts the food on a plate (represented by the stationary hand). A buffet is an arrangement of different foods, snacks, and/or refreshments on a table or counter from which a person typically serves himself or herself. A banquet or feast is an abundant meal in celebration of a person or event.

BUG

Synonyms: Brush Off (insect), Insect

The tips of the fingers of the active bent-hand (the fingers are together and extended at a right angle with respect to the palm), palm and fingers pointing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially touch the middle of the stationary forearm, palm facing down. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The fingers of the active hand then brush diagonally forward until the hand becomes a flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward.

The act of brushing an insect or bug off one’s arm.

The active hand flicks or brushes an imaginary bug or insect off a person’s stationary forearm. A bug often refers to an insect or small pest.

BUILD

Synonyms: Construct, Construction, Engineering, Erect (build), Make

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing to opposite sides, initially are held one a few inches above the other in front of the body above waist level. The upper hand then moves down to cover the lower hand. The hands alternately cover each other as they move up to upper chest level.

The act of placing one layer of bricks on top of another to build something.

The hands represent bricks or other materials that are placed on top of each other to build or increase the height of a structure. To build means to construct, make, or erect something by using materials such as bricks or wood. Construction is the process of building, erecting, and/or creating a structure.

BUILDING (LARGE)

Synonyms: Barn, Stable (barn), Store, Structure (building), Warehouse

The edges of the index fingers and thumbs of flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing diagonally down to opposite sides and fingers pointing diagonally up, initially touch in front of the body just above head level. The hands then move about eighteen inches diagonally down to opposite sides, rotate so that the palms face each other and to opposite sides and fingers point forward, and then move straight down another eighteen inches.

The act of showing the roof and sides of a large building.

The hands show or outline the shape of a pitched roof and then the sides of a large building or barn. A building is a structure with a lot of internal space and that usually has multiple rooms. A barn or stable is a farm structure that typically is used to house animals or equipment. A warehouse is a building that is used to store supplies.

BUS

Synonyms: Bus Driver, Mobile Home, Motor Coach, Steering Wheel (large)

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing up and knuckles pointing diagonally forward to opposite sides, initially are held about a foot apart in front of the body at waist level. The fists then alternately arc back and forth a few times.

The act of turning the large steering wheel of a bus.

The hands grasp the large steering wheel of an imaginary bus and then move it back and forth while driving. A bus is a large motor vehicle designed to carry a number of passengers along a route. Buses often have large steering wheels that move mostly in the horizontal plane.

BUSH

Synonyms: Hedge, Shrub

The wrist of the spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing up, rests against the palm of the flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. (To indicate the meaning Hedge, make this sign and then move the arms a short distance to the side.)

The upper hand resembles the shape of a bush.

The upper hand represents the branches and leaves of a bush growing above the ground (represented by the lower hand). A bush or shrub is a plant that grows out of the ground and is between grass and a tree in its height. A hedge is a row of bushes or shrubs.

BUTTER

Synonyms: Margarine, Mayonnaise, Shortening

The index and middle fingers of the active H-hand (the index and middle fingers are together and extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward, initially touch the upturned palm of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then slides back and forth on the stationary palm.

The act of spreading butter onto a slice of bread.

The index and middle fingers of the active hand represent a knife as it spreads butter or margarine on a piece of bread or toast (represented by the stationary hand). Butter is a yellowish substance that is made from the fat of milk. Butter is often used as a seasoning, to flavor and moisten bread for eating, or as a substitute for oil when frying food.

BUTTERFLY

Synonym: Moth

The thumbs of spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing out and fingers pointing diagonally up and out to opposite sides, initially are crossed as they touch in front of the body near shoulder level. The hands then partially close and open (the fingers arc diagonally down and back up) a few times. The hands may move forward slightly.

The act of a butterfly moving or fluttering its wings.

The hands represent the fluttering wings of a butterfly or moth as it flies around. A butterfly is an insect with large, delicate, and often colorful wings. A moth is a similar flying insect, but with smaller, less colorful wings.

BUTTOCKS

Synonyms: Anal, Anus, Behind (buttocks), Bottom (buttocks), Butt, Gluteus Maximus, Rear End (buttocks), Rectal, Rectum, Rump

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing diagonally up and finger pointing diagonally forward, initially is held near the buttocks. The hand then moves forward until the tip of the index finger touches one buttock.

The act of showing the location of one’s buttocks or rear end.

The index finger points to or indicates the location of a person’s buttocks or rear end. The buttocks are the backs of a person’s hips and rump and are composed of fat and muscle tissue. A person’s rump or rear end is used for sitting.

BUTTON(S) (CLOTHING)

The edges of the index finger and thumb of the baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing up, initially rest on the center of the chest. The hand then arcs down slightly. The action may be repeated on lower positions.

The act of showing the location of two shirt buttons.

The curved index finger and thumb represent the round shape of two (or more) buttons located on the front of a person’s shirt. A button is a small disk sewn onto a garment or piece of clothing that is often used to fasten together the sides of the garment.

CABINET

Synonyms: Cupboard, Hutch, Locker, Pantry, Storage Area

Baby O-hands (the index fingers and thumbs are curved and touch at their tips from otherwise closed hands), palms facing out and knuckles pointing up, initially are held a few inches apart and about twelve to fifteen inches in front of the body at chest level. The hands then arc in toward the body, rotating so that the palms face each other and to opposite sides and are about twelve to eighteen inches apart.

The act of opening the doors of a cabinet or cupboard.

The hands grasp the handles of an imaginary cabinet’s doors and then pull them open. A cabinet or cupboard is a boxed enclosure for storing kitchen plates and supplies; bathrooms often have storage cabinets as well. A pantry typically is a closet or large cabinet with shelving that is used to store non-perishable food items.

CAKE

Synonyms: Coffee Cake, Cupcake, Muffin, Rise (cake), Scone, Yeast

The tips of the fingers and thumb of the active claw-hand (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially touch the back of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then slowly moves up a few inches.

The act of a cake or muffin rising while baking.

The active hand represents cake batter or dough in a pan (represented by the stationary hand). When put into an oven and heated, the batter or dough rises. A cake is a sweet, bread-like dessert, often served with icing. A cupcake is a smaller version of a cake. Coffee cakes, muffins, and scones are baked goods that are typically eaten for breakfast.

CALENDAR

Synonyms: Appointment Book, Datebook, Graph Paper, Schedule, Timetable

The tips of the fingers of the active spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally forward, brush along the palm and fingers of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then rotates so that the palm faces down as the tips of the fingers brush down the stationary palm.

The act of tracing the lines in a calendar or schedule book.

The fingers of the active hand trace the horizontal rows (weeks) and then the vertical columns (days of the week) on a page in a calendar (represented by the stationary hand). A calendar is a system for dividing a year into time periods, such as months, weeks, and days. The active fingers may also represent the dividing lines in a schedule, datebook, timetable, or appointment book.

CALM DOWN

Synonyms: Allay (calm), Appease, Assuage (pacify), Be Patient, Calm, Conciliatory, Mollify, Pacify, Passive, Patience, Patient (calm), Peace, Peaceful, Placate, Quell (pacify), Serene, Settle Down (calm down), Slow Down, Still, Tranquil

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing up, initially are held about a foot apart in front of the body at shoulder level. The hands then slowly arc down to lower chest level and out to the sides, ending with palms facing down and fingers pointing forward.

The act of motioning to someone to calm down and be still.

The hands arc down slowly until they are flat, horizontal, and motionless, which represents a peaceful or calm state of being. To calm down means that a person or situation transforms from being agitated to becoming peaceful, tranquil, serene, and still. To be patient means to calmly wait or endure a situation.

CAMEL

Synonym: Humps (camel)

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing mostly forward with the thumb closest to the ground, initially is located in front of the opposite side of the body at upper chest level. The hand then makes two vertical arcs in front of the body as it moves to the other side, ending with the palm facing to the opposite side and fingers pointing forward with the little finger closest to the ground.

The act of showing the humps of a two-humped camel.

The hand shows or outlines the two prominent humps of a camel. A camel is a large, tan, long-necked animal that is often used for transportation in Africa and the Middle East. Camels may have one or two humps (rounded swellings on the back).

CAMERA

Synonyms: Photographer, Photographs, Photography, Pictures, Snapshot

The index fingers and thumbs of L-hands (the index fingers and thumbs are extended from otherwise closed hands and form right angles), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing up, are bent slightly as the hands are held near the eyes. The active index finger then bends down an additional short distance and back up. The action is repeated.

The act of taking pictures or snapping photos with a camera.

The index fingers and thumbs represent the sides of an imaginary camera. The active index finger then clicks a button on the camera that opens the camera’s shutter and takes a photograph. A camera is a device for taking pictures, snapshots, or photographs and recording them onto film or as digital files.

CAN (ABLE)

Synonyms: Able, Barbell, Capable, Doable, Enable, Hand Weight

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing up and knuckles pointing forward, initially is held in front of the side of the body at lower chest level. The fist then arcs up to just in front of the shoulder, ending with the palm facing in and knuckles pointing up. The action is repeated.

The act of successfully lifting a hand weight.

A person’s hand grasps an imaginary barbell or hand weight and then is able to lift it to shoulder level. Can means to be able to do something. A capable person is someone who can get things done. A barbell is a weight that can be grasped and lifted with a person’s hand; barbells are used for exercising and building muscle mass.

CANDLE

Synonyms: Flame (candle), Flare

The tip of the index finger of the stationary pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and finger pointing up, touches the base of the active spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing to the opposite side and fingers pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then arcs back and forth slightly. (Alternatively, one can wiggle the fingers.)

The act of a candle’s flame flickering or burning unsteadily.

The index finger of the stationary hand represents a tall, slender wax candle and the active hand represents the candle’s flickering flame. A candle is a waxed form that encases a cloth-like flammable wick. When lit, a candle provides light to a room. A flare is a flammable chemical stick often used near traffic accidents to denote that drivers should proceed with caution. A flare may also be a projectile shot into the air to signal that a person needs help.

CANDY BAR

Synonyms: Chocolate Bar, Energy Bar, Granola Bar, Snack Bar (food product)

The H-hand (the index and middle fingers are together and extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm and fingers pointing diagonally in and knuckles pointing up, initially is held in front of and to the side of the lower face. The hand then moves a short distance in until the tips of the index and middle fingers touch the lips. An open mouth is appropriate.

The act of eating a candy bar or granola bar.

The index and middle fingers represent the approximate size and rectangular shape of a candy bar, energy bar, granola bar, or a bar of chocolate. A candy bar typically is a small bar or block of sweet and chewy foodstuffs that may be covered in a layer of chocolate.

CANE

Synonym: Walking Stick

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing diagonally down, initially is held just in front of and to the side of the body at waist level. The fist then arcs forward several inches at a time.

The act of holding and using a cane while walking.

The hand grasps an imaginary cane and then walks with it. A cane is a slender, sturdy, wooden or metal walking stick. A cane helps a person keep his or her balance by maintaining contact with the ground or floor while the person is on foot.

CANNOT

Synonyms: Incapable, Powerless, Unable

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing out and knuckles pointing down, initially is held straight down at the side of the body. The fist then gradually moves up until it is parallel to the floor with the palm facing up and knuckles pointing forward. The fist wavers and then moves back to its original position.

The act of being unable to fully lift a hand weight.

A person’s hand grasps an imaginary barbell or hand weight and then is unable to lift it to shoulder level. Cannot means to be unable to do something. An incapable person is someone who is largely powerless and cannot get things done.

CANOE

Synonyms: Canoeing (sport), Paddle

Fists (each hand forms a fist), knuckles pointing forward, initially are located in front of one side of the body with the upper hand, palm facing down, at shoulder level and about twelve to fifteen inches above the lower hand, palm facing to the side. The upper hand then moves down and slightly back as the lower hand arcs back and down until it is even with the side of the body. The action is repeated.

The act of paddling a canoe.

The hands grasp an imaginary paddle and then use it to displace water and propel a canoe. A canoe is a small, slender vessel for traveling on the surface of water. A paddle is a type of oar with a short handle and a broad, rectangular end or blade used by a person to displace water and move a canoe.

CARDS

Synonyms: Blackjack, Bridge (game), Card Games, Deal Cards, Deck of Cards, Play Cards, Poker

The active tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially is held just above or touching the stationary curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), palm facing up and fingers pointing mostly diagonally forward to the opposite side. (The thumb of the curved-hand may stick out and point forward.) Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then arcs forward several inches and slightly down. The sign is repeated a couple of times as the active hand moves to the side.

The act of dealing cards to several people.

The active hand grasps the top card of an imaginary deck of playing cards that is held in a person’s stationary hand and then distributes individual cards to multiple people. Playing cards often are rectangular pieces of paperboard or thin cardboard with different numerical values that are used in many card games. Card games such as poker, bridge, or blackjack are popular ways for people to pass the time.

CAREFUL

Synonyms: Carefully, Cautious, Cautiously, Tightrope, Tightrope Walker

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm and finger pointing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially touches the base of the index finger of the stationary pointing-hand, palm facing in and finger pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active index finger then moves slowly down the edge of the stationary index finger.

The act of moving carefully or cautiously.

The index finger of the active hand represents a person who is moving carefully along a tightrope or narrow ledge (represented by the stationary index finger). Someone who is careful is paying attention and moving with appropriate caution.

CARPET

Synonyms: Even (flat), Flat (even), Flatten (smooth out), Floor, Flooring, Level (flat), Mat, Rug, Smooth Out, Surface

The edges of the index fingers and thumbs of flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing forward, initially touch in front of the body below waist level. The hands then move to opposite sides until they are about two feet apart.

The act of showing the location of a carpet or rug on the floor.

The hands represent a carpet or rug lying on the floor (represented by the location below waist level). A decorative rug or mat is a piece of moveable material that partially covers the floor. A carpet frequently is stationary and often covers the entire floor in a room. This sign may also be used to refer to a surface that is flat, even, or level.

CARROT

Synonyms: Grate (vegetables), Pare, Peel (vegetables), Vegetable, Vegetable Peeler

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward and down, grazes the upper edge of the index finger of the stationary pointing-hand, palm facing in and finger pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side and down. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The action is repeated a couple of times.

The act of peeling a carrot.

The index finger of the active hand represents a knife or vegetable peeler in the process of removing the skin of a carrot (represented by the stationary index finger). A carrot is an orange root vegetable that is typically long and slender. A vegetable peeler is a small kitchen device used to pare or remove the outer skin or peel of carrots, potatoes, cucumbers, and other firm vegetables.

CARRY

Synonyms: Bring, Convey (transport), Deliver, Portable, Transport

Curved-hands (the fingers and thumbs are together and curved), palms facing up and fingers pointing mostly diagonally forward and out to the side, initially are held about a foot apart in front of one side of the body at lower chest level. The hands then arc to the other side of the body, ending with the fingers pointing mostly diagonally forward to the opposite side.

The act of carrying or transporting something.

The hands and forearms hold an imaginary object at one location (represented by the initial position) and then carry or transport it to a different location (represented by the final position). To carry means to bring, transport, convey, or deliver something from one place to another. Something that is portable is able to be moved.

CART

Synonyms: Dolly, Grocery Cart, Handcart, Lawn Mower, Pram, Pushcart, Stroller

Tapered- or O-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tips), palms facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially are held about a foot apart in front of the body at lower chest level. The hands then move forward several inches.

The act of pushing a grocery cart or stroller.

The hands grasp the bar at the rear of an imaginary grocery cart or stroller and then push it forward. A grocery cart is a rectangular basket on wheels that is used to store and carry items while shopping. A stroller or pram is a wheeled seat for safely transporting babies and young children. A lawn mower typically is a fuel-powered mechanical device or vehicle that uses a large, sharp, whirling blade to cut grass.

CAST (MEDICAL)

Synonyms: Brace (leg), Brace (medical), Leg Brace, Splint

Claw-hands (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing down, initially touch the sides of one upper leg. The hands then slide down toward the knee. (To indicate a cast on another part of the body, make this sign and then point to the part of the body affected.)

The act of showing the location of a cast or brace worn on one’s leg.

The hands represent the sides of a cast or brace worn on a person’s leg (or on another part of a person’s body). A medical cast is a structure surrounding an injured limb that is meant to stabilize broken bones during the healing process. A splint typically consists of two temporary braces (sticks, rods, or plastic molds) that are placed on the sides of an injured limb and then wrapped with bandages.

CAT

Synonyms: Feline, Kitten, Whiskers (animal)

The tips of the fingers of spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially rest on the face near the sides of the mouth. The hands then move slightly out to the sides.

The act of showing the location of a cat’s whiskers.

The fingers represent the long whiskers on the sides of a cat’s nose and mouth. A cat typically is a small, furry, domesticated feline that is known for purring. Many people keep cats as pets or for catching mice. A kitten is a young or baby cat.

CATCH (A THROWN OBJECT)

Spread curved-hands (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palms mostly facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing mostly diagonally up, initially are held in front of the body at chest level. The hands then reach up to near shoulder level as they move closer together to form a rough spherical shape, ending with palms facing diagonally out.

The act of reaching out and up with one’s hands to catch a large ball.

The hands represent the approximate configuration needed to catch an object or a large ball (such as a basketball or football). In many sports, balls are thrown to a nearby player on the same team. When people catch a ball or another thrown object, they typically use their hands to take in the ball or object and gain control of it.

CATERPILLAR

Synonym: Wiggle

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and finger pointing up, initially is held in front of one side of the body at shoulder level. The index finger then bends and straightens (wiggles) several times as the hand moves to the other side.

The act of a caterpillar moving.

The index finger represents a caterpillar as it wiggles or crawls along a branch or leaf in an imaginary tree (represented by the location at shoulder level). A caterpillar is a multi-legged, often fuzzy, worm-like insect that typically later transforms itself into a butterfly or moth.

CATHETER (URINARY)

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing down, initially touches the groin. The hand then rotates so that the palm faces out and the finger points diagonally down as the hand moves out to the side.

The act of showing the location of a urinary catheter and tube.

The index finger represents a urinary catheter and the longer tube to which it is attached. A catheter is a thin, flexible tube that is inserted into the urethra to assist in the removal of urine from a patient’s bladder. A catheter is often attached to a longer tube that drains the urine into a disposable bag.

CD

Synonyms: CD Player, DVD, DVD Player

The tips of the fingers and thumb of the active claw-hand (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially touch the upturned palm and fingers of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then moves a short distance to the side and then down slightly.

The act of putting a disc into a CD player.

The active hand picks up an imaginary CD or DVD by its edges from its initial location inside a plastic case (represented by the stationary hand). The disc is then inserted into an imaginary CD or DVD player. A CD or DVD is a round disc that electronically stores information (data, music, movies).

CEILING

The spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing up and fingers pointing diagonally back, initially is held several inches above the head. The hand then moves up and down slightly.

The act of showing the location of the ceiling.

A person may use his or her hand to reach above his or her head and try to touch or feel the ceiling. A ceiling is the top or overhead part of a room.

CELEBRATE

Synonyms: Celebration, Festival, Gala, Hooray!, Hurrah, Party, Rally

Pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing up, initially are held to the sides of the head. The hands then move in small horizontal circles. (The hands may also move up slightly.) An enthusiastic smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of waving party favors at a celebration.

The index fingers represent party favors being waved at a party or in celebration of an event. A party is a social gathering of people. To celebrate means to have a good time, often in honor of an accomplishment or successful endeavor.

CEREAL

Synonyms: Oatmeal, Porridge

The active H-hand (the index and middle fingers are together and extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing up and fingers pointing to the side, initially touches or is held just above the upturned palm of the stationary curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), fingers mostly pointing to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then arcs up to the mouth. The action may be repeated. An open mouth is appropriate.

The act of eating cereal from a bowl.

The index and middle fingers of the active hand represent a spoon used to scoop up cereal or oatmeal from a bowl (represented by the stationary hand) and bring it to a person’s mouth. Cereal is a common breakfast meal made from grains or corn and often served with milk.

CHAIN

Synonyms: Affiliated With, Affiliation, Annex, Associated With, Attach, Attached To, Connect, Connection, Correlation, Join, Liaison (contact person), Link, Membership, Relationship

The index fingers and thumbs of baby O-hands (the index fingers and thumbs are curved and touch at their tips from otherwise closed hands), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and slightly down, interlock as the hands are held in front of the body at chest level.

The fingers resemble the connected links in a chain.

The interlocked index fingers and thumbs represent two links in a chain. A chain is a series of joined metal loops often used to lock gates, pull or tow heavy items, or lift and drop boat anchors. To attach means to connect or join one thing to another. This sign may also be used to indicate that two people, groups, or entities (represented by the hands) share an affiliation, relationship, or are associated with each other in some way.

CHAIR

Synonyms: Car Seat (for a baby), Furniture, Seat

The tips of the fingers of the bent-hand (the fingers are together and extended at a right angle with respect to the palm), palm and fingers pointing to the side and knuckles pointing up, touch the palm of the flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the opposite side and fingers pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level.

The hands resemble the shape of a typical chair or seat.

The flat-hand represents the back and back legs of a chair, the fingers of the bent-hand represent the chair’s seat, and the rest of the bent-hand represents the front legs of the chair. A chair or seat is a piece of furniture used for sitting. A car seat is a protective cradle used to transport infants and young children while traveling by vehicle.

CHANGE

Synonyms: Adapt, Adaptation, Alter, Amend, Become, Convert, Metamorphosis, Modification, Modify, Mutate, Remodel, Revise, Segue, Transform, Transition, Transmutation, Turn Into, Update

The fists (each hand forms a fist) rest one on top of the other in front of the body at lower chest level. The upper fist initially is palm down with knuckles pointing diagonally forward and the lower fist is palm up with knuckles pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. The fists then twist or rotate in opposite directions until their positions are reversed.

The act of undergoing a change in position or orientation.

The initial arrangement of the fists represents one position or state of being and the final arrangement represents a different position or state of being. To change means to adapt, transform, modify, or become different in some way. A transition is the process and related period of time needed to undergo a change (often in leadership) or to implement new rules or policies.

CHECK (PAYMENT)

Synonyms: Checkbook, Money Order, Paycheck, Traveler’s Checks

The active L-hand (the index finger and thumb are extended from an otherwise closed hand and form a right angle), palm facing down and index finger pointing diagonally forward and thumb pointing diagonally in, initially rests on the wrist and base of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing up and fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then slides down the stationary palm and fingers.

The act of outlining the rectangular shape of a paycheck or money order.

The thumb and index finger of the active hand represent two of the four edges of a check located in a checkbook (represented by the stationary hand). A check or money order is a piece of paper that authorizes the transfer of funds from one bank account to another.

CHEEK

Synonym: Pinch One’s Cheek

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing up, lightly pinch the cheek.

The act of lightly pinching one’s cheek.

The fingers pinch or grasp the loose flesh or skin of a person’s cheek. Cheeks are the flesh located on each side of a person’s face below the eyes.

CHEESE

Synonym: Wedge

The tips of the fingers and thumbs of flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms and thumbs facing each other and fingers pointing diagonally forward to opposite sides, touch in front of the body at lower chest level.

The act of outlining the triangular shape of a wedge of cheese.

The fingers and thumbs represent the three sides of a triangular wedge of cheese. Cheese is a solidified milk product often sold in blocks, rounds, or wedge form. Many cheeses are made from cow’s milk, but cheese may also be made from goat’s milk or sheep’s milk.

CHEMISTRY

Synonyms: Chemicals, Chemist, Mix (chemicals), Solution (chemical), Synthesize

C-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumbs opposite the fingers), palms facing out and fingers pointing mostly up, initially are held about eighteen inches apart in front of and to the sides of the body above shoulder level. The hands then alternately arc toward each other and down to chest level a couple of times. (This sign may also be made with the fingers slightly apart.)

The act of preparing a chemical solution.

The hands grasp imaginary beakers full of chemicals that a chemist then mixes together to form a solution. Chemistry is the scientific study of atoms and molecules and how various elements or substances interact. Chemists study the properties of substances and the transformations they may undergo.

CHEST (BODY)

Synonyms: Pectoral, Torso (upper), Upper Torso

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially rest on the upper chest. The hands then slide down a few inches.

The act of showing the location of one’s chest.

The hands indicate or show the location of a person’s chest. The chest is the upper part of a person’s torso. The chest extends approximately from below the shoulders to the lower edge of a person’s ribcage.

CHICKEN

Synonyms: Fowl, Poultry

The thumbs of spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides, are held under the armpits. The arms then flap up and down.

The act of a chicken flapping its wings.

The arms represent the wings of a chicken as they are flapped up and down. A chicken is a domesticated fowl (or bird) that lays eggs. Chicken is a popular meat and major source of protein in many countries. Chicken eggs are often eaten for breakfast and used as an ingredient in many baked dishes and desserts. Poultry refers to domesticated birds such as chicken or turkey.

CHILD

Synonyms: Childhood, Juvenile (child), Kid, Minor (child), Young

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing forward, initially is held in front of one side of the body at lower chest level. The hand then makes a small hop to the side.

The act of patting a child on the top of his or her head.

The hand indicates or shows the approximate height of a young child or kid. A child is the offspring of two parents. A minor or juvenile is a young person who has not yet reached adulthood or the legal age of independence.

CHIN

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing diagonally up, touches the chin.

The act of showing the location of one’s chin.

The index finger points to or indicates the location of a person’s chin. The chin is the bony projection below a person’s mouth that adjoins or connects the lower jaws.

CHIPS (POTATO)

Synonyms: Corn Chips, M&Ms™, Potato Chips

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the active baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm and fingers pointing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially are held just inside the top of the stationary tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing forward. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then arcs up to the mouth, rotating so that the palm faces in and knuckles point diagonally up. An open mouth is appropriate. The action is repeated.

The act of eating chips from a bag.

The active hand grasps and removes chips from a bag (represented by the stationary hand) and then brings them to the mouth. Chips are a thin, salty snack food often made from potatoes or corn. This sign may also be used to refer to various chocolate and sugared candies that are often packaged and sold in small bags and boxes.

CHOKE

Synonyms: Allergic Reaction (choking), Asphyxiate, Cannot Breathe, Not Breathing, Strangle

The C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm facing in and fingers pointing mostly to the side, grasps the front of the neck. A scared or fearful facial expression is appropriate.

The act of using one’s hand to choke or strangle another person.

The placement of a person’s hand on the neck indicates that he or she is being choked and cannot breathe. To choke, asphyxiate, or strangle means to block or inhibit the passage of air through a person’s windpipe to the lungs. A person may also choke on a piece of food lodged in the throat or when suffering from an acute allergic reaction that causes swelling in the throat and/or windpipe.

CHOOSE

Synonyms: Choice, Discover, Find, Locate (find), Options, Pick Up (small objects), Recover (find), Retrieve, Select, Selection

The G-hand (the index finger and thumb are extended from an otherwise closed hand and are parallel), palm and fingers pointing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially is held in front of the opposite side of the body at chest level. The index finger and thumb then close into a baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand) as the hand reaches down and then moves back up. The action is or may be repeated a couple of times as the hand moves to the other side.

The act of choosing or selecting several things.

The active hand picks up a series of small or lightweight objects displayed on an imaginary table (represented by the lower position). To choose means to select from among multiple options. To find means to discover something new or to locate something that was previously lost or hidden.

CHOP

Synonyms: Butcher, Cleaver, Hack Off, Lop Off

The active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally forward and slightly up, initially is held several inches above the wrist of the stationary flat-hand, palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then arcs down until the edge of the little finger strikes the stationary wrist.

The act of chopping up something.

The active hand represents the head of a cleaver as it splits apart a piece of meat (represented by the stationary forearm). To chop means to break up into smaller pieces. A cleaver is a large, heavy knife used mainly by butchers to chop up meat for consumption.

CHRISTIAN

Synonym: Cross

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing up, initially is held in front of the body at upper chest level. The hand then moves down about a foot, arcs slightly up and to the left, and finally moves about a foot to the right. (Alternatively, the hand may move down, arc slightly up and to the right, and then move to the left.)

The act of drawing the shape of a large cross.

The hand represents the approximate width of a large cross as the hand draws the length of the vertical and horizontal beams of the cross. A Christian is a person who professes faith in the divinity of Jesus, who died on a cross.

CHURCH

Synonyms: Belfry, Cathedral, Chapel, Holy Place, Minaret, Mosque, Place of Worship, Prayer House, Sanctuary, Spire, Steeple, Synagogue, Tabernacle, Temple (religious)

The tips of the index fingers and knuckles of pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing diagonally up to opposite sides, touch as the hands are held in front of the body at upper chest level.

The hands and index fingers resemble the shape of a church and its steeple.

The hands represent a church, chapel, or cathedral and the index fingers represent the church’s steeple. A church, mosque, synagogue, or temple is a holy place for worship, prayer, religious study, and spiritual contemplation. A steeple is a short tower attached to a church.

CIGARETTE

Synonyms: Smoke (tobacco), Smoker, Smoking, Tobacco

The V-hand (the index and middle fingers are spread apart and extended from an otherwise closed hand in the shape of a “V”), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up, is held just in front of or touching the mouth. The hand may move forward slightly.

The act of smoking a cigarette.

The hand holds an imaginary cigarette between its index and middle fingers as a person smokes it. A cigarette is a rolled paper filled with dried tobacco that is lit and smoked. Tobacco is a leafy plant containing nicotine whose leaves may be dried and smoked in cigarettes, cigars, and pipes.

CIRCLE

Synonyms: Circular (shape), Circumference, Form a Circle, Loop, Round

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing forward, initially is held in front of the body at chest level. The hand then draws a vertical circle.

The act of drawing the round shape of a circle.

The index finger traces or draws the round shape of a circle. A circle is a loop or perfectly round geometric figure. The circumference of a circle is a measurement of the distance around the circle’s perimeter. The circumference is calculated by multiplying twice the radius of the circle by the value of pi (C = 2πr).

CIRCUS

Synonyms: Circus Tent, Tent (circus)

The tips of the index and middle fingers of H-hands (the index and middle fingers are together and extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing diagonally up to opposite sides, initially touch in front of one side of the body near shoulder level. The hands then arc down and away from each other. The action is repeated a couple of times as the hands move to be in front of the other side of the body.

The act of drawing three peaks of a large circus tent.

The index and middle fingers outline or draw the approximate shape of the peaks of a large, three-ring circus tent. A circus is a traveling group of performers and entertainers who often work with animals. A circus typically erects a large tent under which main events take place in different areas or rings.

CLEAN

Synonyms: Antiseptic, Disinfected, Germ-Free, Hygienic, Pure, Sanitary, Spotless, Sterile, Tidy Up, Uncontaminated, Wipe

The active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward, initially rests on the base of the upturned palm of the stationary flat-hand, fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then slides down the stationary palm and fingers.

The act of cleaning or wiping dirt off a surface.

The active hand represents a cloth, rag, or sponge that is used to wipe off or clean a surface (represented by the stationary hand). To clean means to remove dirt or germs from something. Sterile means that something has been disinfected or is germ-free, hygienic, sanitary, or uncontaminated.

CLEAN ONE’S FINGERNAILS

Synonym: Manicure

The tip of the thumb of the active fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing down and knuckles pointing forward with the thumb extended and pointing to the side, initially touches the tip of a finger on the stationary spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The tip of the active thumb then slides along the tip of the stationary finger. The action is repeated on one or more stationary fingers.

The act of cleaning one’s fingernails.

The thumb of the active hand represents the tip of a nail file that is used to clean out dirt or debris from underneath a person’s fingernails (the hard protective coating on top of the ends of each finger). A manicure is the process of cleaning and grooming a person’s fingernails.

CLIMB (A LADDER)

Synonyms: Go Up a Ladder, Ladder, Rungs (ladder)

C-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumbs opposite the fingers), palms facing out and fingers pointing mostly up, initially are held several inches apart in front of the body at chest level. The hands then alternately arc up until they are above the head.

The act of climbing a ladder.

The hands alternately grasp the rungs of an imaginary ladder as a person climbs up the ladder. To climb means to move from a lower level to a higher level. A ladder typically is a moveable, vertical structure with cross pieces (rungs) on which one may step and climb up to access high places. Ladders may also be used to descend or access low places.

CLIP ONE’S FINGERNAILS

Synonyms: Cut One’s Fingernails, Fingernail Clippers, Nail Clippers

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the active baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally forward and down, pinch the tips of the thumb and then two others fingers of the stationary spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level.

The act of cutting or clipping one’s fingernails.

The index finger and thumb of the active hand represent a nail clipper that is used to cut or trim the fingernails on the stationary hand. A person may clip his or her nails when they have grown too long or when they have broken. A nail clipper is a small device with pincers that cut through fingernails.

CLOSE (SHUT)

Synonyms: Airtight, Closed, Seal (close), Shut, Sliding Doors

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially are held a few inches apart in front of the body at chest level. The hands then move toward each other until the tips of the fingers touch. (To indicate the meaning Sliding Doors, repeat the sign.)

The act of two doors closing or being shut.

Each hand represents one side of a pair of sliding doors. Initially, the doors are open (with space in between them), but then they close as the hands come together or touch. To close means to shut or seal something so that it is no longer open. Sliding doors are doors that open by sliding apart to opposite sides and that close by reversing this action.

CLOTHES

Synonyms: Apparel, Attire, Clothing, Dressed, Garments, Outfit (clothes), Pajamas, Suit, Uniform, Wardrobe (clothing), Wear (clothes)

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially rest on the upper chest. The hands then slide down the body to the upper thighs, rotating so that the fingers point down.

The act of smoothing out the clothes that one is wearing.

The hands touch and smooth out the wrinkles in a person’s clothing. Clothes are the apparel, attire, garments, or wardrobe (shirts, slacks, dresses, etc.) that a person wears to cover parts of his or her body. A uniform is a common outfit that is worn by employees while working or by students at certain schools.

CLOUDS

Synonyms: Cloudy, Overcast

Spread curved-hands (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palms facing up and fingers pointing mostly back, initially are held above the head. The hands then make small horizontal circles. The action may be repeated.

The act of clouds moving in the sky above.

The hands represent clouds rolling by or floating in the sky (represented by the location above head level). Clouds are visible groupings of gas, dust, and water vapor in the atmosphere. Clouds are the source of rain, sleet, and snow. Overcast refers to a cloudy day or a day in which clouds fill much of the sky and block out a considerable amount of the sun’s light.

CLOWN

Synonyms: Clown Nose, Jester

The claw-hand (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palm facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally up, is placed over the nose with the fingers on one side and the thumb on the other.

The hand resembles the large nose of a clown.

The hand represents the large, round, red nose seen on many clowns. Clowns are comedic entertainers who dress up in colorful garments and often wear large, fake noses. Clowns frequently perform at birthday parties for young children and at circuses, fairs, festivals, and other public events.

COAT

Synonyms: Bathrobe, Housecoat, Jacket, Overcoat, Put On One’s Coat or Jacket, Raincoat, Robe

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally up to opposite sides, initially are held on or near the shoulders. The fists then slide diagonally down to the center of the chest, ending with the knuckles pointing at each other and to opposite sides.

The act of putting on a coat or jacket.

The fists grasp the edges of an imaginary coat or jacket and then slide it over a person’s shoulders and upper body. A coat or jacket is an outerwear garment (mostly for the upper body) that helps provide warmth and/or protection from the weather. A robe typically is a long housecoat worn over one’s pajamas or sleeping clothes while relaxing at home.

COCHLEAR IMPLANT

The tips of the index and middle fingers of the H-hand (the index and middle fingers are together and extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing up, are bent slightly as they touch the side of the head just above and behind the ear.

The act of showing the location of one’s cochlear implant.

The tips of the index and middle fingers indicate the approximate location of a cochlear implant. A cochlear implant is a hearing device inserted behind the ear that allows a person with a hearing impairment to better detect sounds.

COFFEE

Synonyms: Coffee Beans, Coffee Grinder, Coffee Maker, Coffee Pot, Grind (coffee)

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing in and knuckles pointing to opposite sides, initially are held one on top of the other in front of the body at chest level. The upper, active fist then makes small horizontal circles on top of the lower, stationary fist.

The act of grinding up coffee beans.

The active fist represents the handle of an old-fashioned coffee grinder that is turned to pulverize coffee beans and deposit the resulting powder into a cup or receptacle (represented by the stationary fist). Coffee is a brewed, caffeinated drink typically served hot. A coffee maker is a kitchen device that brews and prepares coffee.

COLD (COMMON COLD)

Synonyms: Allergy (environmental), Hay Fever, Sniffle, Wipe One’s Nose

The index finger and thumb of the fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally up, are bent slightly as they touch the ridge of the nose. The hand then slides down the nose a couple of times.

The act of a person with a cold wiping his or her nose.

The hand grasps an imaginary tissue and then uses it to wipe a person’s runny nose. A person suffering from environmental allergies (hay fever) or a cold virus often has the sniffles or a runny nose. A common cold typically is ill health brought about by a virus in the upper respiratory tract.

COLD (TEMPERATURE)

Synonyms: Air Conditioning, Brrrr!, Chills, Chilly, Cool, Freezing (cold), Hypothermia, Shiver, Winter

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing in and knuckles pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially are held just in front of the chest. The fists then vibrate slightly several times.

The act of a person shivering because he or she feels cold.

Cold or low temperatures often cause an inadequately dressed person to be uncomfortable and to shiver or have chills. Winter is the season of cold and snowy weather. Hypothermia is a medical condition in which a person’s body temperature drops to a dangerously low level. An air conditioner is a machine that cools the air inside of a vehicle or building during hot weather.

COLLAPSE

Synonyms: Demolish, Demolition, Destroy, Destruction, Fall Down (structure), Raze (a building), Reduce to Rubble, Ruins

The tips of the fingers of flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing diagonally up, initially touch in front of the body at upper chest level. The fingers then bend down until the knuckles and the backs of the fingers touch and the palms and fingers point down.

The act of a building collapsing or falling down.

The hands represent the roof and sides of a building or other structure. Initially, the building is upright, but then it collapses or falls down into a pile of rubble (represented by the final position). To collapse means to cave in, give way, or fall down. Demolition is the process of knocking down, destroying, or getting rid of unwanted or failing structures.

COLLAR

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally up, initially grasp the front of the shirt collar. The hand then pulls gently forward. The action may be repeated.

The act of pulling on the front of one’s shirt collar.

The fingers grasp or show the location of the collar on a person’s shirt. A collar typically is a folded-down piece of material at the top of a shirt or the sewn area of a garment around or near a person’s neck.

COLONOSCOPY

Synonyms: Proctology, Proctoscope, Prostate Exam, Sigmoidoscopy

The V-hand (the index and middle fingers are spread apart and extended from an otherwise closed hand in the shape of a “V”), palm facing in and fingers pointing up to the eyes, initially is held just in front of the face. The hand then arcs down and back, rotating so that the palm faces diagonally up and the fingers are close to and pointing to the buttocks.

The act of looking at one’s colon or large intestine.

The tips of the index and middle fingers represent a person’s eyes or the lens of a camera while examining the colon (represented by the final position). A colonoscopy is a medical procedure in which a tube with a camera is inserted into a person’s anus and large intestine to search for physical abnormalities.

COMB

Synonyms: Comb One’s Hair, Hair Pick

The tips of the fingers of the claw-hand (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing diagonally up, initially touch the hair near the top of the head. The hand then moves a short distance down the hair and side of the head. The action is repeated.

The act of combing one’s hair.

The fingers represent the teeth on a comb or hair pick. A comb or hair pick is a device, typically made of plastic, wood, or metal, that is used to untangle or smooth out a person’s hair.

COME

Synonyms: Beckon, Come Back (request), Come Here, Direct Traffic, Recruit, Summon

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up and forward, initially is held about eighteen inches in front of the body at shoulder level. The hand then arcs in toward the body.

The act of beckoning someone to come closer.

The hand is used to summon, beckon, or gesturally request that someone at another location (represented by the initial position) come close to the signer’s location (represented by the final position). Come means to approach or move toward a person. This sign may also be used in the process of directing traffic to indicate that a vehicle may proceed.

COMFORT

Synonyms: Caress, Comfortable, Consolation, Console, Solace, Soothe, Stroke (caress)

The active spread curved-hand (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palm facing in and fingers pointing mostly diagonally up, initially rests on the stationary (opposite) shoulder and upper arm. The active hand then rubs up and down slightly.

The act of soothing or comforting someone using touch.

When an individual is in distress, another person may soothe, comfort, or console him or her by touching, caressing, stroking, or rubbing that person’s shoulder or upper arm. To comfort means to console or provide assistance, solace, and support to someone.

COMMAND

Synonyms: Compulsory, Have To, Mandatory, Must, Necessary, Obey, Obligatory, Order (command), Required, Should

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing diagonally out and finger pointing up, initially is held to the side of the head. The hand then forcefully moves diagonally down to waist level near the center of the body, ending with the palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward and down.

The act of giving a forceful command that one must obey.

A person may forcefully point or gesture with his or her arm and hand while using a position of authority to command or order someone to act. If you must do something, then you are required to obey and should do it. A command is an order to perform a task or do something.

COMPARE

Synonyms: Analogy (comparison), Comparison, Contrast (compare), Juxtapose, Juxtaposition, Liken (compare), Simile

C-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumbs opposite the fingers), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing mostly up, initially are held about a foot apart in front of the body at chest level. The hands then alternately move up and down a few inches.

The act of comparing two different objects.

A person holds an imaginary item in each hand and then compares and contrasts their features (represented by the movement up and down). A careful examination of the items may reveal their benefits and shortcomings. A comparison involves an examination of two or more things to determine their similarities and differences.

COMPLAIN

Synonyms: Complaint, Grievance, Gripe, Grumble, Objection

The tips of the fingers and thumb of the claw-hand (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palm facing in and knuckles pointing to the side, initially touch the chest. The hand then arcs up slightly. The action is repeated. A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of complaining or griping about something.

The hand represents the guttural sound of displeasure that a person often makes when grumbling or complaining about something. A complaint or objection is a grievance or an expression of dissatisfaction, discontentment, or unhappiness.

COMPUTER

Synonyms: Code (programming), Computer Science, Email, Internet, Keyboard (computer), Programming (computer), Secretary, Technology, Terminal (computer), Type, Typewriter

Claw-hands (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palms facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially are held next to each other in front of the body at lower chest level. The fingers then wiggle.

The act of typing on a computer’s keyboard.

The movement of the fingers represents a person typing on the keyboard of a computer or typewriter. A computer is an electronic device often used for composing emails, letters, or other documents and for accessing the internet. A keyboard typically is a rectangular board with an arrangement of alphanumeric and function keys.

CONCENTRATE

Synonyms: Attention, Blinders, Block Out, Concentration, Focus, Look Straight Ahead, Pay Attention, Tunnel Vision

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing up, initially are held to the sides of the face. The hands then move straight forward about six inches.

The act of concentrating or focusing one’s attention.

A person who is trying to concentrate or focus may look straight ahead while blocking everything else out with his or her hands. To concentrate means to focus one’s attention on a particular objective. Blinders are small pieces of material that are placed on the sides of a horse’s bridle (by the eyes) to prevent a horse from being distracted.

CONCUSSION

Synonyms: Brain Injury, Head Injury, Head Trauma, Skull Fracture

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing down and knuckles pointing to the side, initially is held to one side of the head. The fist then gently taps the side of the head.

The act of receiving a concussion or head injury.

The fist represents a blow to the side of a person’s head that may cause a skull fracture or injury to the brain. A concussion is a brain injury often caused by head trauma that results in headaches, memory problems, difficulty concentrating, or issues with balance and coordination.

CONFESS

Synonyms: Admit (confess), Come Clean, Confession, Disclosure (confession), Divulge (confess), Express, Get Off One’s Chest, Open Up About Oneself, Plead Guilty

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially rest on the chest. The hands then arc forward and about a foot apart, rotating to end with palms facing up and fingers pointing forward.

The act of confessing or getting something off one’s chest.

The hands represent an ethical or moral burden that initially puts weight on a person’s chest and over his or her heart (which represents the center of a person’s feelings). The weight is then lifted and placed out in the open (represented by the final position) as a person comes clean and confesses. A confession is an expression or admission of guilt.

CONFUSED

Synonyms: Addlepated, Baffled, Bamboozled, Befuddled, Bemused, Bewildered, Confusion, Dazed, Discombobulated, Disoriented, Flummoxed, Mixed-Up, Mystified, Perplexed

Spread curved-hands (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palms facing diagonally in and fingers pointing mostly diagonally up to opposite sides, initially are held near the temples (the sides of the forehead). The hands then make small, alternating, vertical circles. A confused or dazed facial expression is appropriate.

The act of one’s mind being confused or mixed up.

The fingers represent ideas or thoughts that are mixed up inside a person’s head, often resulting in confusion or disorientation. A person who is bewildered, confused, or disoriented may not know where he or she is or what is happening.

CONSTIPATED

Synonym: Constipation

The upper fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing to the side, initially grasps the extended thumb of the lower flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The hands then move slightly up and down as the lower hand struggles to move down. A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of being constipated or unable to expel solid waste from one’s rectum.

The lower hand and thumb represent solid waste that is stuck in the large intestine and rectum (represented by the upper fist) and cannot be passed or expelled. A person who is constipated has difficulty eliminating solid waste or fecal matter from his or her body. Related to the sign for Bowel Movement.

CONTACT LENS

Synonym: Contacts

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward, initially touches the upturned palm of the stationary curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), fingers pointing mostly diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then arcs up until the tip of the index finger touches or nearly touches the face near one eye, rotating to end with palm facing in and finger pointing diagonally up.

The act of putting a contact lens in one’s eye.

The tip of the index finger of the active hand touches and picks up an imaginary contact lens from a container (represented by the stationary hand) and then puts it in a person’s eye. Contacts are small plastic lenses worn on the front of a person’s eyeballs. Contacts help to correct a person’s vision and allow him or her to see more clearly.

CONTINUE

Synonyms: Always, Constant, Continual, Continuous, Cycle, Ongoing, Perpetual, Persistence, Persistent, Tumbleweed

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing forward, initially is held in front of the body at chest level. The hand then makes several vertical circles as it moves out to the side.

The act of continuing or keeping the same motion going.

The path of the index finger represents a continuous circle that keeps rolling along and does not stop. To continue means to persist or keep an action going. Always means that something exists for all time and has no end. A tumbleweed is a mass of dried plant material that may be blown around by the wind in desert climates.

CONVERSATION

Synonyms: Communicate, Communication, Confer (discuss), Consult, Converse, Dialogue, Discuss, Discussion, Interlocutor

Tapered- or O-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tips), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing up, initially are held to the sides of the jaw. The hands then open into C-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumbs opposite the fingers), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing mostly up. The action is repeated several times. (Alternatively, one may start the sign with C-hands.)

The act of two mouths opening and closing during a conversation.

The fingers represent a person’s upper lip and mouth and the thumb represents a person’s lower lip and jaw. The O-hand represents a closed mouth and the C-hand represents an open mouth. The hands open and close while two people converse or have a discussion. When people communicate or have a conversation, they often informally exchange ideas and thoughts on a topic through words (or signs).

COOKIE

Synonyms: Biscuit, Cookie Cutter, Cracker

The active claw-hand (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially is held slightly above the stationary hand, palm facing down. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then moves down until the tips of the fingers and thumb touch the back of the stationary hand.

The act of using a cookie cutter to shape a cookie or biscuit.

The active hand represents a cookie cutter that is used to cut shapes into cookie dough or bread dough (represented by the stationary hand). A cookie is a relatively thin baked sweet often containing flour and sugar. A biscuit typically is a dense, round, salty and buttery piece of bread made with flour and milk; biscuits are often eaten for breakfast.

CORN

Synonyms: Corn on the Cob, Maize

Partially closed C-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumbs opposite the fingers), palms and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing up, initially are held about six inches apart in front of the mouth. The hands then slowly move a few inches from side to side. The action may be repeated. Chewing or opening and closing the mouth are appropriate.

The act of holding and eating a piece of corn on the cob.

The hands grasp the ends of an ear of corn on the cob and then move it back and forth as a person eats it. Corn or maize is a yellowish, starchy vegetable composed of kernels that grow together on a cob (a thick stem). Corn is also used to feed livestock in many countries.

CORNER

Synonym: Angle

The tips of the fingers of flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing diagonally forward to opposite sides, touch at a 90° angle. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level.

The act of forming an angle or a corner with one’s hands.

The hands represent two walls that touch to form a corner or a 90° angle. A corner is the spot where two walls come together. An angle is the measurement of distance (typically in degrees) between two lines or surfaces that connect or intersect.

CORRECT

Synonyms: Accurate (correct), Check (mark), Check Mark, Right (correct)

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward, initially is held in front of the body at chest level. The hand then moves a few inches diagonally down and out to the side and then about a foot diagonally up (and out to the same side), ending with the palm facing out and the index finger pointing diagonally up and out to the side. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of drawing a check mark to show that an answer is correct.

The index finger draws a check mark in the air to show that a student has given the right answer. A check mark is a form of punctuation often used by a teacher when grading a student’s work to show that the student’s answer is correct. Something that is correct is accurate or right.

COUGH

Synonyms: Cover One’s Mouth, Croup, Laryngotracheobronchitis, Pertussis, Whooping Cough

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing diagonally up, initially is held just in front of the upper chest. The fist then moves up slightly toward the mouth as the head bends forward to meet it. Coughing is appropriate.

The act of covering one’s mouth while coughing.

When a sick person coughs, he or she may cover his or her mouth with a hand to prevent germs from spreading. Also, when a person chokes on food, he or she may cough in an attempt to dislodge the material stuck in his or her throat. A cough is a short, forceful, voluntary or involuntary exhalation of air from the lungs. Croup (also known as laryngotracheobronchitis) and whooping cough (also known as pertussis) are both infections of the airway that are common in children and are associated with prolonged episodes of coughing.

COW

Synonyms: Beef, Bovine, Calf (cow), Cattle, Horns (animal), Livestock, Steer (cow)

The tips of the thumbs of horns-hands (the little fingers and thumbs are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing out and knuckles pointing up, touch the temples (the sides of the forehead). (This sign can also be made without the little fingers extended.)

The hands resemble the horns of a cow.

The hands represent the approximate shape of the horns located on the sides of a cow’s head. A cow is a bovine animal often raised as livestock on farms for its milk or meat. Multiple cows or groups of cows are often referred to as cattle. A cow’s meat is known as beef.

CPR

Synonyms: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Chest Compressions

The fingers of flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward to opposite sides, initially are held on top of each other in front of the body at chest level. The hands then move down and back up. The action is repeated.

The act of doing chest compressions or CPR.

The movement of the hands represents the performance of chest compressions or CPR (pressing down on a person’s chest to pump blood through the heart and body). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving technique for keeping oxygen flowing throughout the body to vital organs after a person has suffered a heart attack.

CRAMPED

Synonyms: Boxed In, Budget Section, Coach (travel), Confined, Crowded, Economy Class, Enclosed (in a small space), Sardines, Squeezed Together

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing down, initially are held straight down at the sides of the legs. The hands then press tightly against the legs. Pressing one’s lips together is appropriate.

The act of being cramped or squeezed into a very tight space.

If a person is cramped or boxed in, he or she is confined to a small or limited space. In economy class (the budget or coach section of a mode of transportation), the passengers may be crowded or squeezed together. This sign may also be used to refer to sardines (small, oily fish that are typically sold packaged tightly together in tin cans).

CRASH

Synonyms: Accident (vehicle), Collide, Collision, Impact (collision)

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing in and knuckles pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially are held in front of the sides of the body at lower chest level. The fists then arc up and toward each other, touch at the knuckles, and then arc up and away to opposite sides.

The act of two vehicles crashing into each other.

The fists represent two objects or vehicles initially on the same course (represented by the initial position), then colliding or crashing into one another (represented by the intermediate position), and then being pushed off course in different directions (represented by the final position). A vehicular accident is an unplanned impact or collision of a vehicle with another object. To crash means to collide with the ground, another vehicle, or an object.

CRAZY

Synonyms: Insane, Loony, Mental Asylum, Mentally Disordered, Sanitarium

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing to the side, initially is held next to the head. The hand then makes a few vertical circles. A look of bewilderment is appropriate.

The act of showing that a crazy person’s head is turned upside down or mixed-up.

The movement of the index finger indicates or shows that a person’s head is mixed-up, out of order, or turned upside down. A crazy or insane person may not be able to think clearly or tell the difference between reality and fantasy. Persons with mental disorders may be confined in a mental asylum or sanitarium for their safety and well-being.

CREDIT CARD

Synonyms: Charge Account, Charge Card, Credit Card Machine, Credit Card Number, Debit Card, Imprint (credit card)

The active fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially rests on the back of the wrist of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active fist then slides forward along the back of the stationary hand and fingers and then returns to its original position.

The act of swiping a credit card or debit card through an automatic reader.

The active fist represents a charge card as it slides through an automatic card reader (represented by the stationary hand). This sign may also represent the fist grasping the moveable top of an older manual credit card machine (represented by the stationary hand) and then sliding the handle forward and back to make an imprint of a credit card number onto a piece of carbon paper. A credit card is a plastic card that is used to charge purchases to a person’s account. A debit card is a plastic card that is used to automatically deduct the cost of purchases from a person’s bank account.

CROCODILE

Synonyms: Alligator, Cayman/Caiman, Jaws (large), Jaws (shark), Reptile

The tips of the fingers and thumbs of claw-hands (the fingers are spread apart and bent), one palm facing down and one palm facing up and knuckles pointing forward, initially touch in front of the body at chest level with the arms extended forward. The hands then vertically move about six inches apart and then back together. The action may be repeated.

The act of a crocodile opening and closing its large mouth.

The hands represent the large jaws and the fingers represent the multiple teeth of a crocodile or alligator as it opens and closes its mouth. A crocodile or alligator is a large amphibious reptile with a long body, relatively short legs, a long snout, and many sharp teeth. Crocodiles and alligators often live in or near bodies of water in warm, tropical climates.

CROOKED

Synonyms: Indirect (path), Irregular, Jagged, Ragged

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing forward, initially is held just in front of one side of the body. The wrist then bends and straightens as the hand zigzags forward.

The act of following a crooked path.

The hand follows or shows the indirect path of a crooked or jagged line. Crooked or jagged means that something is irregular, not straight, or does not have smooth edges. Jagged is a term often used to refer to pieces of broken glass (such as shards of glass from a broken mirror).

CROWN

Synonyms: Coronation, Coronet, Diadem, King, Prince, Princess, Queen, Royalty, Tiara

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing up, initially are held just above the sides of the head. The hands then slide down until the bases of the hands touch the top of the ears.

The act of putting a crown or tiara on a person’s head.

The hands represent the sides of a crown and the fingers represent its high points as the crown is placed on a person’s head. A crown is a decorative, jeweled headpiece often made of precious metal. Crowns are typically worn by royalty (kings, queens, princes, princesses) on special occasions. A crown or tiara may also be awarded to the winner of a beauty pageant.

CRUSH

Synonyms: Mash, Press Together, Smash, Squash (crush), Squashed

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms touching with one facing up and the other facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward to opposite sides, initially are firmly pressed together. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The hands then twist back and forth a couple of times.

The act of crushing something between one’s hands.

The hands are pressed together as they crush an imaginary object flat. To crush means to smash, squash, or press something together until it is flattened or mostly flattened.

CRUTCHES

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing down, initially are held at the sides of the body near waist level. Each arm is bent at the elbow. The hands may then move slightly up and down or slightly forward.

The act of using crutches to support oneself.

The fists grasp and hold the handles of a pair of imaginary crutches. Crutches are tall, wooden or metal devices with padded tops that fit under a person’s armpits. Crutches help to support the weight of an injured person’s body while standing or walking. Crutches are often used by someone who has a broken or injured leg, knee, ankle, or foot.

CRY

Synonyms: Mourn, Mourning, Tears, Weep

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing diagonally up, initially touches the face near the corner of one eye. The finger then slides a short distance down the cheek. The action may be repeated. A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of a tear rolling down one’s cheek while crying.

The tip of the index finger represents a tear streaming out of a person’s eye and rolling down his or her cheek while crying. To cry or weep means to produce tears (a salty, clear liquid) from the tear ducts in the eyes. Crying and tears often are an indication of mourning or great sadness.

CURL

Synonyms: Curling Iron, Curly Hair, Perm, Permanent (hair treatment)

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and finger pointing diagonally up, initially touches the temple (the side of the forehead). The hand then twirls diagonally down about six inches.

The act of tracing the length of a strand of curly hair.

The index finger represents a long strand of hair that is twisted or curly (represented by the movement). A curl is a portion of hair that is coiled or wavy. A curling iron is a device with a rod or brush that grasps a section of hair, rolls the hair, and then heats it until the hair is curled. A permanent is a hair treatment in which chemicals and rollers are applied to a person’s hair to create long-lasting curls.

CURTAINS

Synonym: Drapes

C-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumbs opposite the fingers), palms facing out and fingers pointing mostly out to the sides, initially are held in front of the sides of the body near eye level. The hands then move down about two feet.

The act of showing the length of a pair of curtains or drapes.

The hands represent curtains or drapes hanging at the sides of an imaginary window (represented by the body). Curtains or drapes are large pieces or panels of fabric that are used as decorative coverings for windows. Curtains or drapes are typically used to block or reduce the amount of sunlight in a room or to protect a person’s privacy.

CUT (WOUND)

Synonyms: Gash, Injury (cut), Laceration, Wound

The thumb of the active fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing down and knuckles pointing to the side with the thumb extended and pointing in and diagonally down, initially is held just above the stationary forearm, palm facing down. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The fist then moves diagonally forward and down as the tip of the thumb grazes the stationary forearm.

The act of getting a cut on one’s forearm.

The thumb of the active hand represents a sharp object or knife that makes a small cut, gash, or laceration on a person’s stationary forearm. A cut is a wound or injury that penetrates a person’s skin and causes bleeding.

DANCE

Synonyms: Dancer, Prom, Sway (dance)

The active V-hand (the index and middle fingers are spread apart and extended from an otherwise closed hand in the shape of a “V”), palm and fingers pointing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially is held just over the upturned palm and fingers of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then swings back and forth over the stationary palm.

The act of swaying back and forth while dancing.

The index and middle fingers of the active hand represent the moving legs of a person as he or she dances on a floor or flat surface (represented by the stationary hand). Dance involves the rhythmic movement or swaying of the body and legs, typically to music. A prom is a special dance for high school students (usually juniors and seniors).

DANGER

Synonyms: Dangerous, Hazardous, Menacing, Perilous, Threatening, Unsafe, Watch Out

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing diagonally out and fingers pointing up, initially are held in front of one side of the body at shoulder level. The signer’s body and face should lean away to the opposite side. An open mouth and a scared or fearful facial expression are appropriate.

The act of using one’s hands to protect oneself from danger.

When a person is in danger, he or she may raise both hands in a defensive position in front of the face and upper body in an attempt to ward off a blow. Dangerous means that something is hazardous, perilous, or unsafe. A person may cry “Watch out!” to warn someone else of immediate danger or of a threatening situation.

DAY

Synonyms: Daytime, Diurnal (activity), Twenty-Four Hours

Antonyms: Night, Nighttime, Nocturnal, Tonight

The active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side, initially rests on top of the elbow of the stationary arm, palm facing down and fingers pointing to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then arcs up to just above shoulder level as the palm rotates out and fingers point up. (To indicate the meanings Night, Nighttime, Nocturnal, or Tonight, reverse the action of the sign.)

The act of the sun rising in the sky during the day.

The active hand represents the path or course of the sun as it rises above the horizon (represented by the stationary forearm). Day is the time between dawn (sunrise) and dusk (sunset). A day may also refer to a twenty-four-hour time period. Diurnal is used to describe animals that are active during the day or flowers that bloom during the day.

DEAF

Synonyms: Cannot Hear, Hard-of-Hearing, Hearing Impaired, Hearing Impairment

The palm of the flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing up, covers the ear.

The act of covering one’s ear to show that one is deaf.

The hand covers the ear to show that little to no sound is able to enter the ear and be heard. Someone who is deaf or has a hearing impairment is unable to hear or has a decreased ability to hear sounds. People who are deaf often communicate through the use of signs.

DEEP

Synonyms: Depth, Fathom (measurement)

The active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side, initially rests against the bottom of the stationary flat-hand, palm facing down and fingers pointing to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body near upper chest level. The lower, active hand then moves down about twelve to eighteen inches.

The act of showing how deep something is.

The active hand shows the depth of something located beneath the surface of a body of water or below the surface of the ground (represented by the stationary hand and forearm). Deep means that something is far below the surface. Depth is a measurement of vertical extension beneath a surface.

DEER

Synonyms: Antlers, Caribou, Elk, Moose, Reindeer

The tips of the thumbs of spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing out and fingers pointing up, touch the temples (the sides of the forehead).

The hands and fingers resemble a deer’s antlers.

The hands and fingers represent the antlers of a deer or moose. Members of the deer family (deer, elk, moose, caribou, and reindeer) often are brown in color, with the males typically having antlers. Antlers are bony, skin-covered projections from the sides of the head; unlike horns, antlers may be shed and regrown.

DELICIOUS

Synonyms: Tasty, Yummy

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side, initially rests on the stomach. The hand then makes a few small circles. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of rubbing one’s stomach after a delicious meal.

When a person enjoys or is satisfied with a meal, he or she may rub his or her stomach in appreciation of how delicious or tasty the food was. Something that is delicious tastes very good or is extremely pleasant or appealing.

DENTURES

Synonyms: Bit (bridle), Bridge (dental), Bridle, False Teeth, Mouthpiece (dental), Retainer (dental)

The index finger and thumb of the L-hand (the index finger and thumb are extended from an otherwise closed hand and form a right angle), palm and fingers pointing in and knuckles pointing to the side, initially are bent slightly as the hand is held a few inches in front of the lower face. The hand then moves toward the open mouth.

The act of putting dentures or a retainer in one’s mouth.

The index finger and thumb represent a set of dentures or a retainer that is put in a person’s mouth. Dentures and dental bridges are sets of artificial or false teeth. A retainer or mouthpiece is a dental device that helps to straighten or keep teeth in alignment. The index finger and thumb may also represent the bit (the metal bar inserted into a horse’s mouth) of a bridle. A bridle is a leather headpiece with reins attached to it that are used to control a horse while riding.

DEPRESSION (CLINICAL)

Synonyms: Depressed, Despondent, Gloomy (melancholy), Glum, Melancholy, Morose, Withdrawn

The tips of the fingers of spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing diagonally in and fingers pointing up, touch the temples (the sides of the forehead) as the head tilts forward and down. A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of experiencing negative or depressing thoughts.

When a person feels depressed or despondent, that person may put his or her head in his or her hands and withdraw from others. A clinically depressed person often is inactive, glum, melancholic, or in very low spirits. Such a person may be withdrawn, have difficulty concentrating, be unable to act, and appear to be without hope.

DESCEND

Synonym: Go Straight Down

The edge of the tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm and finger pointing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially touches the edge of the index finger of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing forward. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then moves straight down about six to nine inches.

The act of someone or something descending or going straight down.

The index finger of the active hand represents an object as it descends or moves straight down from its current location (represented by the initial position) to a lower location (represented by the final position). To descend means to go down or move to a lower point or level.

DEVIL

Synonyms: Demon, Evil, Hateful, Horns (devil), Immoral (wicked), Malevolent, Malicious, Nefarious, Reprobate, Satan, Villain, Wicked

The lower edges of the index fingers of pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing out and fingers pointing up, rest on the temples (the sides of the forehead). A fierce or mean facial expression is appropriate.

The act of showing the horns of a devil or evil person.

The index fingers represent the horns of a devil. A devil is a demon, evil spirit, or very wicked, immoral, hateful, or malevolent person. In art, devils and demons are often depicted as having horns growing out of the sides of their foreheads.

DIABETES

Synonyms: Blood-Glucose Monitoring, Blood-Glucose Level, Blood-Sugar Level, Blood-Sugar Test, Lancet, Pin Prick, Prick One’s Finger

The index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward, is bent slightly as it is initially held an inch or two above the index finger of the stationary pointing-hand, palm facing up and finger pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The tip of the active index finger then quickly arcs down to touch the tip of the stationary index finger and then arcs back up to its original position.

The act of a person with diabetes pricking his finger to obtain a small blood sample.

The index finger of the active hand represents the tip of a needle or lancet that is used by a person with diabetes to prick his or her stationary finger for a drop of blood. Diabetes is a medical condition associated with excessive amounts of sugar in the blood and urine. People with diabetes often check their blood-sugar or blood-glucose levels by taking a sample of blood and inserting it into a medical device that provides their test results.

DIAPER

Synonyms: Safety Pin, Velcro

The tips of the thumbs of L-hands (the index fingers and thumbs are extended from otherwise closed hands and form right angles), palms facing down and index fingers pointing forward with the thumbs pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially touch the sides of the waist. The L-hands then close into baby O-hands (the index fingers and thumbs are curved and touch at their tips from otherwise closed hands), palms facing down and knuckles pointing forward.

The act of closing the sides of a diaper.

The index fingers and thumbs represent safety pins or Velcro strips on the sides of a diaper. Initially, the safety pins are open, but then they are closed and secured (represented by the final position). A safety pin is a small, metal device with a sharp point that can penetrate and hold layers of fabric together. A diaper typically is a folded and/or padded cloth worn between an infant’s legs to absorb urine and waste.

DIARRHEA

Synonyms: Droppings (animal), Droppings (loose), Loose Stool

The back of the active fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially rests against the downturned palm of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active fist then moves down about six to nine inches as it opens into a spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward. The action is repeated. A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of having diarrhea or loose stool.

The active hand represents loose droppings or feces repeatedly coming out of a person’s or animal’s buttocks (represented by the stationary hand) as he or she suffers diarrhea. Diarrhea is a medical condition in which someone experiences abnormally frequent and loose, watery stools. Related to the signs for Bowel Movement and Constipated.

DIE

Synonyms: Dead, Death, Deceased, Expire, Extinct, Pass Away, Perish, Succumb

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), right palm facing down and left palm facing up and fingers pointing forward, initially are held about six inches apart in front of the body at lower chest level. The hands then flip so that the right palm faces up and the left palm faces down.

The act of passing from life unto death.

The movement of the hands represents a person passing from life and the land of the living (represented by the initial position) over to death and the other side (represented by the final position). To die means to pass away, expire, perish, succumb, or cease to live.

DIET

Synonyms: Abstain (from food), Fasting, Ramadan, Seal One’s Lips

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally up, initially touch the far corner of the mouth. The hand then slides to the other corner of the mouth.

The act of zipping one’s lips together to show that one is on a diet.

The tips of the index finger and thumb grip an imaginary zipper and then use it to close or seal a person’s mouth so that no food can enter. A diet often refers to eating less or sparingly. Fasting refers to a person’s commitment to abstain from (or not eat) food during a certain time period.

DIFFERENT

Synonyms: Difference, Dissimilar, Unequal, Unalike, Unlike

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), one palm facing up and one palm facing down and fingers pointing forward, are held next to each other in front of the body at lower chest level. The edges of the hands may touch.

The act of showing that the hands have different orientations.

The hands have different or dissimilar orientations — one hand faces up and the other hand faces down. Something that is different is unlike something else.

DIG (PERSON)

Synonyms: Excavate, Shovel, Spade (large)

One fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing up and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially is held about nine inches in front of the other fist, palm facing diagonally in and knuckles pointing diagonally down to the opposite side. Both fists are in front of one side of the body near waist level with the arms bent at the elbows. The fists then swing diagonally forward and down about a foot, and then arc up and diagonally back toward the opposite shoulder.

The act of digging with a large spade or shovel.

The fists grasp the long handle of an imaginary shovel or spade and then use the shovel to dig into the ground (represented by the intermediate position below waist level). To dig means to break up and remove or excavate a section of soil or earth. A shovel or spade is a long-handled garden tool with a sturdy, typically metal, head that is used to penetrate the soil.

DINNER

Synonyms: Evening Meal, Supper

The tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially is extended forward and diagonally down in front of the body just below waist level. The hand then rotates so that the palm faces in and knuckles point up as the tips of the fingers and thumb move to touch the lips.

The act of eating a piece of bread with dinner.

The hand reaches down to grasp a roll or piece of bread sitting on an imaginary table (represented by the location below waist level) and then brings the bread to a person’s mouth. Dinner is the evening meal, the last meal, or the meal eaten at the bottom of the day. Bread is often eaten with dinner. Related to the signs for Breakfast and Lunch. (The hand in this sign reaches out to a lower location than in those signs.)

DINOSAUR

The partially closed C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm and fingers pointing forward and knuckles pointing up, initially is held to the side of the head. The hand then arcs up and forward, ending slightly above and in front of the head.

The act of a dinosaur raising its head and neck.

The forearm, hand, fingers, and thumb represent a dinosaur’s neck, head, and upper and lower jaws. A dinosaur is an extinct, often very large, reptile that lived millions of years ago. There were many types of dinosaurs, including those that ate meat, plants, or both and those that walked (on two or four legs), flew, or swam in the water or oceans.

DIRT

Synonyms: Brown, Dust, Earth (soil), Ground, Soil

The tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward and out to the side, initially is held in front of and to the side of the body near waist level. The tips of the fingers and thumb then rub each other a few times.

The act of feeling a small amount of soil or dirt with one’s fingers.

The fingers grasp and feel a small amount of dirt held in a person’s hand, perhaps to determine whether the soil or ground is good for plants. Dirt often refers to loose earth or soil. Dirt is typically brown in color but may vary greatly in its makeup and composition depending on a number of environmental factors.

DIRTY

Synonyms: Contaminated, Filthy, Germs, Grimy, Gross, Impure, Polluted, Soiled, Tainted, Unclean, Unhygienic, Unsanitary

The tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward and out to the side, is extended in front of and out to the side of the body at upper chest level. A frown or look of disgust is appropriate.

The act of holding something dirty away from the body.

The hand holds something dirty, unclean, or gross away from a person’s body at arm’s length in an attempt to avoid being contaminated by it. Something that is dirty is unclean, soiled, impure, polluted, or unsanitary. Extremely dirty or filthy clothes often have a foul or unpleasant odor.

DISMOUNT

Synonyms: Deplane, Disembark, Get Down (off of something), Get Off Of

Antonyms: Board (a vehicle), Embark, Get On, Mount

The active V-hand (the index and middle fingers are spread apart and extended from an otherwise closed hand in the shape of a “V”), palm and fingers pointing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially straddles the edge of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing forward. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then arcs slightly up and then down to the side. (To indicate the meanings Board (a vehicle), Embark, Get On, or Mount, reverse the action of the sign.)

The act of dismounting or getting off the back of a horse.

The index and middle fingers of the active hand represent a person’s legs as he or she initially sits on the back of a horse (represented by the stationary hand). The person then dismounts or gets down (represented by the final position). To dismount means to get down from or get off of something, such as the back of a horse or pony. To deplane means to disembark or get off a plane.

DIVE

Synonyms: Diving (pool sport), Diving Board, Headfirst, Plunge, Springboard

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms touching and facing to opposite sides and fingers pointing up, initially are held just in front of the body at chest level. The hands then arc up, forward, and down as the upper body bends forward.

The act of diving into a body of water.

The position of the hands together in front of the body and the movement of the hands, arms, and upper body resemble a frequently produced dive into a body of water. A dive typically refers to plunging or going into water headfirst. Springboard and platform diving are popular aquatic sports.

DIZZY

Synonyms: Dizziness, Lightheaded, Motion Sickness, Reeling, Seasick(ness), Vertiginous, Vertigo

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up to opposite sides, initially are held just in front of the face. The hands then make small, alternating vertical circles. A sick or nauseated facial expression is appropriate.

The act of one’s head spinning from feeling dizzy or having motion sickness.

The movement of the hands represents the spinning or reeling sensation that a person feels in his or her head when dizzy, lightheaded, or suffering from vertigo or motion sickness. Motion sickness is a condition in which a person’s sense of balance is disturbed, often resulting in dizziness and nausea.

DOCTOR

Synonyms: Emergency Medical Technician, EMT, Medic, Medical, Paramedic, Physician

The tips of the fingers of the active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward, touch the wrist of the stationary hand, palm facing up. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level.

The act of a doctor feeling a person’s wrist for a pulse.

The active hand represents the hand of a doctor or paramedic as he or she takes a patient’s pulse from the stationary wrist. A doctor or physician is a person with an advanced degree who practices medicine. Medics, paramedics, and EMTs (emergency medical technicians) are trained personnel that frequently work with rescue squads to stabilize patients in the field and transport them to a hospital for further treatment.

DOG

Synonyms: Canine, Puppy

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing down, initially is held just to the side of the thigh. The hand then repeatedly slaps the thigh.

The act of slapping one’s thigh to beckon a dog.

When a person wants a dog to approach or come close, he or she will often slap the side of his or her upper leg or thigh a few times. A dog is a four-legged, domesticated canine related to the grey wolf. A puppy is a young dog.

DOLL

Synonyms: Baby Doll, Rag Doll

The active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up, initially rests on the back of the stationary fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally up to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at upper chest level. The active hand then strokes the stationary fist a couple of times.

The act of stroking a doll.

The active hand strokes or caresses a doll (represented by the stationary hand and forearm) as the doll is held close to a person’s heart. A doll is a child’s toy, typically made from cloth or plastic, that resembles a miniature-sized, clothed human being.

DOLLAR

Synonyms: Bill (paper money), Buck (dollar), Paper Money

The tips of the fingers and thumb of the active tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially touch the upper edge of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then arcs up slightly and out to the side.

The act of removing a dollar bill from one’s wallet.

The active hand removes an imaginary dollar bill or other paper money from a wallet or purse (represented by the stationary hand). A dollar bill is a unit of paper money accepted in many countries, including the United States and Canada.

DOLPHIN

Synonyms: Dorsal Fin, Fin (dorsal), Killer Whale, Orca, Porpoise

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side with the thumb extended and pointing up, initially is held in front of and to the side of the body at chest level. The hand then arcs up and down a few times as it moves to the other side.

The act of a dolphin leaping out of the water.

The hand represents the body of a dolphin and the thumb represents its dorsal fin (located on its back) as the dolphin swims in and leaps out of the water. A dolphin or porpoise is a highly intelligent marine mammal that often leaps or propels itself out of the water while swimming and playing.

DONKEY

Synonyms: Adamant, Burro, Democrat (politics), Hard-Headed, Mule, Obdurate, Obstinate, Stubborn

The tips of the thumbs of flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing out and fingers pointing up with the thumbs extended and pointing at each other and to opposite sides, touch the ears.

The hands resemble the large ears of a donkey or mule.

The hands represent the large ears of a donkey or mule. A donkey or burro is a four-legged mammal that resembles a horse. A mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse. Donkeys are often portrayed as obstinate, hard-headed, obdurate, or very stubborn.

DO NOT UNDERSTAND

Synonyms: Go Over One’s Head, Missed It, Overlooked

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing up, initially is held in front of and to the side of the face. The hand then arcs up and back, passing several inches to the side and slightly above the head.

The act of missing the point or not understanding something.

The index finger represents information that goes by or over a person’s head and therefore is not processed in the brain or understood. If information is presented too quickly or is too complicated, it may not be understood or comprehended. Overlooked refers to information that is missed or that goes unnoticed.

DO NOT WANT

Synonyms: Do Not Need, Unwanted

Curved-hands (the fingers and thumbs are together and curved), palms facing out and fingers pointing mostly up, initially are held about six to nine inches apart just in front of the body at lower chest level. The hands then move forward about six inches. Shaking the head “No” at the same time is appropriate.

The act of pushing away something that is not wanted.

The hands push away an imaginary object that is unwanted or not needed. If a person does not want something, then he or she does not wish to have it or possess it. If a person does not need something, then he or she does not have any use for it.

DOOR

Synonyms: Double Doors, Entrance, Entryway, French Doors, Open the Door

Antonyms: Close the Door, Shut the Door

The edges of flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing out and fingers pointing up, initially touch in front of the body at upper chest level. The hands then arc in until the palms face each other and to opposite sides. (To indicate the meanings Close the Door or Shut the Door, reverse the action of the sign.)

The act of opening a set of double doors.

The hands represent double doors or French doors that are originally closed or shut (represented by the initial position) but are then opened (represented by the final position). A door is an entrance, entryway, or means of access to a room, house, or building. Most doors swing open on hinges.

DOORBELL

Synonyms: Buzzer, Call Button, Ring the Doorbell

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing forward with the thumb extended and pointing up, initially is held in front of the body at chest level. The fist then arcs slightly forward and down.

The act of using one’s thumb to ring a doorbell or push a call button.

The thumb presses down on an imaginary doorbell to alert others of a person’s arrival. A doorbell is a bell, buzzer, or set of chimes that typically is rung by pushing a button located near the entrance door. A call button is a button that is pushed that alerts others that a person needs assistance.

DOWN

Synonyms: Downstairs, Downward

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm and finger pointing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially is held in front of the body at lower chest level. The hand then moves down several inches.

The act of pointing down.

The index finger points to or indicates the direction of down. Down is the opposite direction of up. Downward means toward a lower position. Downstairs refers to the level(s) in a house or building below the level on which a person is currently located.

DRAIN (OPENING)

Synonyms: Colander, Filter, Grate (drain), Sieve, Strainer

The fingers of spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward to opposite sides, are crisscrossed as the hands are held in front of the body at waist level.

The fingers resemble the mesh of a drain or sieve.

The fingers represent the mesh on a drain or sieve and the small openings between the fingers represent the holes through which liquids can flow. A drain or grate is a filter or cover on the top of a pipe or culvert that allows water (or other liquids) to gradually empty from a sink or container or off a road. A colander or strainer is a kitchen container or device with holes that are used to drain water away from foods such as cooked pasta.

DRAW

Synonyms: Art (drawing), Art Class, Artist, Design, Doodle, Drawing, Illustrate (draw), Illustration, Sketch

The tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing diagonally out and knuckles pointing up, initially is held in front of the opposite side of the body at upper chest level. The hand then arcs up and down as it moves to the other side.

The act of drawing or sketching a picture.

The hand grasps an imaginary drawing instrument (e.g., pencil, pen, crayon, or piece of charcoal) and then uses it to doodle or sketch on an imaginary canvas. When a person draws something, he or she typically makes an illustration, representation, or rendering of that thing on a surface.

DRAW BLOOD

Synonyms: Blood Sample, Donate (blood), Give Blood, Take One’s Blood

The active fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing up and knuckles pointing to the side, initially touches the crook of the stationary forearm, palm facing up and fingers pointing diagonally forward. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active fist then slides down the stationary forearm toward the wrist.

The act of drawing or taking blood from a person’s arm.

The active hand holds an imaginary syringe (a hollow plastic tube connected to a needle) and then uses it to withdraw blood from a person’s stationary arm. A blood sample is often taken to perform laboratory tests and determine if a person has certain health problems. Healthy people may also donate blood to a hospital to help treat patients who have suffered injuries that resulted in blood loss.

DRAWER

Synonyms: Handles (drawer), Open the Drawer

Antonym: Close the Drawer

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing up and knuckles pointing forward, initially are held about six to nine inches apart with the arms extended straight out in front of the body at lower chest level. The fists then move straight back toward the body. (This sign can also be made with the thumbs extended out to opposite sides.) (To indicate the meaning Close the Drawer, reverse the action of the sign.)

The act of opening a drawer.

The fists grasp the handles of an imaginary drawer and then pull on the handles to open the drawer. A drawer is a sliding, box-like storage receptacle that is often located in a desk, chest, or cabinet.

DREAM

Synonyms: Daydream, Dreamer, Envision, Fairy Tale, Fantasy, Fiction, Illusory, Imaginary, Imagination, Imagine, Pretend, Simulation, Unreal, Virtual, Whimsical

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing diagonally up, initially touches the temple (the side of the forehead). The hand then twirls diagonally up and forward.

The act of dreaming about imaginary things.

The index finger traces the path of a fleeting, whimsical thought wandering away from a person’s head. (The initial position on the forehead represents the area where cognitive processes occur.) Dreams are often thoughts or images that a person has while sleeping that disappear when he or she wakes up. Something that is pretend or imaginary is based on fantasy and does not exist in the real world.

DRESS

Synonyms: Gown, Jumper (clothing)

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially rest on the upper chest. The hands then slide down the body to the thighs, rotating so that the fingers point down. The hands also move slightly forward and away from the body.

The act of showing the general shape of a dress.

The hands show the approximate location, shape, and length of a short dress or gown that a person wears. A dress is a piece of clothing, typically for women or girls, that extends from the shoulders or upper chest to the legs. The lower portion of a dress resembles a skirt. A gown often refers to a wedding dress, evening dress, or other fancy dress worn on a special occasion.

DRESS ONESELF

Synonyms: Get Dressed, Pull Up One’s Pants, Put On One’s Clothes, Put On One’s Pants

Antonyms: Lower One’s Pants, Take Off One’s Pants

The tips of the fingers and thumbs of tapered- or O-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tips), palms facing in and knuckles pointing down, initially touch the upper thighs. The hands then slide up to the waist. (To indicate the meanings Lower One’s Pants or Take Off One’s Pants, reverse the action of the sign.)

The act of getting dressed or putting on one’s pants.

The hands grasp and then pull up a person’s pants or trousers. To dress oneself means to put on clothing or get dressed.

DRINK

Synonyms: Beverage, Cola, Drinkable, Potable, Soda, Soda Pop, Soft Drink

The C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing mostly forward, initially is held in front of the body at chest level. The hand then arcs up toward the open mouth, rotating so that the fingers point mostly up.

The act of drinking from a cup or glass.

The hand represents a glass or cup filled with a beverage as a person moves it up to his or her mouth to take a drink. To drink means to take a liquid into one’s mouth and swallow it. A soft drink, cola, or soda is a type of sweetened, carbonated, and often caffeinated beverage.

DRIVE

Synonyms: Auto, Automobile, Car, Chauffeur, Driver, Motor Vehicle, Steer (a vehicle), Steering Wheel, Van, Vehicle

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing to opposite sides and knuckles pointing forward, initially are held about a foot apart with one fist slightly higher than the other. Both fists are in front of the body at upper chest level. The upper fist then arcs down slightly as the lower fist arcs up slightly. The action is repeated.

The act of driving or steering a vehicle.

The fists grasp and then move the steering wheel of a car in order to control the vehicle’s direction of movement. To drive means to take a trip in an automobile or to operate a motor vehicle. A chauffeur is a person who drives others from one location to another. A van typically is a large motor vehicle with long seats used to transport groups of people.

DROOL

Synonyms: Saliva, Slobber

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing up, initially touches the corner of the mouth. The finger then slowly moves down to the edge of the chin.

The act of drool or saliva running down one’s chin.

The index finger represents saliva dripping from the corner of a person’s mouth. Drool or saliva is liquid that oozes or trickles down from a person’s mouth.

DROP (LET GO OF)

Synonyms: Let Go of Something, Lose One’s Grip On, Release One’s Hold

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially are held about six inches apart in front of the body at chest level. The fists then move down about six to nine inches as they open into spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing forward.

The act of dropping or letting go of something.

The fists initially hold an imaginary object and then drop it or let it go (represented by the downward movement and the opening of the fists). To drop means to lose or release one’s grip on something and let it fall.

DRUM

Synonyms: Beat a Drum, Beat (rhythm), Bongos, Drumbeat, Rhythm, Tempo, Tympani (drums)

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward to opposite sides, initially are held in front of the body near waist level. The hands then alternately flip up and down a few times.

The act of beating a drum with one’s hands.

A person may use his or her hands to beat or tap on drums, especially bongos. A drum is a hollow percussion instrument, often in the shape of a cylinder, whose top end is covered with a stretched membrane or skin that is beaten by hand, with drumsticks, or with another object.

DRUMSTICK (MEAT)

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing down and knuckles pointing forward, is held about six inches to the side of the mouth with the arm raised to shoulder level. The mouth then opens and closes.

The act of holding and chewing on a large drumstick.

A person grasps the bony portion of a large, imaginary drumstick of meat (such as a turkey leg or a chicken leg) as he or she chews on the meat (the muscular portion of the leg). A drumstick is a portion of the leg of such a bird.

DRUNK

Synonyms: Alcoholic, Drunken, Inebriated, Intoxicated

The C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing mostly forward, initially is held in front of the body at chest level. The hand then arcs up toward the mouth, ending with the fingers pointing mostly up and the back of the hand resting against the opposite cheek (the left cheek for right-handed signers; the right cheek for left-handed signers). An open mouth and droopy eyelids or a sleepy facial expression are appropriate.

The act of being so drunk that one misses one’s mouth while drinking.

The hand represents a glass or cup (like in the sign for Drink) filled with an alcoholic beverage. The person then tries to drink from the cup, but he is so drunk that he misses his mouth (represented by the final position). A person who is drunk, inebriated, or intoxicated has consumed too much alcohol and consequently is both cognitively and physically impaired.

DRY

Synonyms: Arid, Drought, Wipe One’s Mouth

The fingers of the flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing up, initially touch one corner of the mouth. The hand then slides to the other corner of the mouth.

The act of wiping or drying off one’s mouth.

The hand represents a cloth or napkin that is used to wipe a person’s mouth until the lips and the area surrounding the mouth are clean and dry. Dry or arid means that something is not wet or does not contain any moisture. A drought is a prolonged period without rain.

EAGER

Synonyms: Avid, Energetic, Energy, Enthusiasm, Enthusiastic, Excited, Fervent, Keen (eager), Lively (eager), Motivated, Rub One’s Hands Together, Verve, Vigor, Zealous

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms touching and facing to opposite sides and fingers pointing forward, initially are held in front of the body at chest level. The hands then rub back and forth several times. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of rubbing one’s hands together with enthusiasm or eagerness.

A person who is very excited, keen, or eager to receive a gift, to go somewhere, or to do something may rub his or her hands together in anticipation. Eager means fervent, enthusiastic, excited, ready, or motivated to start a task.

EAR(S)

Synonym: Otology

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing to the side, touches the ear (near the top).

The act of showing the location of one’s ear.

The index finger points to or indicates the location of a person’s ear. The ear is an organ for hearing; it senses and collects sounds (auditory vibrations) in the outer ear and then conveys them through the middle ear and inner ear to the auditory nerve. The auditory nerve then transmits the signals to the brain for interpretation. Otology is the branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of ear-related conditions, diseases, and abnormalities.

EARACHE

Synonyms: Inflammation of the Ear, Otalgia, Otitis Media

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and finger pointing up, taps the middle of the outer ear several times. A frown or pained facial expression is appropriate.

The act of one’s ear throbbing in pain.

The movement of the index finger represents the painful throbbing or pangs often associated with an earache. An earache (also known as otalgia) is a pain in the ear. Otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear) is one of the common causes of ear pain.

EARRINGS

Synonyms: Gold, Wear Earrings

The knuckles of the index fingers of pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms and fingers pointing down and knuckles pointing at each other and to opposite sides, touch the base of the ears. Wiggling the index fingers is appropriate.

The index fingers resemble long earrings.

Each index finger represents an earring dangling or hanging down from a person’s earlobe. Earrings are ornamental jewelry that are usually attached to the earlobes by clips or inserted through the earlobes (if the ears are pierced). Earrings are typically worn by females, but males also may wear them. Many earrings are made with gold, a precious metal.

EAST

Synonyms: Eastern, Oriental (eastern)

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side, initially is held in front of the body at chest level. The hand then swings forward and to the side until it is fully extended to the right with the palm facing out and fingers pointing to the right. (If the person is left-handed or can move only the left arm, then the left hand, palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side, initially is held in front of the body at chest level. The hand is then extended to the right of the body.)

The act of showing the direction of east.

The hand and arm are extended to the right of the body to show or indicate the direction of east. On most geographical maps, east is located on the right. East is the direction from which the sun rises.

EASTER

Synonyms: Reincarnation, Resurrection

The active V-hand (the index and middle fingers are spread apart and extended from an otherwise closed hand in the shape of a “V”), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward, initially is held a couple of inches below the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then arcs up and over the stationary hand, rotating so that the palm and fingers point down and knuckles point diagonally forward as the tips of the index and middle fingers touch the back of the stationary hand.

The act of Jesus rising from the grave on Easter.

The index and middle fingers of the active hand represent the legs of a person who is initially deceased and buried under the ground (represented by the stationary hand). The person then rises to stand on his or her legs once again after being resurrected or brought back to life. Easter is a Christian holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus.

EASY

Synonyms: Facile, Insignificant, Simple, Simplified, Uncomplicated

The signer blows air (or mimics blowing air) over the upturned palm of the flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), fingers pointing forward. The hand is held in front of the chin.

The act of easily blowing something away.

Whatever imaginary obstacles there may be on a person’s hand are insignificant and easily removed by a small puff of air. It’s a breeze to get something done. A task that is easy or simple is uncomplicated and requires little effort or trouble to accomplish.

EAT

Synonyms: Comestible, Consume, Dine, Edible, Food, Groceries (food), Meal, Nourishment

The tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing in and knuckles pointing up, initially is held about twelve to eighteen inches in front of the body at upper chest level. The hand then arcs up to just in front of (or with the tips of the fingers and thumb touching) the mouth. The mouth may be open.

The act of putting food into one’s mouth while eating.

The hand represents food that is brought to a person’s mouth to be eaten. Eating involves taking in nourishment through the mouth. Consuming food (such as meat, vegetables, salad, and fruit) provides vital nutrients to the body’s organs and helps to power the body’s various processes.

EDGE

Synonyms: Border, Boundary, Coast (shore), Coastline, Horizon, Rim, Shore, Shoreline

The fingers of the active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing up, initially touch the forward-facing edge of the stationary flat-hand, palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then slides down the stationary hand and forearm about six to nine inches.

The act of feeling the outer edge of one’s forearm.

The active hand shows or moves along the outer edge of a surface (represented by the stationary hand and forearm). An edge is the rim, border, or boundary of something. The horizon is the farthest point of the landscape that a person can see from his or her current location; it is the place where the sky meets the ground or sea. The stationary forearm may also represent the shoreline or coast (the outer edge of a piece of land that abuts a body of water).

EEG

Synonyms: Brain Waves, Brain Wave Pattern, Electroencephalogram

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and slightly down and finger pointing to the side, initially touches the temple (the side of the forehead) on the opposite side of the head. The finger then arcs up and down as it slides across the forehead to the other side.

The act of tracing the brain wave pattern of an EEG.

The index finger represents the needle on an EEG machine as it moves and documents electrical activity in a person’s brain (represented by the location on the forehead). An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a means of studying the brain by recording changes in electrical potential (brain waves). An EEG is often used to help diagnose epilepsy, seizures, head injuries, brain tumors, sleep disorders, or brain death.

EGG

Synonyms: Break an Egg, Crack Open an Egg

Partially closed C-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumbs opposite the fingers), palms and fingers pointing at each other and diagonally forward to opposite sides and knuckles pointing forward, initially are held about an inch apart in front of the body at lower chest level. The hands then rotate down as they open into spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing forward and slightly down.

The act of cracking open an egg so that its contents run out.

The hands initially hold an egg and then break the egg shell open on the side of an imaginary bowl. The liquid contents or yolk of the egg (represented by the fingers of the 5-hand), then flow into the bowl. An egg is the casing that surrounds the developing embryo of a bird. Eggs are often eaten for breakfast and also are a common ingredient in many baked goods such as cakes, pies, muffins, brownies, cookies, and bread.

EIGHT

Synonym: Eighth

The hands, palms facing out and fingers pointing up, are held next to each other in front of the body at shoulder level. One hand is the spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended) and on the other hand the thumb, index finger, and middle finger are spread apart and extended from an otherwise closed hand.

Eight fingers or digits are held up; 5 + 3 = 8.

Eight fingers or digits are extended and should be counted — five on one hand and three on the other. Eight is the whole number or integer between seven and nine. Related to the signs for Five and Three.

EITHER

Synonyms: Alternate (back and forth), Alternative, Elective, Optional, Or

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward, alternately touches the tips of the index and middle fingers of the stationary V-hand (the index and middle fingers are spread apart and extended from an otherwise closed hand in the shape of a “V”), palm facing diagonally in and fingers pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at upper chest level. The action may be repeated.

The act of trying to pick between two alternatives.

The index finger of the active hand alternately points to one of two possibilities (represented by the stationary index and middle fingers). The person tries to decide which one to pick — either one or the other, but not both. To alternate means to switch back and forth between two options.

EKG

Synonyms: Cardiac (Sinus) Rhythm, ECG, EKG Machine, Electrocardiogram, Electrocardiograph, Heart Monitor

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm and finger pointing in and knuckles pointing to the side, initially touches the upper chest on the opposite side of the body. The finger then arcs up and down as it slides to the other side.

The act of tracing the cardiac wave pattern of an EKG.

The index finger represents the needle on an EKG machine as it moves and documents electrical activity in a person’s heart (represented by the location on the chest). An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is a means of studying the heart by recording changes in electrical potential during the heartbeat. An EKG is often used to help diagnose heart attacks, cardiac arrhythmias, or other heart conditions.

ELBOW

Synonym: Funny Bone

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing to the side, touches the opposite elbow, whose forearm extends upward and diagonally back at about a 45° angle.

The act of showing the location of one’s elbow.

The active index finger points to or indicates the location of a person’s elbow (the joint between the upper arm and the forearm). If the ulnar nerve that runs close to this joint is hit, this often causes a tingling sensation (an act that is referred to as “hitting one’s funny bone”).

ELEPHANT

Synonyms: Republican (politics), Trunk (elephant)

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing up, initially rests on the tip of the nose. The fist then arcs forward and down until it is in front of the body at waist level with knuckles pointing diagonally forward.

The act of showing the length of an elephant’s trunk.

The fist represents the approximate shape, width, and length of an elephant’s long, flexible trunk (or snout). An elephant is a very large, thick-skinned, nearly hairless land mammal native to Africa and Asia. An elephant’s trunk is used to bring or lift food and water to its mouth, to manipulate objects, and for breathing.

ELEVATE ONE’S FEET OR LEGS

Synonyms: Footrest, Footstool, Hassock

The V-hand (the index and middle fingers are spread apart and extended from an otherwise closed hand in the shape of a “V”), palm facing up and fingers pointing diagonally forward, initially rests on the fingers and upturned palm of the flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The flat-hand then rotates up a short distance until the fingers of the V-hand point diagonally up.

The act of elevating or propping up one’s legs and feet.

The index and middle fingers of the V-hand represent a person’s legs and feet as they rest on a footstool or mattress (represented by the flat-hand). The flat-hand is then raised to represent the elevation (lifting up) of the person’s legs and feet. The top and bottom of many hospital beds can be independently lowered and raised for the comfort and well-being of a patient.

ELEVATOR

Synonym: Pneumatic Lift

The edges of the index finger and thumb of the active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing forward, initially rest against the bottom of the palm of the stationary flat-hand, palm facing to the side and fingers pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then slides up the stationary palm and fingers.

The act of an elevator rising in a building.

The active hand represents an elevator rising in an elevator shaft of a building (represented by the stationary hand). An elevator is a moveable platform or lift that typically carries people and/or cargo up and down to different floors in a building.

EMBARRASSED

Synonyms: Ashamed, Bashful, Cover One’s Face, Hide One’s Face, Shame, Shy

The fingers of the flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up, cover the eye as the palm rests on the cheek. The head bends forward and to the side.

The act of covering one’s face in shame or embarrassment.

A person who is embarrassed typically is uncomfortable, self-conscious, or ashamed about something. The person may therefore try to hide his or her identity by using one or both hands to cover up his or her face. A person who is shy, bashful, or not accustomed to attention may also try to hide his or her face.

EMPTY

Synonyms: All Gone, Bare, Blank, Run Out Of, Vacancy, Vacant

The active bent-hand (the fingers are together and extended at a right angle with respect to the palm), palm and fingers pointing in and knuckles pointing to the side with the thumb pointing up, initially rests against the base of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing forward with the thumb pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The bent-hand then brushes down the length of the stationary palm and fingers as it flips open into a flat-hand, palm facing to the opposite side and fingers pointing forward. The sign is then repeated using the other hand.

The act of showing that one’s hands are empty.

The active hand represents a brush and the active fingers represent the bristles of the brush as they sweep away the contents of the other (stationary) hand. Both hands are swept clean to show that the hands are empty, bare, or blank and do not hold anything. Something that is empty or vacant contains nothing.

ENTER

Synonyms: Access, Admission, Admit (let in), Admittance, Come In, Guest, Introduce, Invite, Invite Inside, Visitor (guest), Welcome (greeting)

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing up and fingers pointing diagonally forward, up, and out to the same side, initially are held in front of one side of the body at upper chest level. The hands then arc down to waist level on the opposite side of the body, ending with the fingers pointing diagonally forward, slightly down, and out to that side.

The act of motioning someone to enter or come in.

When an invited guest or visitor arrives at a person’s house, it is customary to welcome that individual and to motion that it is okay for him or her to enter the house or come in the door. When a person is granted access or admission to a place, he or she is invited inside or allowed to enter and go in.

ENVELOPE

Synonyms: Enclosed (in an envelope), File (document), Folder, Paper Sleeve (CD, DVD, media), Slipcover (media)

The tips of the fingers of the active bent-hand (the fingers are together and extended at a right angle with respect to the palm), palm and fingers pointing down and knuckles pointing forward with the thumb extended and pointing to the side, initially rest against the inner edge of the index finger of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side with the thumb extended apart from and parallel to the index finger. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then slides down until its fingers are between the stationary fingers and thumb.

The act of putting a piece of paper into an envelope.

The active hand represents a sheet of paper that is inserted into an envelope or folder (represented by the stationary hand). An envelope is a thin, rectangular paper container often used for holding and/or sending letters, memos, or other important documents.

EPINEPHRINE SHOT

Synonym: Epi-Pen™

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing out and knuckles pointing down with the thumb extended and pointing out to the side, initially is held about six inches to the side of the upper leg. The fist then moves to the side until the base of the fist hits the outer thigh.

The act of injecting oneself with a shot of life-saving epinephrine.

The fist represents a syringe used to inject a shot of epinephrine into a person’s thigh to combat an acute allergic reaction or anaphylactic shock. Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. In emergencies, it may be administered as a medication to persons suffering a heart attack, a severe episode of asthma, or a life-threatening allergic reaction.

EQUALS SIGN

Synonym: Equals (math)

The edges of the index fingers of pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing down and fingers pointing forward, touch as the hands are held in front of the body at lower chest level.

The equals sign (=) denotes that two things are equivalent or the same amount.

The index fingers represent the two short, parallel lines of a mathematical equals sign (=). In mathematical equations, the equals sign is used to indicate that the expression on one side of the equals sign is equivalent to the expression or amount on the other side.

EXERCISE

Synonyms: Aerobics, Body Building (sport), Fitness Center, Gym, Lift Weights, Occupational Therapy, Physical Education, Physical Therapy, Physiotherapy, Sports Club, Weightlifting (sport), Workout

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing out and knuckles pointing up, initially are held just above and to the sides of the shoulders. The fists then move up above head level and then back down to their initial position. (The hands may move slightly out to the sides as they move up.) The action may be repeated.

The act of lifting weights or exercising.

The fists grasp imaginary weights and then lift them above a person’s head while he or she exercises. Exercise often refers to aerobic or physical activity that improves a person’s muscular and/or cardiovascular conditioning. During a workout at a gym or fitness center, a person may perform multiple repetitions of various weightlifting exercises. Physical therapy or physiotherapy consists of exercises and stretches that help a person to regain muscle strength and physical abilities that have declined or been lost because of an accident, injury, or medical condition.

EXPEL

Synonyms: Banish, Cast Out, Deport, Eject, Evict, Extradite, Force Out, Oust, Remove from Office, Umpire, You Are Out

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing to the side with the thumb extended and pointing up, initially is held in front of the body at chest level. The fist then forcefully arcs up to near the side of the head, ending with the palm facing diagonally in and knuckles pointing up with the thumb pointing diagonally back.

The act of an umpire ejecting or expelling a player from a game.

The fist represents a person who is originally playing in a game (represented by the initial position), but is then expelled or ejected (represented by the final position) by an umpire because of a serious rule violation or infraction. To expel means to banish, cast out, eject, or oust someone from a location. This sign may also be used to represent that a baseball player has struck out at home plate or is out at one of the bases. An umpire is a referee at a baseball or softball game (or other sporting events).

EYE(S)

Synonyms: Eyeball(s), Iris (eye), Ocular, Pupil (eye)

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing up, is held close to and points to the eye.

The act of showing the location of one’s eye.

The index finger points to or indicates the location of a person’s eye or eyeball. The eye is an organ for vision; it allows a person to see and distinguish objects in the surrounding world. Ocular means of or pertaining to the eye(s) or to vision.

EYE DROPS

Synonyms: Eye Dropper, Saline (eye drops)

The baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and knuckles pointing to the side, initially is held a few inches above the inner corner of one eye. The hand then moves down until the tips of the index finger and thumb nearly touch the eye. The head should lean back.

The act of putting eye drops in one’s eye.

The index finger and thumb grasp an imaginary eye dropper and then use it to deliver eye drops or saline into a person’s eye. Eye drops are medicated solutions or liquids that are put in a person’s eyes to relieve the symptoms of various medical conditions (such as dry eyes or environmental allergies).

EYE EXAM

Synonyms: Eye Scan, Ophthalmology, Optometry, Retinal Exam, Retinal Identification, Retinal Scan

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm and finger pointing in and knuckles pointing up, initially is held in front of one eye. The hand then zigzags slightly from side to side.

The act of examining one’s eye.

The index finger represents a light that is used by ophthalmologists or optometrists (eye doctors) to look carefully at or examine a person’s eyes for medical abnormalities. The index finger may also represent the light of a laser used by some security systems to scan a person’s retina (the back part of the eye) for the purpose of identification.

EYEGLASSES

Synonyms: Eyewear, Glasses, Spectacles, Sunglasses

Tapered- or O-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tips), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing up, rest against the face as they frame the eyes.

The act of looking through the lenses of a pair of glasses.

The tips of the fingers and thumbs form circular shapes that represent the lenses or frames of a pair of glasses or spectacles. Eyeglasses are a pair of lenses mounted in a frame that aid in focusing or sharpening a person’s vision. Glasses help to compensate for a person’s visual impairments or declining eyesight. Sunglasses are glasses with shaded lenses that help to filter out bright sunlight and protect one’s eyes.

EYE PATCH

Synonym: Pirate

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing up, covers one eye.

The act of covering one’s eye with a patch.

The fist represents a medical eye patch. An eye patch is a bandage or piece of material used to cover and prevent further injury to a damaged eye. Pirates are often depicted as wearing a leather eye patch over a missing eye; such a patch is typically held in place by a cord looped around the head.

FACE

Synonyms: Countenance (face), Facial, Features (facial), Look (appearance), Visage

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing up, circles around the edge of the face.

The act of showing the edge of one’s face.

The index finger outlines, points to, or indicates the location of the edge or border of a person’s face. The human face extends vertically from the top of the forehead to the bottom of the chin and horizontally from ear to ear. The features of a person’s face include his or her eyebrows, eyes, nose, and mouth.

FAIL

Synonyms: Awful, Defeat, Failure, Flunk, Nix (veto), Thumbs Down, Unsuccessful, Veto

The fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing out and knuckles pointing at each other and to opposite sides with the thumbs extended and pointing down, initially are held in front of the body at chest level. The fists then move down a short distance. A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of giving someone or something two thumbs down for a major failure.

One thumb pointing down often conveys disapproval or that something is bad. The greater emphasis of two thumbs pointing down indicates failure or defeat. To fail means to prove inadequate or unsuccessful at a task, to flunk a test, or to suffer a defeat. Awful means that something is very bad. Related to the sign for Bad.

FAINT

Synonyms: Black Out, Pass Out, Swoon, Syncope, Unconscious

The back of the spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing diagonally up, initially rests against the forehead. The head then tips back slightly. Closing one’s eyes as if fainting is appropriate.

The act of fainting or passing out.

The back of the hand on the forehead represents that a person feels weak or faint. As the head moves back and the eyes close, that person faints, swoons, or blacks out. To faint means to lose consciousness or pass out, often because of a sudden drop in a person’s blood pressure.

FALL DOWN (PERSON)

Synonyms: Fall (person), Lose One’s Balance, Stumble (trip), Trip (stumble)

The tips of the index and middle fingers of the active V-hand (the index and middle fingers are spread apart and extended from an otherwise closed hand in the shape of a “V”), palm and fingers pointing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially rest on the upturned palm of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then arcs down a few inches, rotating so that the palm and fingers point mostly up.

The act of a person falling down.

The index and middle fingers of the active hand represent the legs of a person who is initially standing on the ground or a flat surface (represented by the stationary hand). The person then falls down and his or her legs go up in the air (represented by the final position). To fall down means to suddenly move from an erect position to a lower position (such as on the ground) often after tripping, stumbling, or losing one’s balance.

FAMILY

Synonyms: Kin, Relatives

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing forward, initially are held just in front of and to the sides of the body at lower chest level. The hands then arc forward and toward each other until the arms are near full extension and the fingers are interlocked in front of the body at chest level, palms facing in and fingers pointing to opposite sides.

The act of gathering one’s arms around family members or relatives.

A person’s arms may form an inclusive family circle around loved ones. A family is a group of relatives connected by blood (kin) or by marriage. The term family may also be applied to those persons living together in a household, often parents and their children.

FAN (FLOOR)

Synonyms: Blades (fan), Floor Fan, Ventilation Fan

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing up, initially is extended upward at head level. The forearm then makes large, vertical circles as the arm bends and rotates at the elbow.

The act of a fan’s blades moving air around a room.

The active forearm and hand represent the large blades of a rotary floor fan as the blades rotate around a central hub (represented by the elbow). A fan is a machine fitted with blades that stirs or circulates air around a room, often improving ventilation and cooling the area.

FAR

Synonyms: Away, Distance, Distant, Move Away, Remote (distant), Remote Area

The active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing forward, initially touches the knuckles of the stationary fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing to the side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then moves away until it is fully extended out to the side of the body.

The act of showing an area far away from oneself.

The stationary fist represents a person’s current location and the active hand moves as far away as the extended arm allows in order to denote a remote area (represented by the final position). Something that is far is remote or a great distance away from the present location. Distance is a length of measurement between two points or locations.

FARM

Synonyms: Agriculture, Farmer, Plant Seeds, Plant (sow), Seed, Sow (seeds)

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the active baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially touch the upturned palm of the stationary curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), fingers pointing mostly diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then moves diagonally forward about six inches and then down several more inches.

The act of planting a seed in the ground on a farm.

The active hand picks up an imaginary seed from a bag or container (represented by the stationary hand) and then plants or sows the seed in the ground (represented by the final position). A farm is a tract of land that is devoted to the growing or cultivation of plants (crops) and/or the raising of livestock or other animals.

FARSIGHTED(NESS)

Synonyms: Hypermetropia, Hyperopia

Slightly bent flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing up, are extended forward in front of the body at upper chest level with the edges of the little fingers touching. Squinting is appropriate.

The act of a farsighted person reading a book from a distance.

The hands represent the covers of a book (or other type of reading material) as the book is held far away from the body. A person with farsightedness (also known as hyperopia or hypermetropia) often sees things more clearly at a distance rather than closer to the body.

FAST

Synonyms: Abrupt, Abruptly, Hasty, Quick, Quickly, Rapid, Speed, Speedy, Sudden, Suddenly

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing forward, initially are held in front of the sides of the body at lower chest level. The hands are then clapped together, followed by one hand quickly moving forward and slightly up.

The act of moving rapidly or very fast.

The hand that moves forward represents someone or something getting off to a fast or rapid start. In a race, a runner takes off quickly after hearing the shot of a starter’s pistol (represented by the clap of the hands). Fast refers to quick or rapid movement or high speed.

FAT

Synonyms: Corpulent, Gain Weight, Obese, Obesity, Overweight, Plump

The tips of the fingers and thumbs of C-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumbs opposite the fingers), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing mostly down, initially touch the sides of the body at waist level. The hands then close slightly and squeeze some of the flesh. The action may be repeated.

The act of feeling the fat along one’s waistline.

When a person gains a lot of weight or is plump, fat often accumulates around the middle of his or her body and can be felt or squeezed. Fat is a type of bodily tissue that stores energy and helps insulate the body. Obese means that someone is significantly overweight for his or her height.

FATHER

Synonyms: Dad, Daddy, Fatherhood, Papa, Paternal, Paternity, Patriarch

The tip of the thumb of the spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing up, touches the temple (the side of the forehead).

Father is often the tallest person in a family.

The tip of the thumb is held near the top of the head because a person’s father is frequently the tallest person in a family. Fathers may also be older and wiser. A father is a male figure who has helped produce and/or rear a child. Dad, Daddy, and Papa are common terms of endearment for a person’s own father.

FAUCET(S)

Synonyms: Spigot, Tap (faucet), Valve

Claw-hands (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palms facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially are held a few inches apart in front of the body at lower chest level. The hands then twist to opposite sides. The action is repeated. (To indicate the meanings Spigot, Tap (faucet), or Valve, use only one hand.)

The act of turning the handles of a faucet.

The hands grasp the handles for hot and cold water on a faucet and then turn them on to allow the water to flow. A faucet, valve, or spigot is a mechanical fixture that can be turned to control the flow of a liquid (or a gas) inside a pipe or coming out of the pipe. Faucets are commonly found in kitchens and bathrooms.

FEELINGS

Synonyms: Emotions, Feel (sense), Have a Feeling, Mood, Sensation, Sense (feel), Sensitive (feelings), Sensory, Suspect (feel)

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side, touches or taps the center of the chest a few times.

The act of showing the location of one’s feelings in one’s heart.

The hand represents a person’s heart as it beats quickly or races with strong feelings; the heart goes pit-a-pat. The heart has long been viewed as the location or center of a person’s emotions or feelings. Feelings are emotional or subjective mental responses to another person or a situation.

FENCE

Synonyms: Corral, Enclosure (fenced), Paddock, Picket Fence, Slats (fence)

The edges of the tips of the little fingers of spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing up, initially touch in front of the body at upper chest level. The hands then move to opposite sides until they are about two feet apart.

The act of showing the length of a fence.

Each finger represents a slat or board in a picket fence. The hands are extended to the sides to emphasize the role of a fence as a barrier or enclosure. A fence is a barrier, usually made of wood or wire, that encloses a space or marks the limits of a person’s property. A paddock typically is a relatively small, fenced-in field or area for grazing and/or exercising horses.

FIELD

Synonyms: Countryside, Expanse, Land, Lawn, Meadow, Open Area, Park (nature), Pasture, Plain (field), Playing Field, Prairie, Rural, Steppe (prairie), Yard (lawn)

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side and slightly forward, initially is held in front of the opposite side of the body near waist level. The hand then arcs forward and to the side until the fingers point out to the other side.

The act of showing an open area or field.

The free and uninhibited movement of the hand shows or represents an open area, expanse, field, or countryside. A field, meadow, pasture, or prairie is a relatively level piece of land cleared (or largely devoid) of trees. A lawn or yard is an area of mown or manicured grass surrounding a house or near the front of a building. A park is land set aside or designated for public recreational use.

FIGHT (PHYSICAL)

Synonyms: Altercation (physical), Boxer, Boxing (sport), Brawl, Combative, Come to Blows, Fracas, Fray, Pugilist, Pugnacious, Punching Bag, Spar

The fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing diagonally up to opposite sides, initially are held a few inches apart in front of the body at shoulder level. The fists then make alternating vertical circles (one arcs forward and down as the other arcs backward and up).

The act of fighting another person or boxing.

The hands are bunched together into fists as a person tries to physically strike or hit another person or a punching bag. A fight is a hostile exchange that often involves physical combat. A brawl or fracas is a violent physical fight or altercation usually involving multiple people. Boxing is a sport in which two opponents try to hit or knock each other out with their fists or boxing gloves.

FINGER

Synonyms: Digit (finger), Index Finger

The index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward, points to the top half of the index finger of the stationary pointing-hand, palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level.

The act of showing the location of one’s finger.

The index finger of the active hand points to or indicates the location of the index finger of a person’s stationary hand. A finger is one of the terminating digits of a hand. Fingers are used to hold and manipulate objects.

FINGERNAIL

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward, is bent slightly as it taps the fingernail of the index finger of the stationary pointing-hand, palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level.

The act of showing the location of one’s fingernail.

The index finger of the active hand points to or indicates the location of the fingernail on the index finger of a person’s stationary hand. A fingernail is the hard, claw-like material on the upper surface of the end of each finger.

FINGERPRINT

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward, initially touches the upturned palm of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active index finger then slowly rotates back and forth.

The act of taking a person’s fingerprint.

The tip of a person’s active index finger is inked and pressed onto a fingerprint card or a scanner (represented by the stationary hand). A fingerprint is the oily impression of a fingertip on a surface. The patterns of each fingerprint are unique to an individual and may be used for identification purposes.

FINISH (END)

Synonyms: Bring to a Close, Come to an End, Completed, Concluded, Conclusion, Curtail, Cut Off (ended), Cut Short, Discharge (from a job), End, Ending, Finale, Fire (terminate), Terminate, Truncate

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing forward, initially is held in front of the body at chest level. The hand then moves about six to nine inches to the side, sharply rotates so that the palm faces to the side, and then moves down about six inches.

The act of cutting off an action or finishing something.

The horizontal movement of the hand represents an ongoing action and the vertical movement represents the termination or conclusion of that action. To finish something means to complete, conclude, or bring an activity to an end. This sign may also be used to refer to firing or discharging someone from a job or terminating a person’s employment with a company.

FIRE

Synonyms: Blaze, Bonfire, Burn, Campfire, Combustion, Conflagration, Cremate, Flammable, Flames, Hell, Incinerate, Inferno, Set Fire To

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing up, initially are held in front of the body at lower chest level. The fingers then wiggle as the hands move up.

The act of a fire burning.

The wiggling fingers represent the rising flames of a fire as something burns. A fire is a form of combustion that typically includes heat, flames, and light. A blaze, conflagration, bonfire, or inferno is a large fire. Hell is often depicted as a fiery place where a person is punished for his or her sins.

FIRST

Synonyms: First Place, Initial, Original

The active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing diagonally forward and slightly up, initially is held a few inches to the side of the thumb of the stationary spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side and slightly up. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then moves to the side until the tips of the fingers tap the tip of the stationary thumb.

The act of showing the first digit on one’s stationary hand.

The active hand indicates the first digit or thumb on a person’s stationary hand. Something that is the first is the original or initial thing that precedes or is before all others in time, location, and/or position. First may also refer to a person’s ranking in a competition; taking first place means that someone has won the competition. Related to the sign for Last.

FISH

Synonyms: Goldfish, Pisces (astrology), Salmon, Seafood, Tuna

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side, initially is held in front of and to the side of the body at lower chest level. The hand then swerves back and forth several times as it moves to the other side. The thumb should not be extended.

The act of a fish swimming through the water.

The hand represents a fish as it wiggles its body from side to side and swims through the water. A fish is an animal with gills that lives in fresh or salt water; goldfish are a popular pet fish for children. Seafood refers to fish, crabs, lobsters, shrimp, scallops, mussels, clams, and other creatures that live in the ocean that are edible or fit for human consumption.

FISHING

Synonyms: Fisherman, Fishing Pole, Fishing Rod, Reel (fishing)

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing to opposite sides and knuckles pointing diagonally down, initially rest one on top of the other in front of the body at waist level. The fists then quickly arc up and back toward the upper chest, ending with the knuckles pointing up or diagonally up.

The act of pulling up a fishing rod.

The hands grasp an imaginary fishing rod (a long, slender pole with a fishing line attached to it) and then pull the rod up to bring in a fish that a person has caught. Fishing involves the catching of fish, typically using a baited hook attached to a line and controlled with a reel and pole.

FIVE

Synonym: Fifth

The spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing up, is held in front of the body at shoulder level.

Five fingers or digits are held up.

Five fingers or digits are extended and should be counted. Five is the whole number or integer between four and six.

FLAG

Synonyms: Flagpole, Pennant, Wave (flag)

The active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing forward and slightly up, initially is held in front of one side of the body at head level as the elbow rests on the upturned palm of the stationary curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), fingers pointing mostly to the side. The active hand then waves from side to side a couple of times.

The act of a flag waving in the wind.

The upright forearm represents a flagpole and the active hand represents a flag or pennant waving in the wind. The stationary hand represents the base of the flagpole. A flag is a piece of fabric, often with a distinctive design, that symbolizes or designates a nation, state, team, or other organization.

FLASHLIGHT

Synonym: Searchlight

The tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing diagonally down, initially is extended forward and diagonally down in front of the body at waist level. The hand then slowly moves from side to side.

The act of using a flashlight to see one’s path.

The hand holds a small, imaginary flashlight and then moves it from side to side to illuminate the way or path in front of a person. A flashlight is a portable device that provides a beam of artificial light. Flashlights are used to help a person see at night or in dark, poorly lit areas.

FLOWER

The tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing in and knuckles pointing up, initially is held just under the nose. The hand then rotates slightly from side to side. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of smelling a flower.

The hand represents a flower that is placed under a person’s nose so that he or she can smell its sweet scent. A flower is a plant with a cluster of colorful petals.

FOG

Synonyms: Ambiguous, Amblyopia, Blur, Blurry, Foggy, Fuzzy (vision), Grey, Haze, Indistinct, Mist (fog), Out of Focus, Smog, Unclear, Vague

The fingers of spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up to opposite sides, are crisscrossed as the hands are held in front of the lower face. Squinting is appropriate.

The act of fog making it hard to see.

The crisscrossed fingers and hands represent the thick water vapor of fog (or smog) that is not easy to see through (represented by the squinting of the eyes). Fog is condensed water vapor that often occurs in lower altitudes and results in hazy conditions that can block a person’s view of his or her surroundings. Blurry and fuzzy are terms that often refer to an image that is unclear, indistinct, or out of focus.

FOLLOW

Synonyms: Parade, Procession, Track (follow)

The fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing to opposite sides and knuckles pointing forward with the thumbs extended and pointing up, initially are held about six inches apart, one in front of the other. Both fists are in front of the body at lower chest level. The fists then move forward about six inches.

The act of following someone.

The back fist and thumb represent a person, animal, or object following in the same path as another person, animal, or object (represented by the front fist and thumb). To follow means to track, go behind, or come after someone or something. A parade often is a moving procession of decorated vehicles, marching bands, and other performers.

FOOT

Synonyms: Chiropody, Feet, Podiatry

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing down, is held below waist level as the index finger points at one or both feet. (The signer may need to bend at the waist to clearly indicate the feet.)

The act of showing the location of one’s foot.

The index finger points to or indicates the location of a person’s foot (or both feet). The foot is the ending portion of a person’s leg; people stand and walk on their feet. Podiatry or chiropody is the branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and conditions involving the feet and ankles.

FOOTBALL

Synonyms: Quarterback, Pass a Football, Throw a Football

The active spread curved-hand (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing mostly up with the thumb opposite the index finger, initially is held about six inches to the side of the head. The stationary spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward, is extended forward and slightly to the side at upper chest level. The active hand then quickly arcs forward about two feet.

The act of throwing a football.

The active hand grasps an imaginary football and then throws it in a forward pass as the stationary arm helps to maintain the thrower’s balance. In the United States and Canada, football is a game played on a large field in which two teams try to score points by running, throwing, or kicking a ball to a designated area.

FOREHEAD

Synonyms: Brow, Febrile, Fever, Have a Temperature

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side, is placed on the forehead.

The act of showing the location of one’s forehead.

The hand rests on or indicates the location of a person’s forehead or brow. The forehead is the part of the face that extends from the eyebrows to the hair line. A caregiver may put his or her hand on a person’s forehead to help determine if that person has a fever or a high temperature.

FORGET

Synonyms: Absentminded, Amnesia, Forgetful, Memory Loss

The tips of the fingers and thumb of the tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing in and knuckles pointing up, initially rest on the forehead. The hand then rotates forward and down as it opens into a spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing forward.

The act of forgetting something or losing one’s memories.

The hand represents knowledge or memories that are taken out of a person’s mind or brain (represented by the initial position) and then discarded or forgotten (represented by the openness of the 5-hand). To forget means to fail to remember or be unable to recall something that was previously known. Amnesia is memory loss often caused by brain injury or shock.

FORK

Synonyms: Prongs (utensil), Tines

The V-hand (the index and middle fingers are spread apart and extended from an otherwise closed hand in the shape of a “V”), palm and fingers pointing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially is held in front of the body above waist level. The hand then arcs up to the mouth, rotating so that the palm and fingers point diagonally up and in.

The act of using a fork to eat something.

The index and middle fingers represent the tines of a fork that are used to pick up food from an imaginary plate on a table (represented by the initial position) and then bring the food up to a person’s mouth. A fork is a utensil or implement that has two or more prongs (tines) that are often used to spear morsels of food.

FOUR

Synonym: Fourth

The thumb is tucked into the palm of the spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing up, as the hand is held in front of the body at shoulder level.

Four fingers or digits are held up.

Four fingers or digits are extended and should be counted. Four is the whole number or integer between three and five.

FREEZER

Synonyms: Chest (storage), Cooler, Storage Bin, Storage Chest, Trunk (storage chest)

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially are held about nine inches apart in front of the body at lower chest level. The fists then arc up to near shoulder level and forward as the head bends forward slightly.

The act of raising the lid of a large freezer.

The hands grasp and raise the lid of a large, imaginary, horizontal storage freezer or cooler and then the person looks inside for something to eat. A freezer is a device used to preserve food by storing it at low temperatures (below freezing). This sign may also be used to refer to large storage bins, trunks, and storage chests.

FRENCH FRIES

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the active baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing diagonally out and knuckles pointing up, initially touch the tip of a finger on the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then arcs up, rotating so that the palm faces in and the tips of the index finger and thumb touch the mouth. The action is repeated on another stationary finger.

The act of eating French fries.

The thumb and index finger of the active hand grab imaginary French fries from a container (represented by the stationary hand) and then bring them to a person’s mouth. French fries are sliced potato strips that are often cooked by frying them in hot oil or baking them in an oven.

FRIDAY

The active spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side, initially rests on top of the elbow of the stationary arm, palm facing down and fingers pointing to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then arcs up to just above shoulder level as the palm rotates out and fingers point up.

Friday is the fifth day of the workweek.

The active hand represents the path or course of the sun as it rises above the horizon (represented by the stationary forearm) on Friday, the fifth day of the workweek (in many countries). The sign for Five superimposed on the sign for Day.

FRIEND

Synonyms: Ally, Buddy, Companion, Friendship, Hold Hands, Pal, Partner, Partnership

The hands, palms facing each other and to opposite sides, are firmly clasped in front of the heart. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of holding hands with a friend.

The hands represent the hands of two different people who are bonded in friendship and who hold each other near and dear to their hearts (represented by the location). A friend, buddy, pal, or companion is a person one knows and likes.

FROG

Synonym: Toad

The tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially is held in front of and to the side of the body near waist level. The hand then hops forward a few times.

The act of a frog hopping on the ground.

The hand represents a frog or toad as it hops along the ground (represented by the location near waist level). A frog or toad is a small amphibian with large rear legs that are used to move around by hopping or leaping from place to place.

FROWN

Synonyms: Grimace, Pout

The tips of the index fingers of pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up to opposite sides, initially touch the center of the lower lip. The index fingers then arc away from each other to the sides of the mouth and down to near the lower edge of the jaw. A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of turning one’s lips down into a frown.

The index fingers draw the lips as they turn downward into a frown. A frown, pout, or grimace is a facial expression of displeasure or unhappiness in which the brow is usually contracted and the corners of the mouth are turned down. A person may frown when he or she is angry, feels sad, is in pain, or has received bad news.

FRUIT (TREE)

Synonyms: Apple, Apricot, Fruit Tree, Kumquat (fruit), Mango, Nectarine, Orchard, Persimmon (fruit), Pick Fruit, Pomegranate

The claw-hand (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palm facing out and knuckles pointing up, initially is extended forward and diagonally up in front of the body at head level. The hand then arcs to the mouth, rotating so that the palm faces in. An open mouth is appropriate.

The act of picking a piece of fruit from a tree.

The hand reaches out to grasp and pick or remove a piece of fruit (such as an apple) from an imaginary tree and then brings the fruit to a person’s mouth. Fruit is an edible, often sweet, fleshy plant growth that surrounds the seeds of trees. Fruits that grow on trees include apples, apricots, mangos, and nectarines.

FRUSTRATED

Synonyms: Annoyed, Exasperated, Irked, Irritated, Peeved

The slightly curved spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing up, initially is held in front of the side of the body at head level. The hand and forearm then shake slightly. A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of shaking one’s hand in frustration or annoyance.

When a person is frustrated, he or she may become discouraged and shake his or her hand in exasperation. Frustration is a feeling of annoyance or irritation because a person’s persistent efforts have been thwarted or are ineffective.

FULL (OF FOOD)

Synonyms: Enough, Fed Up (with something), Plenty, Stuffed (food)

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side with the arm raised to shoulder level, initially is held just in front of the base of the neck. The hand then moves straight up until the back of the hand touches the bottom of the chin.

The act of showing that one is full of food.

The level of the hand represents the amount of food that a person has eaten. Stopping at the chin indicates that there is no more room in the body for additional food: a person is full, has had enough to eat, or is no longer hungry. Full means that someone contains as much of something as is possible and can no longer handle any more.

FUTURE

Synonyms: Shall, Will (do)

The spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing up, initially is held to the side of the head. The hand then arcs forward until the arm is fully extended and the fingers point forward.

The act of showing the direction of the future.

The path of the hand represents an imaginary timeline that extends from the current time (located near the front of a person’s body) to some distance into the future (located forward or in front of a person’s body). The future refers to a time that has not yet come or arrived. When a person says that he or she will do something, that individual has made a pledge or promise to accomplish a task or get something done in the future.

GAME

Synonyms: Bet, Board Game, Dice (gaming), Gamble, Shake Dice, Throw Dice, Wager

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing forward, initially is held in front of one side of the body at lower chest level. The fist then shakes from side-to-side a couple of times. On the final “throw,” the hand moves a short distance toward the center of the body as it opens into a spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing to the side and slightly down and fingers pointing forward.

The act of shaking and throwing dice while playing a board game.

The fist grasps imaginary dice, shakes them back and forth, and then throws the dice on an imaginary table. A game is an activity performed for amusement. Many board games involve throwing dice to determine how far a person may advance. A die (plural = dice) typically is a small cube with its sides marked with spots ranging in number from one to six.

GARDENING

Synonyms: Garden, Hoe, Horticulture, Landscaping

Fists (each hand forms a fist), one palm facing diagonally out and the other palm facing diagonally in and knuckles pointing mostly down, initially are held in front of the body at waist level with one fist about six inches behind and a few inches above the other fist. The fists then move diagonally back and forth a couple of times.

The act of using a hoe to break up soil in a garden.

The fists grip the long handle of an imaginary hoe and then use the hoe to break up or turn over the soil while gardening or landscaping. A garden is a piece of land where plants, such as flowers and vegetables, are grown. Horticulture is the science and practice of growing and cultivating flowers, trees, fruits, vegetables, and grasses.

GARGLE

Synonyms: Mouthwash, Rinse One’s Mouth

The C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing mostly forward, initially is held in front of the body at chest level. The hand then arcs up to the open mouth, rotating so that the fingers point mostly up. The head then bends or arcs back slightly.

The act of gargling or rinsing one’s mouth.

The hand grasps an imaginary cup of mouthwash, moves it up to the mouth, and then the person tilts his or her head back to gargle. Gargling involves the rinsing of a person’s mouth and upper throat with a liquid solution to remove food debris and excess bacteria.

GASOLINE

Synonyms: Fuel, Fuel Tank, Gas, Gas Station, Nozzle, Petrol, Petrol Station, Pump Gas

The index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and slightly out and finger pointing up, is bent slightly as it is initially held a few inches below and to the side of the stationary tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing diagonally out to the opposite side and knuckles pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The index finger then arcs up to rest on the edge of the stationary thumb.

The act of inserting a gasoline nozzle into a fuel tank.

The bent index finger of the active hand represents the nozzle of a gas pump that is put into the opening of a fuel tank or container (represented by the stationary hand) as a person pumps gas. Gasoline is a liquid made from petroleum that is used as a fuel to power engines in motor vehicles and certain equipment.

GATE

Synonyms: Open, Open a Gate

Antonym: Close a Gate

The tips of the fingers of flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially touch in front of the body at chest level. The hands then swing apart so that the palms face each other and to opposite sides and the fingers point forward. (To indicate the meaning Close a Gate, reverse the action of the sign.)

The act of a gate opening.

The hands represent the double entrance (or exit) gates that control access to a large enclosure, such as a field, arena, farm, fairgrounds, or housing community. Originally, the gates are closed to traffic with no space in between them (represented by the initial position), but then they open to traffic as the hands move apart (represented by the final position). Open means that passage is unobstructed and that pedestrians and/or vehicles may proceed.

GATHER (OBJECTS)

Synonyms: Accumulate, Amass, Collect, Compile, Harvest, Hoard (things), Reap, Stockpile

Curved-hands (the fingers and thumbs are together and curved), palms facing in and fingers pointing mostly at each other and to opposite sides, initially are extended forward in front of and to the sides of the body at chest level. The hands then simultaneously arc in toward the center of the body until they are next to each other with the tips of the fingers touching the chest. The sign may be repeated. (This sign can also be made with a shorter diagonally inward movement that does not contact the body).

The act of gathering items together in one place.

The forearms and hands gather or collect imaginary things or people from different places or from across a wide area (represented by the initial position) and then bring them close together at a person’s current location (represented by the final position). To gather means to collect, amass, accumulate, or meet in one place. A harvest is the gathering of fruits, vegetables, grains, and/or grasses at the end of a crop’s growing season.

GET

Synonyms: Acquire, Attain, Capture, Catch (a person or animal), Obtain, Procure, Take Control, Takeover

The active claw-hand (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing forward, initially is held about six to nine inches away from the stationary pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the opposite side and finger pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at upper chest level. The active hand then moves to the side and closes around the stationary index finger.

The act of getting or capturing something.

The active hand represents someone or something moving to get an object or catch an animal or person (represented by the stationary index finger). To get means to acquire, obtain, procure, or take control or possession of something. To capture often means to catch or lay hands on an escaped convict or person wanted for a crime.

GIRAFFE

The C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm facing in and fingers pointing mostly to the side, initially is held in front of (or with the tips of the fingers touching) the base of the neck. The hand then arcs up and forward until it is above head level.

The act of showing the long neck of a giraffe.

The path of the hand represents the long, arched neck of a giraffe. A giraffe is a tall, four-legged mammal native to Africa that uses its long neck to reach leaves on trees. Giraffes are typically tan in color with large, brown splotches or patches on their coats.

GIRL

Synonyms: Daughter, Earlobe, Pierced Ears, Youngster (female), Youth (female)

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing up, pinch an earlobe.

The act of showing the location of a girl’s pierced ear.

The tips of the index finger and thumb represent an earring that is worn on a person’s earlobe. In many societies, girls pierce their ears and wear earrings. A girl is a female child (a daughter) or young person. The earlobe is the piece of flesh on the lower part of a person’s outer ear.

GIVE

Synonyms: Bestow, Charity, Confer (give), Contribute, Donation (goods), Donor, Gift, Hand Over (give), Motion (procedural), Nominate, Offer, Present (gift), Proposal, Propose, Provide, Recommend, Recommendation, Sacrifice, Serve, Submission, Submit (give), Suggest, Suggestion

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing up and fingers pointing forward, initially are held a few inches apart in front of the body above waist level. The hands then arc up and forward about a foot.

The act of giving or offering something to another person.

A person holds an imaginary gift or present in his or her hands and then offers it to someone else (represented by the movement forward). To give means to take what one has and provide, bestow, or offer it to another person free of charge. A donation is a charitable contribution or gift of time, labor, money, clothing, financial assets, materials, or other belongings to a person or organization.

GLASS

Synonyms: Can (drink), Cup, Mug

The active C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing mostly forward, initially is held a few inches above the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing up and fingers pointing diagonally forward. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then moves down to contact the stationary palm.

The act of putting a glass or cup down on a table.

The active hand holds an imaginary glass or cup and then puts it down on a table or flat surface (represented by the stationary hand). Cups, mugs, and glasses are handheld vessels or containers used for drinking.

GLOVE(S)

The tips of the fingers and thumb of the active tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing down and knuckles pointing slightly diagonally forward, initially touch the middle finger of the stationary spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then slides down the back of the stationary hand to the wrist.

The act of putting a glove on one’s hand.

The active hand grasps an imaginary glove and then pulls it onto a person’s stationary hand. Gloves are leather or knitted coverings for the hands with separate sections for each finger. Gloves help to protect the hands from cold weather, contamination, hazardous materials, or cuts and scrapes.

GO

Synonym: Go There

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially is held in front of one side of the body at chest level. The fist then opens into a pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand) as it forcefully moves about a foot diagonally forward. A serious or stern facial expression is appropriate. (Alternatively, one may start this sign with the pointing-hand.)

The act of emphatically directing someone to go.

When someone wants another person to leave the area, he or she may forcefully point in the direction of where that person should go. To go means to move or proceed away from a certain location.

GO OVER

Synonyms: Across, Cross Over, Jump (barrier), Jump Over (animal), Show Jumping (equine), Vault (jump)

The active curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), palm facing out and fingers pointing mostly up, initially is held a few inches behind the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then arcs up and over the stationary hand until the palm faces in and slightly down and the fingers point mostly down.

The act of jumping or going over a barrier.

The active hand represents an animal, such as a horse, jumping or going over a fence, obstacle, or barrier (represented by the stationary hand). To go over something means to pass above or across the top of that thing.

GO UNDER

Synonym: Crawl Under

The active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing forward and diagonally down, initially is held slightly behind the stationary flat-hand, palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then arcs under the stationary hand until the palm faces out and the fingers point forward and diagonally up.

The act of crawling or going under a barrier.

The active hand represents a person or animal crawling or going under a fence, obstacle, or barrier (represented by the stationary hand). To go under something means to pass underneath or below the bottom of that thing.

GOAT

Synonyms: Billy Goat, Capricorn (astrology)

The back of the wrist of the flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing diagonally in and fingers pointing down, touches the chin.

The act of showing the location of a goat’s beard.

The hand represents the beard that hangs down from a goat’s jaw. A goat is a sure-footed mammal, related to sheep, with horns on its head and long hair or a beard on its chin. Goats may be raised domestically for their milk.

GOD

Synonyms: Deity, Divine Being, Goddess, Holy Being

Spread curved-hands (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palms facing diagonally up and fingers pointing mostly diagonally back, initially are held near the sides of the body just above head level. The head then tilts back and the signer looks up. The hands may also arc slightly back.

The act of looking up at God.

A person may look up or gaze into the heavens while raising his or her hands in appeal to or in recognition of God’s great power. God is a deity or holy, divine, or supreme being that many religions depict as being exalted and living on high or up in the heavens.

GOLF

Synonyms: Golf Club, Swing (golf club)

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing to opposite sides and knuckles pointing mostly forward, initially are held one on top of the other in front of one side of the body at shoulder level. The fists then swing down to waist level and then up to in front of the opposite shoulder.

The act of swinging a golf club.

The hands grip the handle of an imaginary golf club and then swing the club at an imaginary golf ball. Golf is a game played outside on a grass course in which a small ball is hit with a club that has a metal or wooden head. The goal of golf is to hit the ball into a small hole in as few strokes as possible.

GOOD

Synonyms: Advantage, Beneficial, Benefit, Favorable, Fine (good), Good Job, Good Quality, Positive (good), Satisfactory, Upside, Well (good), Well Done (compliment)

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing to the side with the thumb extended and pointing up, initially is held in front of the body at chest level. The fist then moves up slightly. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of giving someone or something one thumb up for a good job.

A thumb pointing up often conveys approval or that something is good. Good means beneficial, well done, being of fine or satisfactory quality, or having a positive result.

GOOD-BYE

Synonyms: Farewell, Good Night, Wave (good-bye)

The spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing up, initially is held about a foot to the side of the head. The forearm then arcs forward and back a few times.

The act of waving good-bye.

When a person departs or leaves a location, he or she may wave good-bye (or farewell) to the people that are there. The forward movement of the hand represents that person as he or she leaves or goes away.

GOOD-BYE (ALTERNATE)

Synonyms: Farewell, Good Night, Wave (good-bye)

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing up, initially is held about a foot to the side of the head. The fingers then bend down and back up a few times.

The act of giving a little wave good-bye.

When a person departs or leaves a location, he or she may wave good-bye (or farewell) to the people that are there. The forward movement of the fingers represents that person as he or she leaves or goes away.

GOOD FRIDAY

Synonyms: Crucifix, Crucifixion, Crucify

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing out and fingers pointing out to opposite sides, are fully extended out to the sides of the body at shoulder level. The head may sag to one side.

The act of Jesus being hung on a cross on Good Friday.

The placement of the arms and hands resembles those of Jesus when he was nailed to the cross or crucified. Good Friday (the Friday before Easter) is a commemoration of the crucifixion and resulting death of Jesus.

GORILLA

Synonym: Beat One’s Chest

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing in and knuckles pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially are held a few inches away from the chest. The fists then alternately arc in to hit the chest. The action is repeated a few times.

The act of a gorilla beating on its chest.

The fists represent the large hands of a gorilla as it beats or pounds on its chest. A gorilla is the largest and most powerful ape; it may beat on its chest to intimidate and/or assert dominance over others.

GRANDFATHER

Synonyms: Granddad, Grandpa

The tip of the thumb of the spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing up, initially touches the temple (the side of the forehead). The hand then arcs forward about a foot.

Grandfather is one step or generation away from Father.

The tip of the thumb is initially held near the top of the head because the father is frequently the tallest person in a family. The hand then arcs forward to indicate that the fatherly figure is located one step or generation away. A person’s grandfather is the father of that person’s mother or father. Granddad and Grandpa are common terms of endearment for a person’s own grandfather. Related to the sign for Father.

GRANDMOTHER

Synonyms: Grandma, Granny

The tip of the thumb of the spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing up, initially touches the upper chest near or above the breast. The hand then arcs forward about a foot.

Grandmother is one step or generation away from Mother.

The tip of the thumb is initially held near the breast because the mother often is the one who breastfeeds or nourishes an infant. The hand then arcs forward to indicate that the motherly figure is located one step or generation away. A person’s grandmother is the mother of that person’s mother or father. Grandma and Granny are common terms of endearment for a person’s own grandmother. Related to the sign for Mother.

GRAPES

Synonyms: Hand Feed, Raisins

The tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing down and knuckles pointing back, is held a few inches above the open mouth as the head tilts back.

The act of being hand-fed grapes.

The hand holds an imaginary bunch of grapes above a person’s mouth in preparation for eating them. Grapes are green or purple berries that grow in bunches and are eaten as fresh fruit. Raisins are dehydrated grapes or grapes that have been dried before consumption.

GRASS

Synonyms: Blades (grass), Grain (wheat), Green, Hay, Seedling, Spring (season), Sprout, Verdant, Wheat

The fingers of the active spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing up, initially rest against the palm and fingers of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then slides up a few inches.

The act of grass or wheat growing or sprouting.

The fingers of the active hand represent blades of grass growing out of the soil and above the ground (represented by the stationary hand). Grass consists of the often green blades or stalks that grow on the surface of the ground. Spring is the season in which many plants, flowers, and grasses sprout and start to grow.

GRIPPER

Synonyms: Grabber, Pick-Up Tool, Reacher

The L-hand (the index finger and thumb are extended from an otherwise closed hand and form a right angle), palm facing diagonally down and index finger pointing forward and diagonally down with the thumb pointing to the side, initially is held in front of one side of the body at waist level. The hand then moves forward and diagonally down about six to nine inches as it closes into a baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and knuckles pointing forward. The forearm then moves up several inches.

The act of picking something up with a gripper or reaching tool.

The index finger and thumb represent the jaws of a gripper or reaching device (represented by the rest of the hand and arm). Initially, the jaws are open, but then they move down and close around an item (represented by the intermediate position), and then pick up the item (represented by the final position). A gripper, grabber, or reacher is a mechanical device often used by older individuals to pick something up from the ground or floor without having to bend over.

GROUP

Synonyms: Assembly (gathering), Batch, Belong (to a group), Category, Class, Classmates, Cohort, Committee, Community (of people), Department, Discussion Group, Flock (herd), Gathering, Herd (group), Quorum, Seminar, Small Group, Team

Curved-hands (the fingers and thumbs are together and curved), palms facing out and fingers pointing mostly up, initially are held next to each other just in front of the body at upper chest level. (The edges of the index fingers and thumbs may touch). The hands then arc to opposite sides, forward, and back together again, rotating so that the palms face in and the edges of the little fingers touch.

The act of grouping together several things or people.

The hands represent the boundary of a collection of items or a group of people. The hands may also represent classmates seated in a circle. A class is a study group to which a person belongs. A group is a gathering of people, animals, or objects in a defined location. A team is a group of people who work together to accomplish a goal.

GROW (PERSON OR ANIMAL)

Synonyms: Growth, Grow Up, Mature, Maturity, Raise Kids, Rear (raise), Upbringing

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing forward, initially is held to the side of the body at waist level. The hand then moves up to head level.

The act of a person growing up.

The initial position of the hand represents the short height of a young child. As that child grows through adolescence into adulthood (represented by the final position), the hand moves up to represent the increase in his or her height. To grow means to increase in size or height. To mature means for a person to become adult-like, often referring to a person’s emotional growth as well as his or her assumption of work, financial, and familial responsibilities.

GUESS

Synonyms: Assume, Assumption, Conjecture, Estimate, Speculate, Speculation, Speculative, Surmise

The spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing up, initially is held in front of one side of the body at lower face level. The hand then closes into a fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing up, as it moves quickly to the other side of the face. (To indicate the meaning Estimate, make this sign at forehead level.)

The act of trying to grasp at something or make a guess.

The movement of the hand represents a person’s attempt to grasp at a response. A guess, assumption, conjecture, or speculation is an answer based on little evidence or serious thinking, represented by the closeness to the mouth. An estimate is an answer based on evidence or cogent thought, represented by the closeness to the brain.

GUITAR

Synonyms: Banjo, Lute, Mandolin, Play a Guitar, Strum (guitar), Ukulele

The claw-hand (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palm facing in and knuckles pointing to the side, initially is held just in front of the body above waist level. The hand then arcs a short distance up and down. (The tips of the fingers may graze the body.) The action is repeated a couple of times.

The act of playing a guitar.

The fingers are used to strum or graze the strings of an imaginary guitar or banjo that is held in front of a person’s body. A guitar is a musical instrument with strings that are plucked or strummed. Banjos and ukuleles are similar, but often smaller, instruments.

GUN

Synonyms: Firearm, Handgun, Pistol, Revolver, Shoot

The L-hand (the index finger and thumb are extended from an otherwise closed hand and form a right angle), palm facing to the side and index finger pointing forward with the thumb pointing up, is held in front of one side of the body at chest level. (To indicate the meaning Shoot, move the hand slightly up and down.)

The hand resembles the shape of a handgun.

The index finger and thumb represent the barrel and hammer of a handgun, pistol, or revolver; the rest of the hand represents the gun’s grip. A gun or firearm is a weapon that shoots bullets (small metal projectiles) at high speed. Moving the hand slightly represents the expulsion of bullets and the resulting recoil as the gun is used to shoot at someone or something.

HAIR

Synonym: Mane (horse)

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing up, pinch a small clump of hair on the side of the head. The hand may wiggle slightly.

The act of pinching a small amount of hair.

The index finger and thumb grasp some strands of hair on a person’s head. Hair is the threadlike material that grows out of a person’s skin (especially referring to the hair on the top and sides of a person’s head). A mane is the longer hair on the top ridge of a horse’s or pony’s neck and head.

HAIRCUT

Synonyms: Barber, Barber Shop, Beauty Salon, Cut One’s Hair, Hairdresser, Hair Scissors, Trim One’s Hair

The index and middle fingers of the V-hand (the index and middle fingers are spread apart and extended from an otherwise closed hand in the shape of a “V”), palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side and slightly up, initially are held next to the side of the head near temple level. The index and middle fingers then close and open a few times.

The act of trimming or cutting off some of one’s hair.

The index and middle fingers represent the blades of a barber’s or hairdresser’s scissors as they open and close while cutting or trimming a person’s hair. A haircut refers to the act of cutting off some of the length of the hair on a person’s head. A barber or hairdresser is a person who cuts and styles hair for a living.

HAIR DRYER

Synonyms: Blow Dryer, Blow-Dry One’s Hair

The C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing mostly diagonally up, initially is held just above and to one side of the head. The hand then arcs back and forth. Puffing one’s cheeks and blowing out air are appropriate.

The act of using a blow dryer to dry one’s hair.

The hand represents the rounded barrel of a handheld electric hair dryer as it blows out warm air and dries a person’s wet hair. A hair dryer or blow dryer is a mechanical device that heats air and then blows out that air to dry and help to style a person’s hair.

HALLOWEEN

Synonyms: Costume, Disguise, Face Mask, Halloween Mask, Mask (face), Mask (Halloween), Masquerade, Raccoon

V-hands (the index and middle fingers are spread apart and extended from otherwise closed hands in the shape of a “V”), palms facing in and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides, touch the face with the index fingers above the eyes and the middle fingers below.

The act of looking through the eyeholes of a mask on Halloween.

The index and middle fingers outline the eyeholes of a Halloween mask or costume. Halloween is a holiday in which many people dress up in costumes or disguises; it is celebrated on October 31. The fingers may also represent the dark markings around a raccoon’s eyes. A raccoon is a medium-sized, often nocturnal mammal with grayish fur, a long tail with rings or bands of darker fur, and dark mask-like markings around its eyes.

HALLUCINATION

Synonyms: Delirious, Delirium, Delusion, Psychosis, Psychotic

The tips of the fingers of spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing up, initially touch the temples (the sides of the forehead). The hands then move a short distance away to opposite sides as the fingers wiggle.

The act of one’s thoughts racing wildly during a hallucination.

The wiggling fingers represent disordered thoughts or delusional notions coming out of a person’s mind (represented by the location near the head) during a hallucination. A hallucination or delusion is a visual and/or auditory perception that exists in a person’s mind but does not exist in external reality. Persons taking illicit drugs, suffering from sleep deprivation, delirious from a severe fever, or who have certain mental disorders or psychosis may experience hallucinations.

HALLWAY

Synonyms: Aisle, Alley, Chute (livestock), Corridor, Gangway, Hall, Passageway

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing up, initially are held about six inches apart just in front of the body at chest level. The hands then move forward about a foot (until the arms are almost fully extended).

The act of showing the walls of a hallway.

The hands represent the walls of a hallway, corridor, or enclosed livestock chute. A hallway is a relatively narrow passageway leading to different rooms in a building. An alley typically is a constricted space between the walls of two adjacent buildings. Alleys are often used to store garbage cans and trash bins, but they may also allow the passage of pedestrian and/or vehicular traffic.

HALT

Synonyms: Block Someone’s Way, Desist, Stay, Stop Sign

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing up, is extended forward in front of the body at upper chest level.

The act of using one’s hand to halt or stop a person’s forward movement.

The hand represents a stop sign that signals that a vehicle or person should first cease movement before proceeding through an intersection. An individual also may use his or her hand to block another person’s path and convey that that person should halt or stay in his or her current location. Halt means to come to a complete stop or to cease movement.

HAMBURGER

Synonym: Burger

Partially closed C-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumbs opposite the fingers), palms and fingers pointing diagonally in and slightly up to opposite sides and knuckles pointing up, initially are held a short distance in front of and below the chin. The hands then move toward the mouth as the mouth opens.

The act of eating a hamburger.

The hands hold an imaginary hamburger in a bun and then bring it toward a person’s mouth for a bite (represented by the open mouth). A hamburger or burger is an extremely popular sandwich made with a cooked ground beef patty typically served in a round roll with various toppings.

HAMMER

Synonyms: Iron (metal), Mallet (hammer), Metalworking, Pound Away At, Swing (hammer)

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing diagonally up, initially is held in front of one side of the body near upper chest level. The fist then arcs forward and down to near waist level. The action is repeated.

The act of swinging a hammer.

The hand grasps the handle of an imaginary hammer or mallet and then swings the hammer to hit a nail. A hammer is a handheld tool with a solid (typically metal) head that is used to drive nails into a surface. Hammers are also used to pound away at and mold metals (such as iron) into various forms.

HAND

The index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm and index finger pointing diagonally down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, is held close to and points to the back of the stationary hand, palm facing down. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level.

The act of showing the location of one’s hand.

The index finger of the upper hand points to or indicates the location of the back of a person’s lower hand. The hand, in primates, is the appendage located at the end of the forearm that is used for grasping and manipulating objects.

HANGER (CLOTHES)

Synonyms: Clothes Hanger, Hang (clothes), Suspend (hang)

The index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing diagonally out and finger pointing up, is bent slightly as it is initially held a short distance away from the stationary pointing-hand, palm facing in and finger pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active index finger then moves to rest on the middle of the stationary index finger.

The act of putting a clothes hanger on a rod.

The bent index finger of the active hand represents the hook of a clothes hanger as it is placed on a horizontal rod or bar (represented by the index finger of the stationary hand). A clothes hanger is a wire or plastic frame upon which a garment may be suspended; clothes hangers are typically placed on a rod or bar located inside a closet. To hang means to support or suspend something from above.

HAPPY

Synonyms: Blissful, Cheer (happy), Cheerful, Content, Delighted, Ecstatic, Elated, Euphoric, Exult, Glad, Happiness, Jolly, Jovial, Joy, Joyful, Jubilant, Merry, Overjoyed, Rejoice, Satisfied, Thrilled

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side, initially is held against the lower chest. The hand then arcs up and slightly forward. The action is repeated. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of one’s heart leaping for joy and happiness.

The hand represents positive emotions, joy, or happiness flowing up and out of the depths of a person’s heart (represented by the initial position). The heart is frequently depicted as the source of human emotions. A person who is happy is cheerful, content, blissful, delighted, glad, merry, or filled with a sense of well-being and satisfaction.

HAT

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side, initially is held just above the head. The hand then moves down to rest on top of the head.

The act of putting a hat on top of one’s head.

The hand represents a hat that is placed on top of a person’s head. A hat is a covering for the head that helps to protect a person’s head from the sun and keep the head dry in bad weather (such as rain, sleet, or snow).

HAVE

Synonyms: Belong (possession), Belongings, Claim (as one’s own), Own, Owner, Possess, Possessions, Property (belongings)

Bent-hands (the fingers are together and extended at right angles with respect to the palms), palms and fingers pointing in and knuckles pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially are held about six inches apart and about four to six inches in front of the body at chest level. The hands then move in until the tips of the fingers touch the chest.

The act of bringing what one has toward one’s body.

The hands represent a person’s belongings, property, or possessions as they are brought close to one’s body. To have something means to own or be in possession of it.

HAZARD LIGHTS

Synonyms: Blinkers, Blinking Lights, Flashing Lights

Tapered- or O-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tips), palms facing out and knuckles pointing up, initially are held in front of the sides of the body at chest level. The hands then open into spread curved-hands (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palms facing out and fingers pointing mostly up. The action is repeated several times.

The act of a vehicle’s hazard lights blinking on and off.

The hands represent a vehicle’s blinking hazard or emergency lights. As the lights flash on, the hands open and the extended fingers represent beams of light. As the lights flash off, the hands close. Hazard lights are blinking or flashing lights that warn of danger or potential risk and indicate to drivers and pedestrians to slow down and proceed with caution.

HEAD

Synonyms: Cephalic, Cranium, Skull

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing to the side, is held close to and points to the side of the head.

The act of showing the location of one’s head.

The index finger points to or indicates the location of a person’s head, which rests on top of the spinal column and contains the brain. The head is located in the front or top portion of a person or animal. The cranium, or skull, is the bony structure of the head that surrounds and protects the brain.

HEADACHE

Synonym: Migraine

The curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), palm facing diagonally in and fingers pointing mostly up, initially is held a couple of inches away from the temple (the side of the forehead). The tips of the fingers then tap the temple a couple of times. A squint, frown, or pained facial expression is appropriate.

The act of one’s head throbbing in pain.

The tapping movement of the hand on the temple represents a throbbing pain in a person’s head (represented by the location). Squinting and frowning convey that a headache or migraine is a painful experience.

HEADPHONES

Synonyms: Audiological Test, Audiology, Earmuffs, Headset, Hearing Test

The tips of the fingers and thumbs of C-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumbs opposite the fingers), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing mostly up, touch the sides of the head with the palms over the ears. (This sign may also be made with the fingers slightly apart.)

The act of putting on headphones or earmuffs.

The hands represent the large headphones that were often used in the past to listen to music or when a person got his or her hearing tested. Headphones and headsets are private listening devices that cover the ears. The hands may also represent earmuffs worn over a person’s ears to keep his or her ears warm in winter or cold weather. Audiology is the branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of hearing, auditory, and balance disorders.

HEALTHY

Synonyms: Cure, Cured, Fit (healthy), Good Health, Good Shape, Health, Recover (health), Recover One’s Health, Vitality (health)

Antonyms: Poor Health, Unhealthy

The tips of the fingers of flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially touch the upper chest near the shoulders. The hands then move forward about six to nine inches as they close into fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing in and knuckles pointing at each other and to opposite sides with the thumbs extended and pointing up. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate. (To indicate the meanings Poor Health or Unhealthy, make this sign but rotate the fists so that the palms face out and thumbs point down. An unhappy facial expression is appropriate.)

The act of giving two thumbs up about the good health of one’s body.

Each hand initially touches the chest to draw attention to the body and then makes the sign for Good (thumbs up) to signify that a person’s body is in good shape and that the individual is healthy. Healthy means to be fit and not show signs of disease.

HEAP

Synonyms: Dome, Dune, Igloo, Lump (mound), Mound, Pile, Pile Up

Curved-hands (the fingers and thumbs are together and curved), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing mostly forward, initially are held in front of the sides of the body at lower chest level. The hands then arc up to upper chest level and toward each other, touch along the edges of the thumbs, and then return to their original position. The action may be repeated.

The act of showing the top and sides of a pile or heap of material.

The hands outline the approximate shape of a mound of dirt or a heap of stuff piled up on a surface. A heap, mound, or pile is a large collection of things thrown together in one place. The hands may also represent the rounded sides and top of a dome or igloo. An igloo is a small, rounded shelter made from ice and/or snow.

HEARING AID

The index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing out and finger pointing up, is bent slightly as the edge of the index finger rests against the side of the head above and behind the ear.

The hand resembles the general shape and location of a hearing aid.

The bent index finger represents an external hearing aid that is worn behind a person’s ear. A hearing aid is a portable device worn by hearing-impaired persons to improve their hearing or enhance their ability to perceive sounds.

HEART

Synonyms: Cardiac, Cardiology, Valentine, Valentine’s Day

The tips of the index fingers of pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing in and fingers pointing diagonally down to opposite sides, initially touch on the center of the upper chest. The fingers then draw the shape of a heart by arcing apart, down, and then back together again.

The act of drawing the symbolic shape of one’s heart.

The index fingers draw the symbolic shape of a person’s heart. The heart is the key organ for pumping blood throughout the body and is located near the center of the chest. Cardiology is the branch of medicine dedicated to the study of the heart and the treatment of its ailments. Valentine’s Day is a holiday celebrating love; it is observed on February 14.

HEART ATTACK

Synonyms: Cardiac Arrest, Coronary, Myocardial Infarction (MI), Tightness in the Chest

The spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side, initially is held on the center of the chest. The hand then closes into a fist (the hand forms a fist). The action may be repeated. A frown, unhappy, or pained facial expression is appropriate.

The act of feeling one’s chest tighten during a heart attack.

The fingers of the 5-hand represent blood flowing through a person’s heart and body and the fist represents a blockage or stoppage of that blood flow near the heart (represented by the location). In a heart attack or cardiac arrest, there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart, often resulting in acute pain. A person may feel his or her chest tighten as the heart contracts in a painful spasm (represented by the hand closing into a fist).

HEARTBURN

Synonyms: Acid Reflux, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

The spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up, initially is held on the center of the chest. The hand then moves up a short distance as the fingers wiggle. A frown, unhappy, or pained facial expression is appropriate.

The act of feeling heartburn rising in one’s chest.

The wiggling fingers, which resemble the flames of a fire, represent a burning sensation rising in a person’s chest during an episode of heartburn or acid reflux. Heartburn is a burning sensation or discomfort in the chest often caused by acid rising from the stomach up into a person’s throat or esophagus.

HEATER

Synonyms: Fireplace, Radiator (heater), Warm One’s Hands

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing forward and diagonally up, initially are held in front of the sides of the body above waist level. The hands then move slightly from side to side.

The act of warming one’s hands at a fireplace or heater.

A person who is cold may warm his or her hands near a fireplace or heater. A heater is an electric or fuel-powered device that produces and imparts heat to the air around it. A radiator is a series of pipes through which hot water flows to disperse heat and warmth.

HEAVY

Synonyms: Bulky, Encumbered, Heaviness, Hefty, Laden, Weigh, Weight, Weighted Down

Curved-hands (the fingers and thumbs are together and curved), palms facing up and fingers pointing mostly forward, initially are held just in front of and to the sides of the body above waist level. The hands then slowly move down about six to nine inches as the signer bends forward slightly.

The act of holding a heavy object.

A person holds an imaginary object that is so heavy that it causes him or her to bend over. Something that is heavy has great weight and often is hard to lift or carry. Weight is a measurement of the heft of a person, animal, or object and is usually expressed in pounds and ounces, kilograms and grams, or tons.

HELLO

Synonyms: Good Afternoon, Good Morning, Greet, Greetings, Hi, Wave (hello)

The spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing up, initially is held next to the head. The hand then arcs from side to side a few times.

The act of waving hello.

Saying hi or hello is a common expression of greeting. Waving one hand from side to side is a traditional way to greet another person’s arrival.

HELLO (ALTERNATE)

Synonyms: Good Afternoon, Good Morning, Greet, Greetings, Hi, Wave (hello)

The edges of the index finger and thumb of the flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing diagonally up, initially rest against the temple (the side of the forehead). The hand then arcs about six inches diagonally forward and slightly up.

The act of waving hello.

Saying hi or hello is a common expression of greeting. Moving one hand from the temple out to the side is a gestural way to greet another person’s arrival.

HELMET

Synonyms: Football Helmet, Hard Hat, Headdress, Headgear

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing up, initially are held slightly above the sides of the head. The fists then slide down to the tops of the ears.

The act of putting a helmet or hard hat on one’s head.

The hands grasp an imaginary helmet or hard hat and then pull it down over a person’s head. A helmet is a covering used to protect the head from damaging blows. Helmets are typically made of hard external material with padding inside. Football players, horseback riders, and construction workers often wear helmets or hard hats.

HELP

Synonyms: Aid, Aide, Assist, Assistance, Assistant, Auxiliary, Facilitate, Helpful, Therapy

Curved-hands (the fingers and thumbs are together and curved), palms facing up and fingers pointing mostly diagonally forward to opposite sides, initially rest one on top of the other in front of the body just above waist level. The lower hand then pushes the upper hand straight up about six to nine inches.

The act of helping someone to raise or lift up an object.

The lower hand represents the hand of one person helping to lift the weight of an object held in the hand of another person (represented by the upper hand). To help means to provide assistance or aid to someone in performing a task or doing something.

HERE

Synonyms: Right Here, Stay Here

Pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms and fingers pointing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially are held about six inches apart in front of the body at chest level. The hands then move down a short distance.

The act of showing that one is here.

The index fingers point to or indicate a person’s current location: right here. Here means in or at this particular or specific place. This sign may also be used to represent that someone should stay in his or her current location.

HICCUPS

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing in and knuckles pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially are held about six inches apart on the upper chest. The fists then abruptly move up and down a short distance at the same time that the shoulders are raised and lowered. Breathing in and out with the movement of the fists and shoulders is appropriate.

The act of suffering a spasmodic inhalation or hiccup.

The quick movement of the fists and shoulders represents the sharp inhalation and exhalation of a hiccup. Hiccups involve a sudden, spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm as a person takes in air.

HIDE

Synonyms: Absence, Absent, Clandestine, Conceal, Covert, Cover-Up, Disappear, Disappearance, Gone, Hidden, Lost (person), Missing, Vanish

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing out and finger pointing up, initially is held in front of the body at upper chest level. The hand then moves to behind the lower back, rotating so that the palm faces back and the finger points to the side.

The act of a person hiding or disappearing from sight.

The index finger represents a person who is originally present and visible (represented by the initial position), but then disappears, is hidden from sight, or is no longer present (represented by the final position). To hide means to conceal or put someone or something out of sight. When a person is missing or lost, his or her current location is unknown.

HIKE

Synonyms: Footprints, Footsteps, Trek

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing forward, initially are held a few inches apart in front of the body above waist level. The hands then alternately arc forward a few times (several inches at a time).

The act of moving one’s feet forward while on a hike.

The hands represent a person’s feet moving forward while hiking. A hike or trek is a walk of considerable distance, often over uneven terrain. The hands may also represent footprints (the impressions made by a person’s feet or shoes in soil or on the ground).

HIP

Synonyms: Pelvis, Thigh

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing diagonally down, touches the front of the hip (near the side of the body).

The act of showing the location of one’s hip.

The index finger points to or indicates the location of one of a person’s hips. Hips are the projections of the upper femur bones and the side of the pelvic bones. Hips are located near the sides of a person’s waist. The pelvis is the region of a person’s body between the abdomen and thighs. The term pelvis also refers to the pelvic bones of the lower spine together with the various bones of the hip.

HIT

Synonyms: Beat (hit), Blow (punch), Moment of Impact, Punch (hit), Strike (hit)

The active fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing to the side, initially is held about six to nine inches to the side of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing forward. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The fist then moves forcefully to contact the stationary palm.

The act of hitting or punching someone.

A person may use his or her fist to hit or punch another person or an object (represented by the stationary hand). To hit means to strike or beat someone or something forcefully. The moment of impact is the time at which an object collides with something else (e.g., another object, a target, or the ground).

HOLD

Synonyms: Cling To, Clutch (hold), Constrain, Grasp, Grip, Restrain

The active C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm facing in and fingers pointing mostly to the side, initially is held about six inches to the side of the upright stationary forearm, palm facing out. Both hands are in front of one side of the body near upper chest level. The active hand then moves to grasp the stationary wrist and holds it for a short time.

The act of grasping or holding something.

The active hand reaches out to hold or grasp someone or something (represented by the upright stationary forearm). To hold means to keep in a person’s arms or to grip, grasp, or clutch a person, animal, or object with one or both hands.

HOLE

Synonyms: Aperture, Eyelet, Opening

The index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing to the side, is held close to and points to the opening of the stationary tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing down and slightly to the side and knuckles pointing forward. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level.

The act of pointing to a hole.

The index finger of the active hand points to or indicates the hole or circular opening between the index finger and thumb of the stationary hand. A hole is an opening or aperture into something.

HOLSTER

Synonyms: Belt Clip, Colostomy Bag or Pouch, Fanny Pack, Ostomy/Urostomy Bag or Pouch, Utility Belt

The base of the flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing diagonally in and fingers pointing down and slightly out to the side, rests against the side of the waist.

The act of showing the location of a holster or colostomy bag.

The hand represents the approximate size and location of a holster. A holster is a leather or fabric case that is used to hold a handgun and is often worn on a person’s hip. The hand may also represent a fanny pack, utility belt, or colostomy bag or pouch hanging around the waist. A colostomy bag is a sterile pouch that collects a person’s waste through an opening in the abdominal wall.

HOOK

Synonym: Clasp (fastener)

The index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and finger pointing forward, is bent as it is initially held about six to nine inches in front of the body near chest level. The hand then moves a short distance toward the signer.

The act of pulling something with a hook.

The bent index finger represents a hook that is used to drag or pull an imaginary object toward a person’s body. A hook is a metal, wood, or plastic device that is curved or bent at one end and may be used to drag, lift, or hold up items.

HORIZONTAL

Synonyms: Bar (horizontal), Pole (horizontal), Rod

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially is held in front of the opposite side of the body at upper chest level. The fist then moves horizontally to the other side.

The act of showing the length of a horizontal rod.

The fist grasps and slides down the length of an imaginary horizontal bar or rod. Horizontal means level or parallel to the ground or floor. A rod or bar is a pole, typically made of metal, that is used in the construction of support railings, fencing, cages, jail cells, and other structures.

HORN (MUSICAL)

Synonyms: Brass Instrument, Bugle, Euphonium (tuba), Flugelhorn, French Horn, Kazoo, Mouthpiece (musical), Party Favors (blowouts, noisemakers), Sousaphone, Tuba

The edges of the index finger and thumb of the tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing up, rest against the lips and mouth area. Blowing air through the hand is appropriate.

The act of playing a bugle or horn.

The hand represents the round or oval mouthpiece through which a person blows air to play a musical horn or instrument (such as a bugle, kazoo, or tuba). A musical horn is a brass instrument that a person blows into to produce sound. The hand may also represent the mouthpiece of noisemakers, blowouts, and other such party favors.

HOSPITAL

Synonyms: Assisted Living Facility, Clinic, Doctor’s Office, Emergency Room, Infirmary, Medical Insignia, Nursing Home, Red Cross

The tips of the index and middle fingers of the H-hand (the index and middle fingers are together and extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side, trace the shape of a cross on the upper part of the stationary arm. (The fingers first move a short distance horizontally from the outer edge of the stationary arm to the inner edge. The fingers are then repositioned above the center of the initial line and move a short distance down.)

The act of drawing a common hospital or medical insignia.

The index and middle fingers draw the shape of the plus-sign insignia of a hospital, infirmary, or of the Red Cross (an international medical relief agency). A hospital is an institution that provides medical care to the injured and sick. Emergency medical technicians and relief personnel often wear a patch on the upper arm to denote their medical agency affiliation.

HOSPITAL GOWN

Synonyms: Bib, Smock

The tips of the index fingers and thumbs of baby O-hands (the index fingers and thumbs are curved and touch at their tips from otherwise closed hands), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing up, initially touch in front of the lower neck. The hands then move apart and behind the back of the neck.

The act of tying the strings of a hospital gown.

The index fingers and thumbs grasp the upper strings of an imaginary hospital gown (after first putting the gown over the front of a person’s body) and then tie the strings behind that person’s neck. A hospital gown is a garment worn by patients in a hospital. A bib is a piece of cloth worn on the front of a person’s chest to protect his or her clothes from food. A smock is a loose-fitting garment worn over one’s clothes to prevent them from getting dirty while working.

HOT

Synonyms: Fan (handheld), Heat, Heating Pad, Hot Flash, Hyperthermia, Stuffy (hot), Summer, Warm

The spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up, initially is held in front of and to the side of the lower face and upper chest. The hand then arcs back and forth several times. A slightly open mouth is appropriate. (To indicate the meaning Heating Pad, make this sign and then place the hand on the lower back, palm facing forward and fingers pointing diagonally down.)

The act of fanning oneself because one feels hot.

The hand represents a handheld fan that a person uses to stir the air and cool off in the summer or when he or she is feeling hot. Something that is hot has a high degree of heat or warmth. Summer is the season of hot weather. Hyperthermia is a medical condition in which a person’s body temperature rises to a dangerously high level. A heating pad is an electrical device with a rectangular pad that transmits heat and warmth when applied to areas of a person’s body.

HOT DOG

Synonyms: Frankfurter, Hot Dog Bun, Wiener

The index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward, initially is held a few inches above the stationary curved-hand (the fingers and thumbs are together and curved), palm facing up and fingers pointing mostly diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then arcs down until the index finger rests on the stationary palm.

The act of putting a hot dog in a bun.

The index finger of the active hand represents a hot dog or wiener as it is placed inside of a hot dog bun (represented by the stationary hand). A hot dog is a cooked frankfurter or wiener that is often served in a split bun with various toppings.

HOUR

Synonyms: Clock, Clockwise

The active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and finger pointing up, initially is held just to the side of or touching the fingers and upper palm of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the opposite side and fingers pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body near upper chest or shoulder level. The active hand then circles in a clockwise direction around the stationary hand until it is back in its initial position.

The act of an hour passing on a clock.

The index finger of the active hand represents the minute hand on a clock’s face (represented by the stationary hand). When the active hand completes a full revolution, it means an hour (a time period of sixty minutes) has passed. A clock is a device for keeping track of time.

HOUSE

Synonyms: Abode, Apartment, Cabin, Domicile, Dwelling, Flat (apartment), Home, Residence, Roof

The tips of the fingers of flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing diagonally up to opposite sides, touch in front of the body just below chin level and form about a 60° angle. The hands may move a short distance diagonally down to opposite sides.

The hands resemble the roof of a house.

The hands represent the sides of a pitched or gabled roof on a house. A house, domicile, dwelling, or home is a residence or building intended primarily for humans to live in. A roof is the top covering of a house or other building. An apartment or flat is one of a number of independent dwellings located inside of a single building.

HOW?

Synonyms: Do Not Know, How Much?, Shrug, Unknown

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing up and fingers pointing forward, initially are held next to the sides of the body at chest level. The hands and shoulders then move a short distance up and back down (in a shrug). A questioning facial expression is appropriate.

The act of shrugging one’s shoulders to ask how something will be done.

The questioning facial expression, shrugging of the shoulders, and the hands facing palm up depict someone who does not know something or who wants more information. How is an expression that asks in what manner or way something will be done.

HUG

Synonyms: Cuddle, Embrace

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally up to opposite sides, initially are extended forward at chest level with the arms crossed at the wrists. The arms then move a few inches toward the body.

The act of hugging or embracing someone.

An individual puts his or her arms around an imaginary person and then brings the arms closer to his or her body to mimic the action of giving that person a hug. A hug is an affectionate embrace with a person’s arms.

HUNGRY

Synonyms: Appetite, Empty Stomach, Famine, Growling Stomach, Hunger

The tips of the fingers and thumb of the tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing in and knuckles pointing to the side, initially touch the stomach area. The wrist and forearm then rotate up and down a short distance. A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of one’s stomach growling with hunger pangs.

The O-hand represents the concept of Zero or emptiness as it is held near the location of a person’s stomach. The movement of the hand represents the hunger pangs of an empty or growling stomach. When a person is hungry, his or her body is in need of food or nourishment.

HURRY

Synonyms: Encourage, Encouragement, Faster, Goad (urge), Hasten, Hustle (hurry), Make Haste, Rush, Speed Up, Urge

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing out and fingers pointing down, initially are held to the sides of the body near waist level. The hands then flip up as the arms move forward a short distance, ending with the palms facing mostly up and fingers pointing forward. The action is repeated.

The act of encouraging someone to hurry or speed up.

The hands arc forward in a motion to urge or encourage someone to hurry, speed up, hustle, or move faster. To hurry or hasten means to move rapidly or to cause to move more rapidly. To urge means to encourage, persuade, or prompt someone to take action.

HYPNOSIS

Synonyms: Hypnotherapy, Hypnotism, Hypnotize, Spellbound, Trance, Transfixed

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing to the side and diagonally down, initially is held several inches in front of the forehead with the tip of the index finger at or near eye level. The index finger then slowly swings from side to side in a shallow arc or U-shape. (This sign can also be made by swinging the entire hand from side to side.) Droopy eyelids and a sleepy facial expression are appropriate.

The act of putting someone under hypnosis.

The index finger represents the chain on a pocket watch, necklace, or other object that is swung back and forth in front of a person’s eyes to induce a trance or hypnotic state in that individual. Hypnosis is an altered, trance-like state of consciousness.

ICE

Synonyms: Freeze, Frigid, Frost, Frozen, Ice Cubes, Icy, Solidify

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing forward, initially are held about six inches apart in front of the body at lower chest level. The hands then become claw-hands (the fingers are spread apart and bent) as they move a short distance toward the body and come to an abrupt stop.

The act of water freezing into ice.

The fingers initially represent free-flowing water, but then the fingers bend and become motionless as the water freezes and hardens into ice. Ice is water (or another liquid) that has been frozen and solidified. The fingers may also represent the treads on a vehicle’s tires as the tires try to grip the surface of a slippery, icy road. Frost is a coating of ice that may form on a surface when the temperature drops below freezing.

ICE CREAM

Synonyms: Frozen Yoghurt, Ice Cream Cone, Popsicle, Sherbet

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing diagonally up, initially is held in front of the open mouth. The fist then arcs or rotates back until the knuckles point up. The action is repeated.

The act of eating an ice cream cone.

The hand holds an imaginary ice cream cone or popsicle as a person licks it. Ice cream is a cold, semi-solid, sweetened food made with cream and butterfat. Ice cream is often served in an edible cone. A popsicle is an ice cream or frozen flavored water treat served on a stick.

ID BRACELET

Synonyms: Medical Bracelet, Medic Alert Bracelet

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the active G-hand (the index finger and thumb are extended from an otherwise closed hand and are parallel), palm and fingers pointing diagonally forward and down and knuckles pointing forward, initially touch the far side of the stationary wrist, palm facing down. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active index finger and thumb then slide across the top of the stationary wrist to the near side.

The act of showing the location of an ID bracelet on one’s wrist.

The thumb and index finger of the active hand outline the approximate width of an ID bracelet or band worn on a patient’s wrist in a medical facility. ID bracelets often contain a person’s name and important medical information. This sign may also be used to refer to the medic alert bracelets that a person with severe drug allergies, diabetes, or other medical conditions may wear to inform others in case of a medical emergency.

IDEA

Synonyms: Abstract (theoretical), Apprehend (understand), Comprehend, Concept, Conceptual, Fathom (understand), Hypothetical, Hypothesize, Intangible (abstract), Notion, Philosophy, Principle, Realization, Realize, Theoretical, Theory, Understand

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and finger pointing diagonally up, initially touches the temple (the side of the forehead). The hand then moves about six inches diagonally up, forward, and out to the side.

The act of thinking up an idea.

The index finger represents an idea coming out of or emerging from the area of a person’s brain or mind associated with thinking (represented by the initial position). An idea is a mental representation or concept that is formed in a person’s mind. To comprehend means to understand something or realize how something works.

IGNORE

Synonyms: Brush Off (ignore), Disregard, Neglect, Negligence, Negligent, Shirk, Turn Away From

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally back, initially touches the top of the opposite shoulder as the signer looks in the other direction. The hand then brushes several inches out to the side. The action is repeated. A neutral facial expression is appropriate.

The act of ignoring or brushing off something.

The hand brushes off an imaginary burden or duty from a person’s shoulder as that person ignores the burden or duty by turning away and looking in the opposite direction. To ignore means to not pay attention to someone or to disregard something that is going on. To neglect means to allow a situation to decline or to disregard, shirk, or ignore the needs or requirements of a person, animal, object, or job.

IMMIGRATION

Synonyms: Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS), Immigration Control, Step Forward

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially are held about nine inches apart and a foot above the shoulders with the forearms upright. The hands then bend until the fingers point back. The action is repeated.

The act of an immigration agent beckoning someone to step forward.

At an immigration office, people often wait in a line near a counter. An immigration agent then motions to the next person to step forward for processing. Immigration refers to the process of people entering a foreign country with the plan of settling and living there.

IMPORTANT

Synonyms: Critical (significant), Crucial (essential), Essential, Monument, Paramount (vital), Priority, Prominent, Significant, Statue, Trophy, Valuable, Vital

The active fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing to the side with the thumb extended upward, rests on the back of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side. Both hands are in front of the body at upper chest level.

The act of displaying an important statue in a prominent place.

The fist represents a statue, monument, trophy, or other important object that is held up high, displayed in a prominent position, or placed on a platform or shelf (represented by the stationary forearm). Important means someone or something is of significant worth, value, or influence.

IN

Synonyms: Endo- (prefix), Implant, Inborn, Include, Indoors, Inherent, Innate, Inner, Input, Insert, Inside, Interior, Internal, Into, Intra- (prefix), Intrinsic, Involve, Within

The active tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially is held several inches above the stationary tapered- or O-hand, palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing forward. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then moves down until the tips of the fingers are just inside the top of the stationary hand.

The act of putting one thing inside of another thing.

The active hand represents an object that is inserted, implanted, or placed inside of something else (represented by the stationary hand). Something that is in is located inside or within the interior area of something else.

INCH

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the active G-hand (the index finger and thumb are extended from an otherwise closed hand and are parallel), palm and fingers pointing to the side and knuckles pointing forward, touch the knuckle and tip of the thumb of the stationary fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing to the opposite side, knuckles pointing forward with the thumb on top of the index finger. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level.

The act of showing an inch in length.

The thumb and index finger of the active hand mark off about an inch in length on the stationary thumb. The distance between the tip of the thumb and first knuckle is about an inch long in many adults. An inch is a measure of length equal to 2.54 centimeters or one-twelfth of a foot.

INDIGESTION

Synonyms: Belly Ache, Bloating (intestinal), Colic, Dyspepsia, Gas (intestinal), Gastritis, Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal, Queasy, Stomach Ache, Stomach Acid, Upset Stomach

The tips of the fingers of claw-hands (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palms facing in and knuckles pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially touch the stomach. The hands then make mirror image circles (one hand circles clockwise as the other hand circles counter-clockwise). A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of having indigestion or an upset stomach.

The hands represent gas and stomach acid moving and churning in the stomach and/or intestines as a person experiences the pain and discomfort of indigestion or a belly ache. Indigestion refers to an upset stomach or bloating and discomfort in the upper abdomen. Gastroenterology is the branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders related to the digestive tract (including the esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, and intestines).

IN FAVOR OF

Synonyms: Approval, Approve, Endorse, Endorsement, Sanction (endorse), Thumbs Up

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing forward with the thumbs extended and pointing up, initially are held about six to nine inches apart in front of the body at lower chest level. The fists then move up several inches. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of giving approval to someone or being in favor of something.

One thumb pointing up often represents that something is good; two thumbs moving up represents a strong endorsement or approval. To approve means that one has a positive opinion of something and is in favor of it. An endorsement typically is a show of support or approval of a candidate for political office, a job applicant, or a product. Related to the sign for Good.

INFORMATION

Synonyms: Advice, Advise, Counsel, Information Office, News, Open Mind(ed)

Antonym: Closed Mind(ed)

The tips of the fingers of flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially touch the temples (the sides of the forehead). The hands then rotate so that the palms face each other and to opposite sides and the fingers point forward. (To indicate the meaning Closed Mind(ed), reverse the action of the sign.)

The act of opening one’s mind to provide information to others.

The hands represent imaginary gates to a person’s mind and brain (represented by the initial position). At first, the gates are closed, but then they swing open and a person’s mind is able to provide information and advice. Information consists of facts, data, and knowledge about something. This sign may also be used to refer to opening a person’s mind to receive information from others. Related to the sign for Gate.

IN FRONT OF

Synonyms: Ahead, Fore, Forefront, Forward (position)

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing out and fingers pointing up, initially are held in front of the body at chest level. The active hand, located about six inches in front of the stationary hand, then moves slightly from side to side.

The act of showing the area in front of someone.

The active hand represents an object, group of people, or area that is positioned in front of or ahead of another object, group of people, or area (represented by the stationary hand). In front of means ahead of, more forward than, or in advance of others. Fore is a nautical term designating the front or toward the bow of a vessel (when a person is on that vessel).

INHALER

Synonyms: Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Emphysema, Inhalant

The index finger and thumb of the L-hand (the index finger and thumb are extended from an otherwise closed hand and form a right angle), palm facing to the side and finger pointing up, are bent slightly as the hand is held just in front of the nose and mouth. The index finger then moves down a short distance toward the thumb. An open mouth is appropriate. The action may be repeated.

The act of using an inhaler to improve one’s breathing.

The hand holds an imaginary inhaler between the index finger and thumb and then activates it by pressing down. An inhaler is a device, often used by persons with asthma, emphysema, or COPD, that delivers breathing medication into the lungs as a person inhales. This medication helps to open up congested airways in the lungs.

INSOMNIA

Synonyms: Cannot Sleep, Wide Awake

The edges of the index fingers of flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing out and fingers pointing up, rest against the sides of the face at eye level. The backs of the thumbs, thumb tips pointing at each other and to opposite sides, rest on the face just below the eyes. The eyes should be wide open.

The act of a person having insomnia or being wide awake.

The wide open eyes framed by the hands represent a person with insomnia or who is unable to fall asleep. Insomnia refers to a prolonged difficulty obtaining adequate sleep. A person with insomnia is often awake for long periods of time.

INSPECT

Synonyms: Examine, Inspection, Inspector, Scrutinize, Scrutiny

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the active baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially touch the upturned palm of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then moves up to eye level as the signer looks closely at it. The hand may rotate slightly so that the palm faces to the side. Squinting is appropriate.

The act of inspecting or examining something.

The active hand grasps a small, imaginary object initially held in the stationary hand and then lifts it up to a person’s eyes for careful inspection or scrutiny. To inspect means to look over or examine something carefully.

INTESTINES

Synonyms: Bowels, Colon (intestines), Entrails, Guts (intestines), Innards

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm and finger pointing in and knuckles pointing to the side, initially touches the body in the center of the upper abdomen. The hand then moves from side to side as it descends to the lower abdomen.

The act of showing the location of one’s intestines.

The index finger points to or indicates the location of a person’s intestines in his or her abdomen. The intestines are part of the digestive system; they are involved in the absorption of nutrients (after food and liquids first pass through the stomach) and the elimination of waste.

INTRAVENOUS INJECTION

Synonyms: IV, IV Fluids, IV Medication, Phlebotomy, Saline (intravenous), Transfusion, Venipuncture

The index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing in and diagonally down with the knuckles pointing down, initially touches the middle of the stationary forearm near the wrist, palm facing up and fingers pointing diagonally forward. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then slides several inches up the stationary forearm.

The act of inserting an IV needle into one’s arm.

The index finger of the active hand represents a needle that is inserted into a vein and secured to a person’s stationary forearm. Such a needle is often attached to a tube that connects to a bag of saline (or other liquids such as blood, medication, or nutrients) when a person is receiving emergency medical care. An IV or intravenous injection is a way to introduce or deliver fluids directly into a person’s circulatory system.

IRON

Synonyms: Iron One’s Clothes, Ironing Board, Press One’s Clothes

The active fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing down, initially touches the back of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The fist then moves from side to side as it grazes the stationary hand, wrist, and forearm. The action may be repeated.

The act of using an iron to press one’s clothes.

The active hand represents an iron that is used to press or smooth out a piece of imaginary clothing lying on top of an ironing board (represented by the stationary hand and forearm). An iron is a household appliance with a flat metal base that is heated and used to remove wrinkles from clothing.

ITCH

Synonyms: Allergic Reaction (hives), Dermatitis, Hives, Itchy, Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, Psoriasis, Rash, Scratch (verb), Urticaria

The tips of the fingers and thumb of the active claw-hand (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially touch the stationary forearm, palm facing down. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active fingers then slide across the stationary forearm a couple of times. The fingers may also bend slightly.

The act of scratching an itch.

The active hand scratches an itch from a rash or skin disorder (such as psoriasis or dermatitis) located on the stationary forearm. An itch is a skin irritation that results in a desire to scratch it. Exposure to certain plants (such as poison ivy and poison oak) often results in a rash. A person may also break out into hives when suffering an allergic reaction to a substance.

JAW

Synonyms: Jawbone, Mandible

The tips of the index fingers of pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing diagonally up, initially touch the sides of the face below the ears. The fingers then slide down the edges of the jaw to the chin.

The act of showing the location of one’s jaw.

The index fingers point to and slide down along the edges of a person’s jaw. A jaw, jawbone, or mandible is a bony structure that frames an animal’s or person’s mouth. A jaw opens to allow food to enter the mouth.

JELLY

Synonyms: Jam, Marmalade, Preserves

The tips of the index and middle fingers of the active H-hand (the index and middle fingers are together and extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up, initially touch the lower lip. The active hand then arcs down to lower chest level, rotating so that the palm faces down and fingers point diagonally forward as the tips of the fingers slide along the upturned palm of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side.

The act of spreading jam or jelly onto a slice of bread.

The index and middle fingers of the active hand represent a knife that is used to spread jelly (or something that tastes sweet) on a piece of bread or toast (represented by the stationary hand). Jelly, jam, and preserves are semi-solid fruit products that often contain sugar. Such products provide sweetness and add extra flavor to muffins, biscuits, and other types of bread. A combination of the signs for Sweet and Butter.

JOINT (BONE)

Synonyms: Ball and Socket, Cartilage, Rheumatology, Socket (joint)

The top of the active fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and slightly down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially rests against the bottom of the stationary curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), palm facing down and fingers pointing mostly diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active fist then twists back and forth a couple of times.

The act of a bone moving in a joint.

The active fist represents the ball shape at the top of the femur (the upper leg bone) and the stationary hand represents the hip socket or joint where the two meet. A joint is the location where parts of a skeleton come into contact. Joints are typically held together by muscles, tendons, or cartilage that allow for movement. Rheumatology is the branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal diseases (e.g., arthritis, joint pain) and autoimmune conditions.

JUMP

Synonym: Leap

The tips of the index and middle fingers of the active H-hand (the index and middle fingers are together and extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm and fingers pointing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially touch the upturned palm of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing up and fingers pointing diagonally forward. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then hops a couple of inches forward on the stationary palm.

The act of jumping or leaping.

The index and middle fingers of the active hand represent a person’s legs as he or she stands on the ground or floor (represented by the stationary hand). The person then jumps or leaps from his or her original location (represented by the initial position) to another location (represented by the final position). To jump means to leap or spring from a base.

KEEP

Synonyms: Hang On To, Retain, Safekeeping, Save, Storage

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing up and knuckles pointing forward, initially is held in front of the body at lower chest level. The fist then moves toward the body, rotating so that the palm faces in and knuckles point down, and then slides several inches down the upper hip.

The act of saving or keeping something.

The hand holds a small, imaginary item or object and then places that item in the front pocket of a person’s pants (represented by the final position) for safekeeping. To keep means to save, hang on to, or retain something.

KETCHUP

Synonyms: Catsup, Condiment (thick liquid)

The active spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward and up, initially is held a few inches above the stationary fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The palm of the active hand then forcefully hits the top of the stationary fist. The action is repeated a couple of times.

The act of striking the bottom of a bottle of ketchup.

A person may use his or her hand to strike the bottom of a bottle of ketchup (represented by the stationary fist) to force out the thick ketchup inside. Ketchup is a seasoned sauce or condiment typically made with tomatoes. Ketchup is often put on hamburgers, hot dogs, and French fries.

KEY

Synonyms: Ignition (vehicle), Starter (ignition), Start One’s Car

The baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing out and slightly down and knuckles pointing diagonally up, initially is held in front of one side of the body at lower chest level. The hand then twists to the side, ending with palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing forward.

The act of turning a key in a vehicle’s ignition.

The index finger and thumb grasp an imaginary key and then twist or turn it to the side to activate the ignition in a vehicle or to start a person’s car. A key is a small, usually metal, instrument that fits inside of a lock. Keys are used to unlock doors, drawers, and other devices and to turn on the ignition switches in most vehicles.

KICK

The edges of pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms and fingers pointing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially touch as they are held in front of the body at lower chest level. One hand then rotates up until the index finger points forward. (Alternatively, one may mimic the action of kicking with one’s leg.)

The act of kicking one’s leg forward.

The index fingers represent a person’s legs as he or she is standing. One index finger then arcs up to represent kicking at someone or at a ball. A kick involves using a person’s foot and leg to strike out at someone or something (such as a soccer ball).

KIDNEY(S)

Synonyms: Renal, Urology

Pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing up and fingers pointing diagonally back to opposite sides, initially are held near the sides of the body at about waist level. The hands then move several inches diagonally back until the tips of the index fingers touch the lower back.

The act of showing the location of one’s kidneys.

The index fingers point to or indicate the approximate location of a person’s kidneys. The kidneys are a pair of renal organs located at the back of the abdominal cavity that are involved in the separation of waste products from a person’s blood. Fluid and the waste products drain into a person’s bladder for removal from the body as urine. Urology is the branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to the kidneys, urinary tract, and male reproductive system.

KILL

Synonyms: Cut One’s Throat, Homicide, Lethal, Murder, Slaughter

The tips of the fingers of the flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing in and slightly up, initially touch the opposite side of the neck. The tips of the fingers then move across the neck to the other side.

The act of killing someone with a knife.

The active hand represents the blade of a large knife that is used to cut a person’s throat and kill or murder him or her. To kill means to deprive someone or something of life. Murder or homicide is the legal term used to describe the unlawful killing of another person without just cause.

KISS

Synonyms: Blow a Kiss, Romance, Romantic, Throw a Kiss

The tips of the fingers and thumb of the tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing in and knuckles pointing up, initially touch the mouth. The hand then arcs forward about a foot as it opens into a spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing mostly up and fingers pointing forward. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of blowing a kiss at someone.

The hand represents a kiss that is taken from a person’s lips and blown or thrown in the direction of someone else (represented by the final position). A kiss is a sign of fondness between two friends or between two people who know and like each other in a romantic sense.

KNEE

Synonyms: Kneecap, Patella

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing down, is held close to and touches or points to the kneecap.

The act of showing the location of one’s knee.

The index finger points to or indicates the location of a person’s knee or kneecap. The knee is the joint between the femur (the thigh or upper leg bone) and the tibia (the lower leg bone). The kneecap or patella is a thick, oval-shaped bone that covers and protects this joint.

KNIFE

Synonyms: Blade (knife), Cut (with a knife)

The edge of the middle finger of the active H-hand (the index and middle fingers are together and extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally forward, initially touches the edge of the index finger of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then slides a short distance forward and back across the stationary finger.

The act of cutting something with a knife.

The index and middle fingers of the active hand represent the blade of a knife as it is used to cut a piece of food (represented by the stationary hand). A knife is a kitchen utensil or instrument with a blade (a sharp edge) that is used for cutting.

KNOB

Synonyms: Doorknob, Turn a Doorknob

The claw-hand (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palm facing out and knuckles pointing up, initially is held about a foot in front of one side of the body at lower chest level. The hand then rotates until the knuckles point out to the side.

The act of turning the knob on a door.

The hand grasps an imaginary doorknob and then turns it to open a door. A doorknob is often a rounded handle used to open a closed door. A knob is a piece of hardware (typically made of metal or wood) that is used to open the doors to rooms and to pull open cabinets, closets, armoires, and desk drawers.

KNOCK

Synonym: Doorknocker

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing out and knuckles pointing up, initially is held about a foot in front of the body at upper chest level. The fist then sharply bends a short distance forward and back. (The forearm may also move slightly.) The action is repeated a couple of times.

The act of knocking or rapping on a door.

When a person wishes to make his or her presence known to those inside a house or building, he or she often knocks or raps his or her knuckles on a door. A knock is a sharp blow to or striking of a surface. A doorknocker is a metal device with a moveable ring that is used to knock or strike a metal plate and make noise. A doorknocker is typically attached to the front door of a house.

LAMP

Synonyms: Illuminate, Lantern, Light, Shed Light On, Shine (light), Turn On the Lamp

The tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially is held in front of the body at shoulder level. The hand then opens into a spread curved-hand (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palm facing down and fingers pointing mostly forward.

The act of turning on the light in a lamp.

The O-hand represents a light bulb in an imaginary lamp that is initially turned off. When the lamp is turned on, the hand opens and the fingers represent beams of light shining down. A lamp or lantern is a device that produces light and illuminates an area.

LAST

Synonyms: Final, Last Place

The active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing forward, initially is held a few inches to the side of the little finger of the stationary spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing diagonally in and fingers pointing diagonally up. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The fingers of the active hand then tap the tip of the little finger of the stationary hand.

The act of showing the last digit on one’s stationary hand.

The active hand indicates the last digit or little finger on a person’s stationary hand. Something that is the last is the final one and is after all others in time, location, and/or position. Last may also refer to a person’s ranking in a competition; being in last place means that someone has finished behind all other competitors. Related to the sign for First.

LATE

Synonyms: Delayed (late), Overdue, Tardy

The eyes gaze down at the back of the wrist, which is tilted up slightly in front of the body at chest level. A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of seeing that one is late for a meeting.

A person may look at a wristwatch to see what time it is and then unhappily realize that he or she is late. To be late means that a person is tardy or delayed in arriving at a meeting at the agreed upon time. Overdue means that someone is running behind schedule or that something has not happened or occurred at the expected time.

LAUGH

Synonyms: Amusing, Chuckle, Comedy, Comical, Funny, Giggle, Ha-Ha, Humor, Humorous, Hysterical (funny), Joke, Laughter, Mirth

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up, initially is held next to the mouth. The tips of the fingers then graze the side of the face as the hand arcs up slightly. The action is repeated a couple of times. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of laughing at something.

The hand represents the muscles near the upturned corners of a person’s mouth as he or she smiles and laughs at something. Laughter is a vocal expression of a person’s amusement and is often accompanied by a happy facial expression. Sounds of mirth (chuckles, giggles) mean that a person thinks something is humorous, comical, or funny.

LAUNDRY

Synonyms: Scrub One’s Clothes, Washboard, Wash One’s Clothes

Tapered- or O-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tips), palms and fingers pointing in and knuckles pointing down, initially are held about six inches apart in front of the body just above waist level. The hands then move down about six inches and back up. The action is repeated a couple of times.

The act of washing laundry by hand.

The hands grasp a piece of imaginary clothing and then scrub the fabric clean on an imaginary, old-fashioned corrugated washboard. A washboard is a wooden and/or metal board with grooves or ridges that are used to scrub and wash laundry. Laundry typically involves the washing of clothes, linens, and towels.

LEADER

Synonyms: Chief, Director, Headmaster, Headmistress, Lead (the way), President, Principal

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing out and finger pointing up, initially is held about six inches in front of the spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The hands then move forward about six inches.

The act of one person leading a group of other people.

The index finger of the pointing-hand represents a person who is a leader and goes ahead of or in advance of other people (represented by the fingers of the 5-hand). A leader is often a person with responsibilities who directs or is in charge of the work of others.

LEARN

Synonyms: Ascertain, Know, Knowledge, Lesson

The tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially is held in front of the body at lower chest level. The hand then moves up, rotating so that the palm faces in and knuckles point up as the tips of the fingers touch the forehead near the temple (the side of the forehead).

The act of learning or putting knowledge into one’s head.

The hand represents knowledge or information that is added to a person’s brain (represented by the final position) and that is retained and learned. To learn means to gain knowledge about a topic or to acquire a skill. A lesson is time spent learning information or practicing a skill.

LEFT (DIRECTION)

Synonyms: Leftward, Portside

The right pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing to the left, initially is held near the center of the body at lower chest level. The arm is then extended to the left side of the body. (This sign can also be made using the left pointing-hand, palm facing down and finger pointing to the left, extended straight out to the left side of the body near shoulder level.)

The act of pointing to one’s left.

The index finger points to or indicates the direction to the signer’s left. Left is a direction or side that is opposite of right. Portside is a nautical term designating the left side of a vessel or the leftward direction away from a vessel (when a person is facing forward on that vessel).

LEG

Synonyms: Femur, Upper Leg

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and finger pointing down, initially touches the leg just above the knee. The finger then slides up to the hip.

The act of showing the location of one’s upper leg.

The index finger points to or indicates the length of the upper part of a person’s leg. Legs are appendages that extend from the feet to the tops of the thighs. In bipeds, such as humans, legs are used to support the body while standing and are used for movement while walking or running. The femur is the large bone in the upper leg that goes from a person’s kneecap to the hip.

LICENSE

Synonyms: Certificate, Credentials, Degree, Diploma, Driver’s License, ID, Identification, License Plate, Permit (license), Work Permit

The tips of the thumbs of L-hands (the index fingers and thumbs are extended from otherwise closed hands and form right angles), palms facing out and index fingers pointing up with the thumbs pointing at each other and to opposite sides, touch in front of the body at upper chest level.

The fingers and thumbs resemble the shape of a license.

The index fingers and thumbs outline the approximate size and rectangular shape of many certificates, license plates, credentials, and forms of identification. A license is permission from a legal authority to engage in certain activities (e.g., drive a motor vehicle, marry, or operate a business). A license plate is a metal plate attached to a motor vehicle that has been embossed with letters and numbers that are used to identify that vehicle.

LID

Synonyms: Overlap, Overlapping, Overlay, Put On a Lid or Top (unattached), Superimpose, Top (lid)

Antonym: Remove a Lid or Top (unattached)

The active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing forward, initially is held a few inches to the side of the stationary flat-hand, palm facing down and fingers pointing forward. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then arcs up slightly and to the side until it rests on top of the stationary hand. (To indicate the meaning Remove a Lid or Top (unattached), reverse the action of the sign.)

The act of placing a lid or top on something.

The active hand represents a lid that is placed on top of a pot or pan (represented by the stationary hand). A lid is a moveable cover that may be placed on top of something with an interior opening. Overlapping means that one thing partially or fully covers or overlays another thing. To superimpose means to place one thing on top of another thing.

LIE

Synonyms: Artificial, Bogus, Charlatan, Counterfeit, Deceit, Deceitful, Deceive, Deception, Dishonest, Fake, False, Fib, Forgery, Forked Tongue, Fraud, Hypocrite, Imposter, Liar, Mendacious, Misleading, Misrepresent, Not True, Perjury, Phony, Pseudo, Sham, Specious, Spurious, Untrue

The V-hand (the index and middle fingers are spread apart and extended from an otherwise closed hand in the shape of a “V”), palm and fingers pointing diagonally forward and knuckles pointing up, initially is held in front of or touching the mouth. The hand then moves diagonally forward a short distance.

The act of lying or speaking with two tongues.

The index and middle fingers represent the two tongues of a dishonest person who talks out of both sides of his or her mouth and gives a false and/or conflicting statement. The fingers may also represent a snake’s forked tongue, a symbol of lies and deception. A lie is an untrue, mendacious, or intentionally false statement meant to deceive others. Perjury is when a person lies under oath in a court of law or during a legal proceeding.

LIFT

Synonyms: Elevate, Pick Up (large object), Raise (lift up)

Curved-hands (the fingers and thumbs are together and curved), palms facing up and fingers pointing mostly forward, initially are held about twelve to eighteen inches apart in front of the sides of the body below waist level. The hands then slowly move up to chest level.

The act of lifting or raising a large object.

The hands are positioned beneath a large, imaginary object and then a person uses the strength of his or her arms and lower back to slowly lift or pick up that object. To lift or elevate means to raise something from a lower position to a higher position.

LIGHTNING

Synonym: Lightning Bolt

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing out and finger pointing diagonally up, initially is held in front of one side of the body at or above head level. The hand then quickly zigzags down to waist level, ending with the palm facing down and finger pointing forward.

The act of lightning striking the ground.

The index finger traces the path of a bolt of lightning descending from the sky (represented by the initial position) to the ground (represented by the final position). Lightning is a sudden, powerful discharge of electrostatic energy from a charged region within a storm cloud.

LIGHT (WEIGHT)

Synonyms: Lightness, Lightweight, Weightlessness, Zero Gravity

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing up and fingers pointing forward, initially are held to the sides of the body at waist level. The hands then easily move up to lower chest level and back down. The action is repeated a couple of times.

The act of easily lifting a lightweight object.

The hands are positioned beneath a small, imaginary, lightweight object and then a person is able to easily lift that object. Something that is light in weight has little weight, is not heavy, or does not require a lot of strength to pick up or carry.

LIKE

Synonyms: Agreeable, Care About, Courteous, Courtesy, Enjoy, Fond Of, Gentle, Goodhearted, Gracious, Kind, Kindhearted, Manners, Nice, Pleasant, Pleasure, Polite

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side, initially rests on the chest. The hand then makes a circle. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of feeling something pleasant or likeable.

The hand represents an emotion or feeling flowing through the heart (represented by the location). The smile or happy facial expression indicates that the emotion is positive or pleasurable, or that the person has a good or kind heart. If a person likes or is fond of someone or something, then he or she enjoys and cares about that person or thing.

LINE (OF PEOPLE)

Synonyms: Align, Form a Line, Line Up (people), Queue

The tip of the thumb of the spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing up, initially is held just in front of or touching the upper chest. The hand then moves straight forward about a foot.

The act of showing a line of people.

Each finger represents a person queuing or standing in a long line that extends forward from an individual’s own location (represented by the initial position). A line is a horizontal row of people who are often waiting to gain entry to a building or event or who are waiting to check out or pay for their items at a store.

LION

Synonyms: Leo (astrology), Mane (lion)

The tips of the fingers of the spread curved-hand (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palm facing down and fingers pointing mostly forward and slightly down, initially are held just in front of or touching the forehead. The hand then arcs back over the head.

The act of showing the mane of a male lion.

The fingers represent the long hairs on the head of a male lion that make up part of its majestic mane. A lion is a large, tawny-colored, meat-eating feline that lives in Africa. A mane consists of the long hairs growing out of the head and around the neck of a male lion.

LIP(S)

Synonym: Labial

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing diagonally up, initially touches the corner of the lower lip. The finger then slides along the lip to the other side.

The act of showing the location of one’s lips.

The index finger points to or indicates the length of a person’s lower lip. The lips are the two pieces of flesh that surround and help to seal a person’s mouth. Labial means of or pertaining to the lips.

LIP-READ

Synonyms: Speech-Language Pathologist, Speechread, Speech Therapy

The V-hand (the index and middle fingers are spread apart and extended from an otherwise closed hand in the shape of a “V”), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up, initially is held just in front of the mouth. The hand then moves slightly from side to side.

The act of watching or reading someone’s lips.

The tips of the index and middle fingers represent a person’s eyes as they look at someone else’s lips while he or she talks. Lip-reading or speechreading is an attempt to understand or interpret speech by carefully observing the movements of the lips and face. This sign may also be used to refer to speech therapy, the practice of improving a person’s spoken language production through various exercises.

LIPSTICK

Synonyms: ChapStick™, Lip Balm, Lip Gloss

The tip of the thumb of the fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing to the side with the thumb extended and pointing up, initially touches the corner of the lower lip. The thumb then slides along the lip to the other side.

The act of putting on lipstick or lip gloss.

The thumb represents a small tube of lipstick, lip balm, or lip gloss that is applied to a person’s lips. Lipstick and lip gloss are cosmetic lip balms used to color and/or moisturize the lips.

LIST

Synonyms: Agenda, Catalog (list), Customs Declaration, Ingredients, Instructions, Inventory, Items (list), Outline, Plan (of action), Program, Recipe, Roster

The edge of the little finger of the active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side and diagonally up, initially touches the tips of the fingers of the stationary flat-hand, palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at upper chest level. The active hand then makes a series of small hops down the fingers and palm of the stationary hand.

The act of going through the items on a list.

Each position of the active hand represents an item listed on a page or sheet of paper (represented by the stationary hand). A list is an itemized series of things or a roster of people. Instructions are explanations of how to do something and may include a list of tasks that must be completed to accomplish a goal.

LISTEN

Synonyms: Acoustic, Audible, Audio, Auditory, Aural, Eavesdrop, Hear, Hearing, Overhear, Sound

The curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), palm facing out and fingers pointing mostly up, is held near the ear. The head may be turned slightly to the side, and the edges of the index finger and thumb may touch the head behind the ear. (Alternatively, one may use a C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm facing out and fingers pointing mostly up.)

The act of intently listening to what is happening.

If a person needs to enhance or better hear sounds, he or she may cup or put a hand near the external part of one ear. To listen means to pay attention to sounds in order to hear better. Hearing is a person’s ability to perceive sounds or acoustic information through the apparatus of the ears. Audible means that someone or something is capable of being heard.

LOBSTER

Synonyms: Calipers, Cancer (astrology), Claws (lobster), Crab, Crawfish, Crayfish, Forceps, Pincers (claws), Pincers (large tool), Tongs

C-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumbs opposite the fingers), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing mostly forward, initially are held about a foot apart in front of the sides of the body at lower chest level. The hands then snap shut into tapered- or O-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tips), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing forward. The action is repeated. (To indicate the meanings Calipers, Forceps, Pincers (large tool), or Tongs, make the sign with one hand.)

The act of a lobster opening and closing its claws.

The fingers and thumbs represent a lobster’s large, distinctive claws closing and opening. A lobster is a large, reddish, edible crustacean that lives in the sea. Crabs are edible crustaceans with ten legs (two of which are claws). Crabs may live on land, in the sea, and in fresh water. Tongs are a kitchen utensil used to grab, hold, and move hot food items.

LOCK

Synonyms: Bolt (lock), Deadbolt, Latch, Locked, Padlock, Turn the Key

Antonyms: Unlock, Unlocked

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the active baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing up, initially touch the palm of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the opposite side and fingers pointing forward. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then twists forward so that the knuckles point forward. (To indicate the meanings Unlock or Unlocked, reverse the action of the sign.)

The act of turning the lock on a door.

The active hand grips or holds an imaginary key that is inserted into a lock on a door (represented by the stationary hand). The active hand then turns the key to secure the lock. A lock is a fastening device used to secure doors, desk drawers, and filing cabinets.

LONG

Synonym: Lengthy

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing to the side, initially touches the stationary arm near the shoulder. The active finger then slides down the stationary arm to the wrist.

The act of showing the length of one’s arm.

The index finger of the active hand traces the relatively long distance down the length of a person’s stationary arm. Something that is long extends a great distance from end to end. Long also may refer to an extended period of time.

LOOK (SEE)

Synonyms: Gaze, Glance (look), Optical, See, Sight, Visible, Vision (sight), Visual, Witness

The V-hand (the index and middle fingers are spread apart and extended from an otherwise closed hand in the shape of a “V”), palm facing in and fingers close to and pointing diagonally up at the eyes, initially is held just in front of the face below the eyes. The hand then rotates so that the palm faces out and the fingers point forward.

The act of looking at or seeing something.

The tips of the index and middle fingers point to and represent a person’s eyes as they rotate to gaze or look forward (represented by the final position). To look means to use the eyes to see something or to direct a person’s gaze in a particular direction. Sight is a person’s ability to perceive images or visual information through the apparatus of the eyes. A witness is a person who has observed or seen something happen.

LOOK BOTH WAYS

Synonyms: Crossing Guard, Stop and Look Both Ways

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing up, is extended in front of the body at upper chest level. The head then turns to one side and then to the other.

The act of stopping and looking both ways before crossing a road.

The extended hand represents a stop sign or the hand of a crossing guard signaling that a person or vehicle should stay in place as he or she looks both ways to check for more traffic. Crossing guards are responsible for stopping traffic so that pedestrians can safely cross the street. Looking both ways means to glance to the left and to the right to determine if there is any danger before proceeding. Related to the sign for Halt.

LORD

The L-hand (the index finger and thumb are extended from an otherwise closed hand and form a right angle), palm facing out and index finger pointing up with the thumb pointing to the side, is held above and to the side of the head. The signer may look up.

The act of pointing to the Lord above.

The L-hand represents the first letter of the word Lord and also points to the Lord’s location in heaven above. In Christianity, Jesus is often referred to as Lord. In other religions, God may be referred to as Lord.

LOSE (OBJECT)

Synonyms: Lost (object), Mislay, Misplace

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially is held in front of the body at waist level. The fist then moves down and slightly behind the side of the body as it opens into a spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward and down.

The act of misplacing or losing something.

The fist initially grasps a small, imaginary object. The fist then opens and drops the object behind the signer where it cannot be seen or is out of sight (represented by the final position). To lose something means to be deprived of something, often by misplacing it, putting it in the wrong place, or not being able to find it.

LOTION

Synonyms: Balm, Cream (lotion), Liniment, Moisturizer, Ointment, Salve, Smear

The tips of the fingers of the active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward, initially touch the back of the stationary hand, palm facing down. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then makes small circles on the back of the stationary hand.

The act of rubbing lotion onto one’s skin.

The active hand rubs some lotion or moisturizer into the skin on the back of a person’s stationary hand. A lotion is a liquid or cream used for soothing or moisturizing the skin. An ointment, balm, or salve is often a medicated lotion used to treat or ease the symptoms of certain skin and muscle ailments.

LOUD (VOICE)

Synonyms: Booming Voice, Stentorian, Talk Louder, Volume (sound)

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally up, initially is held in front of the lower face or chin. The hand then moves about eighteen inches diagonally forward, up, and out to the side as it opens into a spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up. Opening the mouth wide is appropriate.

The act of speaking or talking loudly.

The fist represents a loud sound or words coming out of a person’s mouth and the opening of the 5-hand represents the spreading of those words and sound through the air. A booming or loud voice has great intensity or sound volume and can be heard over a large distance.

LOVE

Synonyms: Adore (love), Affection, Affectionate, Cherish, Cherished, I Love You, In Love, Keep Near One’s Heart, Loving

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally up to opposite sides, are crossed at the wrists as they are held against the upper chest. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of giving a loved one a tight hug.

The arms hold someone or something cherished or adored near and dear to a person’s heart (represented by the location). The heart is often depicted as the location of a person’s feelings and emotions, and a happy facial expression indicates that the emotion is positive or one of love. Love is a strong or deep affection for someone or something.

LOWER THE BED

Synonyms: Bend Over, Lay Down, Prostrate, Recline, Recliner

Antonyms: Raise the Bed, Upright (seated position)

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side and diagonally up, initially is held in front of the body at shoulder level. The hand and forearm then gradually move down to chest level until the palm faces down and fingers point to the side. (To indicate the meanings Raise the Bed or Upright (seated position), reverse the action of the sign.)

The act of lowering an adjustable bed.

The hand and forearm represent a reclining chair or the upper portion of a hospital bed as it is lowered so that a person can lie down flat. To lower something means to reduce its height or move it down. A recliner is an adjustable chair that can be configured to allow a person to lie flat or almost flat.

LUNCH

Synonym: Midday Meal

The tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially is extended straight out in front of the body at chest level. The hand then rotates so that the palm faces in and knuckles point up as the tips of the fingers and thumb move to touch the lips.

The act of eating something for lunch.

The hand reaches out to grasp a piece of food and then brings it to a person’s mouth. Lunch is the midday (noon or afternoon) meal or the meal eaten near the middle of the day. Lunch often is the second meal of the day. Related to the signs for Breakfast and Dinner. (The hand reaches out to a lower location than for Breakfast and to a higher location than for Dinner.)

LUNGS

Synonyms: Chest Cavity, Gills, Pulmonary, Pulmonology

Claw-hands (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palms facing in and knuckles pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially are held several inches apart with the tips of the fingers and thumbs touching the upper chest. The hands then slide down to lower chest level.

The act of showing the location of one’s lungs.

The hands represent lungs filled with air, and the movement indicates the location of the lungs within a person’s chest cavity. The lungs are two organs that are critically important to breathing in air and oxygenating the blood. Gills are the lungs of fish and sharks and are used to extract oxygen out of the surrounding water. Pulmonology is the branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of the lungs and respiratory system.

MACHINE

Synonyms: Apparatus, Engine, Equipment, Factory, Gears, Industry, Machinery, Manufacture, Mechanical, Mechanism, Motor, Moving Parts

Claw-hands (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing forward, initially are held a few inches apart in front of the body at chest level. The hands then make several vertical circles. The hands are offset so that one arcs forward and down as the other arcs back and up.

The act of gears moving in a machine.

The hands and fingers represent toothed wheels or gears rotating or turning inside a machine. The hands may also represent other moving parts within an engine or motor. A machine typically is a mechanical device or apparatus that applies energy to do work and may contain an interconnected gear system. An engine or motor often is a fuel-powered machine that converts power into motion for various types of vehicles.

MAKE THE BED

Synonyms: Bedding (linens), Linens, Mattress Cover, Pull Up the Sheets, Sheets (bed)

Antonyms: Change the Sheets, Pull Down the Sheets, Turn Down the Bed or Sheets

Tapered- or O-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tips), palms facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward to the same side, initially are held in front of one side of the body slightly above waist level with one hand about six inches in front of the other hand. The hands then move to the opposite side of the body. (To indicate the meanings Change the Sheets, Pull Down the Sheets, or Turn Down the Bed or Sheets, reverse the action of the sign.)

The act of making a bed.

The hands grasp an imaginary bed sheet and then pull it up to make a bed. Making a bed means to straighten the cotton or linen bed sheets and pull up the covers, bedspread, and/or blanket to make the bed neater in appearance.

MAKEUP

Synonyms: Blush (makeup), Cold Cream, Cosmetics, Facial Powder, Foundation (liquid makeup), Foundation (powder makeup), Put on Makeup, Rouge (makeup)

The fingers of the flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing up, initially touch the cheek. The hand then makes small vertical circles on the cheek. (To indicate the meanings Facial Powder or Foundation (powder makeup), gently pat the cheek in several places.)

The act of putting makeup on one’s face.

The hand represents a small pad or brush used to apply makeup to a person’s face. Makeup consists of cosmetic powders, creams, and liquids that are spread on the face for beautification, entertainment, and/or disguise. Rouge or blush often is pink, red, peach, or tan colored makeup applied to the cheeks to make them stand out more.

MAMMOGRAM

The upper flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side, initially is held above one breast and the lower flat-hand, palm facing up and fingers pointing to the opposite side, is held below that breast. The hands then move a short distance toward each other as they squeeze the breast slightly.

The act of having a mammogram.

The hands represent the paddles of a diagnostic X-ray machine that are positioned around a woman’s breast during a mammogram. A mammogram is an X-ray image of a woman’s breast tissue that is used to detect cancer, cysts, or other physical abnormalities.

MAN

Synonyms: Adult (male), Gentleman, Male, Short Hair

The tips of the fingers of curved-hands (the fingers and thumbs are together and curved), palms facing down and fingers pointing mostly at each other and to opposite sides, nearly touch on top of the head. The hands then separate and slide several inches down the sides of the head.

The act of showing the length of a man’s short haircut.

The fingers represent hairs on the sides of a man’s head that are several inches long (or shorter). In many cultures, men have relatively short hair compared with that of women. A man is an adult human of the male sex. Short hair often refers to hair that does not extend in length beyond a person’s neck.

MANY

Synonyms: A Lot, Countless, Innumerable, Multiple, Multitude, Myriad, Numerous, Plural

The tips of the fingers and thumbs of tapered- or O-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tips), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing forward, initially touch in front of the body at chest level. The hands then rotate and move diagonally up to near shoulder level on opposite sides of the body as they open and become spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing out and fingers pointing up. The action is repeated.

The act of showing many fingers.

The hands open to show multiple or numerous fingers; each finger represents a separate person or object. Repeating the action one or more times signals the presence of many people or objects. Many means numerous or that there are a lot of items present or a large number of people in attendance.

MAP

Synonyms: Follow the Map, Navigation Chart, Plot a Course, Road Atlas, Trail (hiking)

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm and finger pointing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially touches the base of the upturned palm of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The tip of the active index finger then moves diagonally forward along the stationary palm. Gazing at the hands is appropriate.

The act of tracing a possible route or line on a map.

The index finger of the active hand draws or traces the path of a highway or street on a roadmap (represented by the stationary hand) or the course of a ship on a navigation chart. Maps are representations of an area and may denote geographical information such as mountains and rivers, as well as man-made structures such as highways and roads. Navigation charts provide information on latitude, longitude, sea depth, sea currents, and nearby land masses so that sailors can plot a safe course.

MARKER

Synonyms: Crayon, Felt-Tip Pen, Highlighter, Magic Marker

The tip of the thumb of the active fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing diagonally out and slightly down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward with the thumb extended and pointing diagonally down, initially touches the base of the upturned palm of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The tip of the active thumb then arcs up and down along the stationary palm.

The act of using a marker or crayon.

The thumb of the active hand represents the thick tip of a felt pen, highlighter, or magic marker as it writes or draws on a sheet of paper (represented by the stationary hand). A marker is a writing implement with a thick felt tip that dispenses colored liquid. Crayons are colored wax sticks often used by children to draw or color pictures.

MARRY

Synonyms: Get Engaged, Marriage, Matrimony, Nuptial, Wedding

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the active G-hand (the index finger and thumb are extended from an otherwise closed hand and are parallel), palm and fingers pointing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially touch the edges of the tip of the ring finger of the stationary hand, palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active fingers then slide down to the base of the stationary ring finger. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of sliding on a ring at a marriage ceremony.

The index finger and thumb of the active hand grasp an imaginary engagement ring or wedding band and then slide it onto the ring finger of a person’s fiancée or spouse. Rings are often exchanged in a wedding or marriage ceremony as a sign of two people’s union and to show their love for and commitment to each other. To marry means to legally wed another person and become spouses.

MASK

Synonyms: Bandana, Bank Robber, Smother, Suffocate, Surgical Mask

The curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), palm facing in and fingers pointing mostly to the side, is placed over the nose and mouth.

The act of covering one’s lower face with a mask or bandana.

The active hand represents a mask or bandana used to cover a bank robber’s face. A mask is a cover for the face that is often worn to hide a person’s facial features and to conceal his or her identity. In old western television programs, bank robbers often wore bandanas across their lower faces during the commission of their crimes. A mask may also be worn for health or environmental reasons.

MASSAGE

Synonyms: Back Rub, Knead (muscles), Massage Therapist, Masseuse, Rub One’s Back

Curved-hands (the fingers and thumbs are together and curved), palms facing down and fingers pointing mostly back, squeeze or press down on the tops of the shoulders several times. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of kneading or massaging one’s aching shoulder muscles.

When a person’s muscles ache or feel tight, he or she may rub or massage them to make them feel better. A massage involves the manual manipulation, kneading, or rubbing of a person’s muscles to relieve tension or ease pain. A masseuse or massage therapist is a person who is trained and licensed to perform various types of massages.

MATCH (FIRE)

Synonyms: Ignite (fire), Light a Match, Matchbook, Matchstick

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the active baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing diagonally out and knuckles pointing up, initially touch the base of the index finger of the stationary pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the opposite side and finger pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then slides down and off the top edge of the stationary index finger.

The act of lighting a match.

The active hand grips an imaginary match and then ignites it by moving its tip along the rough surface of a matchbook (represented by the stationary index finger). A match is a small wooden or cardboard stick with a combustible tip that is lit by friction. Matches are often used to start fires or light cigarettes, cigars, and smoking pipes.

MAYBE

Synonyms: Iffy, Indefinite, May (might), Might (may), Odds, Perhaps, Possibility, Possible, Possibly, Potential, Probability, Probable, Probably

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing up and fingers pointing forward, initially are held about a foot apart in front of the sides of the body at lower chest level. One hand then moves up slightly as the other moves down slightly. This alternating up-and-down action is repeated several times.

Maybe means that things are up in the air.

The hands represent different possibilities or potential outcomes: first one hand is raised and favored, and then the other hand is raised and favored. The words maybe and perhaps convey the idea that something is indefinite, that things are iffy, or that the outcome is unknown.

MCDONALD’S™

Synonym: Fast Food Restaurant

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing slightly diagonally forward, initially is held in front of the opposite side of the body at chest level. The index finger then traces two large vertical arches as the hand moves to the other side.

The act of drawing the “M” of a McDonald’s™ logo.

The index finger draws or traces the shape of the golden arches and “M” of a McDonald’s™ fast food restaurant. A fast food restaurant is typically a chain-based eating establishment that quickly prepares and serves a limited menu of food (often fried) items and drinks.

ME

Synonyms: I, Myself, Self

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm and finger pointing in and knuckles pointing to the side, touches the center of the chest.

The act of pointing to myself.

The active hand points to me or indicates myself. Me and I are words referring to one’s own self.

MEAN

Synonyms: Bad Tempered, Cruel, Glare (scowl), Glower, Inconsiderate, Meanness, Scowl, Unkind, Unpleasant

Pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms and fingers pointing diagonally down to opposite sides, are held on the forehead with the tips of the index fingers near the inner edges of the eyebrows. A frown, scowl, or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of showing the scowling eyebrows of a mean person.

The fingers represent the shape of the eyebrows while a person is scowling or being mean. A mean or bad-tempered person is often cruel, unkind, inconsiderate, or unpleasant to other people. To scowl means to glower, glare, or look angrily at someone or something.

MEASLES (RUBEOLA)

Synonyms: Chickenpox (varicella), German Measles (rubella), Rubella, Rubeola, Varicella

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing slightly diagonally up, touches the face in several different locations. A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of pointing to spots on one’s face caused by measles.

The index finger points to or indicates some of the small, red spots on the skin caused by various childhood diseases. Measles (rubeola), German measles (rubella), and chickenpox (varicella) are all contagious viral infections common in many areas of the world. In developed countries, these diseases are often prevented by early childhood vaccinations.

MEASURE

Synonyms: Gauge (measure), Length, Measurement, Measuring Tape, Ruler, Size, Tape Measure, Unit (of measure), Yardstick

The tips of the thumbs of horns-hands (the little fingers and thumbs are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing down and knuckles pointing forward, touch in front of the body at lower chest level. (This sign can also be made without the little fingers extended.) (To indicate the meaning Yardstick, first make this sign. The hands then move to opposite sides until they are about three feet apart, rotating to become flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing forward.)

The act of measuring the length of something.

The hands depict a unit of measure or the approximate length of a ruler. To measure means to determine the size, dimensions, or extent of something. Historically, people used the span of the hand (the distance from the tip of the extended thumb to the tip of the little finger of the spread- or 5-hand) as a unit of measurement.

MEAT

Synonyms: Flesh, Protein, Steak

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the active baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, clasp the skin between the index finger and thumb of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side with the thumb extended and pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level.

The act of pinching the meaty flesh of one’s hand.

The index finger and thumb of the active hand feel the thickness of a cut of meat or steak (represented by the stationary hand). Meat is the flesh of mammals that is used as food. A steak typically refers to a quality cut of beef.

MEDICATED PATCH

Synonym: Nicotine Patch

The active curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), palm facing in and fingers pointing mostly to the side, initially rests on the upper part of the stationary arm. The hand then slides down a short distance.

The act of putting on a medicated patch.

The active hand represents a medicated patch that is placed on a person’s stationary upper arm. A medicated patch, such as a nicotine patch, is a piece of material that gradually delivers medication into a person’s system via absorption through the skin.

MEDICATION

Synonyms: Capsule (drug), Drug (legal), Medicine, Pill, Prescription, Tablet (drug), Take Medication

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the active baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially touch the upturned palm of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then arcs up to touch the lips, rotating so that the palm faces in and knuckles point diagonally up. An open mouth is appropriate.

The act of taking medication.

The active hand grasps an imaginary pill held in a person’s stationary hand and then puts it in the mouth. Dietary supplements and prescription drugs or medication often come in the form of pills, capsules, or tablets. Medications are substances taken by a person to cure a disease, manage a chronic medical condition, or improve that person’s health.

MEET

Synonyms: Attraction, Date, Encounter, Meeting, Rendezvous

Pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing up, initially are held about a foot apart in front of the sides of the body at upper chest level. The hands then move toward each other until the knuckles touch.

The act of two people meeting.

Each index finger represents a person. As the two hands come together, the two people encounter each other or meet face to face. To meet means to encounter or come into someone’s presence. A date is an engagement or rendezvous (e.g., going to dinner, a movie, or dancing) between two people who are romantically interested in or attracted to one another.

MELON

Synonyms: Cantaloupe, Honeydew Melon, Watermelon

C-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumbs opposite the fingers), palms facing diagonally up and fingers pointing mostly up with the tips of the thumbs close to and pointing at each other and to opposite sides, are held in front of the jaw as the mouth opens and closes. (Alternatively, the tips of the thumbs may touch.)

The act of eating a slice of watermelon.

The hands represent the curved shape of a slice of melon. A melon (such as cantaloupe, honeydew, or watermelon) is a large, juicy fruit of the gourd family. Melons are often eaten for breakfast, as a light snack, or at summer picnics.

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Synonyms: Menses, Menstruation, Ovulation, Period (female)

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing diagonally down, initially touches the abdomen. The finger then traces a circle on the abdomen.

The act of showing the area associated with menstruation.

The index finger points to or indicates the area near a woman’s uterus or womb. The circular movement represents the monthly menstrual cycle: the time between the beginning of one menstrual period and the onset of the next. During menses, a nonpregnant woman discharges blood and other tissue from her uterus. This sign may also be used to refer to ovulation (the process in which an ovary releases an egg that travels down the fallopian tubes to the uterus for possible fertilization).

MESSY

Synonyms: Anarchy, Bedlam, Chaos, Clutter, Commotion, Disarray, Disorder, Disorganized, Havoc, Mayhem, Mess, Pandemonium, Quagmire, Riot, Tumult, Turmoil, Untidy

The upper claw-hand (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially is held a few inches above the lower claw-hand, palm facing up and knuckles pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The hands then make horizontal circles. The hands are offset so that one arcs forward as the other arcs back.

The act of showing how messy or disorganized something is.

The movement of the hands represents the haphazard location of multiple items strewn around a messy, cluttered room. Something that is messy is untidy, in disarray, or disorganized. The hands may also represent a commotion or agitating motion that results in disorder, pandemonium, turmoil, havoc, anarchy, mayhem, bedlam, or chaos.

MICROPHONE

Synonyms: Commentator, Correspondent (media), Emcee, Journalist, Media (press), Press (media), Press Officer, Pundit, Reporter, Spokesperson, Talking Head

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing to the side, initially is held to the side of the body near waist level. The fist then arcs diagonally up to in front of the chin. The mouth may open and close.

The act of speaking into a microphone.

The hand grasps an imaginary microphone and brings it near to a person’s mouth so that he or she can speak into it. A microphone is an instrument used to transmit sound. Reporters, media correspondents, journalists, pundits, spokespeople, and emcees often speak in front of cameras or large crowds while holding and/or speaking into a microphone so that their words may be heard over ambient noise.

MICROWAVE

Synonym: Microwave Oven

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing at each other and to opposite sides, initially are held several inches apart in front of the body at upper chest level. The fingers then wiggle vigorously.

The act of microwaving food.

The wiggling fingers represent the short electromagnetic waves that cook or heat up food that has been placed inside of an imaginary microwave oven. A microwave oven is a rectangular, box-like kitchen appliance that heats, warms, or cooks food more quickly than conventional ovens.

MIDDLE (HORIZONTAL AXIS)

Synonyms: Average (mathematical), Center (horizontal axis), Intermediate, Mean (mathematical), Median (mathematical), Median (middle), Medium, Mid-Point

The index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm and finger pointing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially is held a short distance above the index finger of the stationary pointing-hand, palm facing in and finger pointing to the side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then moves down until the tip of its index finger touches the middle joint of the stationary index finger.

The act of showing the middle point of one’s index finger.

The index finger of the active hand points to or indicates the middle or mid-point of the index finger of the stationary hand. The middle is the location at the center of an object or midway along one of its (horizontal) dimensions. In mathematics, the average or mean of a set of values is calculated by adding all the values together and then dividing by the number of values.

MILITARY

Synonyms: Armed Forces, Army, Authority (military), Marines, Salute (military)

The edge of the tip of the index finger of the flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side with the arm extended out to the side at shoulder level, initially touches the temple (the side of the forehead). The hand then moves forward a short distance.

The act of saluting someone in the military.

A salute is a gesture of respect that military personnel perform when greeting a higher-ranking soldier, official, or authority. Military refers to the armed forces (e.g., army, navy, air force, or marines) of a country whose duty it is to defend that country’s security and sovereignty.

MILK

Synonyms: Calcium, Cream (milk), Dairy, Teat (animal), Udder

The spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing forward, initially is held in front of the body at chest level. The hand then closes into a fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing to the side and knuckles pointing forward. The action is repeated a few times. (This sign may also be made with two hands.)

The act of milking a cow.

The hand grasps one of the teats on an imaginary female cow’s udder and then squeezes the teat to get milk. The udder of a female cow (and other mammals) secretes and stores milk (a whitish fluid) for the nourishment of her calf or young. Cow’s milk, cream, and other dairy products are often consumed by humans as well and are a good source of calcium.

MINE

Synonym: My

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing to the side, initially is held a short distance in front of the body at upper chest level. The hand then moves in to rest on the upper chest.

The act of pressing what is mine against my chest.

The hand represents an object that is pressed against a person’s own chest to show possession. Something that is mine is something that belongs to me, is related to me, or is characteristic of me. Mine is the possessive form of the pronoun I. Related to the sign for Me.

MINISTER

Synonyms: Clergy, Clerical Collar, Priest

The edges of the tips of the index finger and thumb of the G-hand (the index finger and thumb are extended from an otherwise closed hand and are parallel), palm and fingers pointing to the side and knuckles pointing up, initially touch the opposite side of the neck. The index finger and thumb then slide to the other side of the neck.

The act of a minister putting on a clerical collar.

The index finger and thumb represent the approximate width of a minister’s or priest’s clerical collar. Ministers or members of the clergy are persons authorized to perform religious services. Such a person often wears a clerical collar (a stiff, white band) around his or her neck.

MINUTE

Synonyms: Brief (time), Instant, Moment, Second (unit of time), Short Time

The active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and finger pointing up, initially is held close to or resting on the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the opposite side and fingers pointing up. Both hands are in front of the body at upper chest level. The active hand then rotates forward about an inch, ending with the index finger pointing diagonally up.

The act of a minute hand or second hand moving on a clock.

The index finger of the active hand represents the minute hand or second hand on a clock’s face (represented by the stationary hand). When the active index finger moves a short distance, it means a minute (a time period of sixty seconds) has passed. The short distance of the movement may also indicate a brief instant or moment in time or the passing of a shorter amount of time (such as a second). Related to the sign for Hour.

MIRROR

Synonyms: Image (reflection), Looking Glass, Mirror Image, Reflection (mirror)

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing up, initially is held in front of and to the side of the face. The wrist then rotates slightly from side to side. The eyes should gaze at the palm. A smile or happy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of gazing at one’s reflection in a mirror.

The hand represents a small, handheld mirror that a person looks into to check his or her appearance. A mirror is a smooth, polished surface (typically made of glass) that reflects images and light. A reflection is an image of a person, animal, or object that is seen in a mirror or on a shiny surface.

MISS

Synonyms: Fail to Meet, Pass By

Pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing to opposite sides and fingers pointing up, initially are held about a foot apart in front of the sides of the body at upper chest level. The hands then move to opposite sides, passing each other along the way. (The hands should be several inches apart when they pass each other).

The act of two people missing each other.

Each index finger represents a person. The two people start to approach each other (represented by the initial position), but then they pass by without encountering or making face to face contact (represented by the intermediate and final positions). To miss means to fail to meet or make contact with someone. Related to the sign for Meet.

MISTAKE

Synonyms: Accident (mistake), Accidentally, Amiss, Blunder, Botch, Bungle, By Accident, Error, Gaffe, Lapse, Mistaken, Slip-Up

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing up, initially is held just in front of the chin. The fist then taps the chin a couple of times. A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of taking it on one’s chin for making a mistake.

The hand represents a mistake or error that a person confronts or takes on his or her chin. The expression “taking it on the chin” means for a person to suffer the consequences or results of his or her errors, gaffes, or mistakes. A mistake is a blunder, wrong action, slip-up, lapse in judgment, or an error in understanding.

MONDAY

The active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing to the side, initially rests on top of the elbow of the stationary arm, palm facing down and fingers pointing to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active hand then arcs up to just above shoulder level as the palm rotates out and index finger points up.

Monday is the first day of the workweek.

The active hand represents the path or course of the sun as it rises above the horizon (represented by the stationary forearm) on Monday, the first day of the workweek (in many countries). The sign for One superimposed on the sign for Day.

MONEY

Synonyms: Cash, Costly, Currency, Expensive, Financial, Legal Tender (money)

The curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), palm facing up and fingers pointing mostly forward, initially is held in front of the body at lower chest level. The ball of the thumb then strokes the tips of the fingers.

The act of feeling money held in one’s hand.

The thumb strokes imaginary cash, money, or currency held in a person’s hand. Money or currency is legal tender that is in circulation and accepted as a medium of exchange in payment for services or products. This sign may also be used to represent that something is expensive or costs a lot of money. Financial means of or pertaining to a person’s money, assets, or funds.

MONKEY

Synonyms: Ape, Baboon, Bonobo, Chimpanzee, Orangutan

The tips of the fingers of the curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), palm facing up and fingers pointing mostly to the side, initially touch the side of the body below the armpit. The fingers then arc up slightly. (This sign can also be made with two hands.)

The act of a monkey scratching its side.

The hand represents the hand of a monkey as it scratches its side. Chimpanzees and monkeys are often depicted as scratching themselves. Monkeys, apes, baboons, bonobos, chimps, and orangutans are hairy, non-human primates with hands and feet that are capable of grasping.

MONSTER

Synonyms: Ferocious, Fierce, Frankenstein, Giant, Ogre, Spooky

Claw-hands (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palms facing out and knuckles pointing up, initially are extended out to the sides of the body at head level with the arms bent at the elbows. The hands then bend forward from the wrists a couple of times. A fierce or mean facial expression is appropriate.

The act of a monster making threatening gestures.

The arms and hands represent the arms (or legs) and paws of a monster. A monster or ogre is often depicted as a large, hideous creature that makes menacing, spooky, or threatening gestures. Ferocious means fierce or ready to attack.

MONTH

Synonym: Four Weeks

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward and down, initially touches the top of the palm of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing up and slightly in and fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level. The active index finger then slides about halfway down the stationary index finger. The movement is repeated three more times on the stationary middle finger, ring finger, and little finger. The eyes should look down at the stationary hand.

The act of showing the four weeks in a month.

The index finger of the active hand points to or indicates each of the four horizontal rows or weeks (represented by the fingers of the stationary hand) on a page in a monthly calendar (represented by the stationary hand). A month is one twelfth of a year or about four weeks in duration. On modern calendars, a month has between twenty-eight and thirty-one days. Related to the sign for Week.

MOON

Synonyms: Crescent, Lunar

The curved-hand (the fingers and thumb are together and curved), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing mostly up, initially is extended forward in front of one side of the body above head level. The hand then arcs down a short distance.

The act of outlining the curve of the moon in the night sky.

The hand outlines or draws the partial curve or arc of the moon that is visible in the sky (represented by the location above head level) during its crescent phase. A moon is a body in space that orbits around a planet. The crescent phase of the monthly lunar cycle is when less than half of the moon is visible; this phase occurs before and after a new moon (the time when the face of the moon is completely dark as seen from Earth).

MORNING

Synonyms: A.M., Light (color), Lighten (sky)

Antonyms: Dark, Darken, Darkness, Dim, Evening, Shade, Shadows

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing to opposite sides, initially are held near the elbows in front of the body at upper chest level. The hands then arc up to opposite sides of the head, ending with the forearms vertical and fingers pointing up. (To indicate the meanings Dark, Darken, Darkness, Dim, Evening, Shade, or Shadows, reverse the action of the sign.)

The act of the sky becoming brighter in the morning.

The horizontal forearms represent the horizon and the hands represent light spreading throughout the sky as the sun rises in the morning (represented by the movement and the final position). Morning is the early part of the day, often referring to the time period occurring between sunrise and noon.

MOTHER

Synonyms: Mama, Maternal, Maternity, Matriarch, Mom, Mommy, Motherhood

The tip of the thumb of the spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing up, touches the upper chest near or above the breast.

The act of a mother nourishing her infant at her breast.

The tip of the thumb is held near the breast because the mother often is the one who breastfeeds or nourishes an infant. A mother is a female parent or figure who has helped produce and/or rear a child. Mom, Mommy, and Mama are common terms of endearment for a person’s own mother.

MOTORCYCLE

Synonyms: Handlebars, Motorbike, Rev the Engine

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially are held about eighteen inches apart in front of and to the sides of the body at chest level. The fists then arc back by bending at the wrists. The action is repeated.

The act of revving the engine on a motorcycle.

The fists grasp and hold the handlebars of an imaginary motorcycle and then rev the engine (increase the number of revolutions per minute of the engine) by bending the fists back. A motorcycle or motorbike is a two-wheeled motor vehicle larger than a bicycle. A motorcycle is steered by moving its handlebars from side to side.

MOUNTAINS

Synonyms: Hills, Mountain Range, Peaks (mountains), Ridge

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward, initially is held in front of the opposite side of the body at chest level. The hand then moves diagonally up and down a couple of times as it moves to the other side.

The act of drawing the shape of two mountains.

The index finger outlines or draws the steep slopes and narrow, pointed summits or peaks of a pair of mountains. A mountain is one of a range of multiple elevations of the ground or of the surface of a planet; mountains are taller and reach higher elevations than hills. A hill is also an elevation of the ground but is much shorter and may exist on its own or in proximity to other hills.

MOUSE

Synonyms: Gerbil, Rat, Rodent, Vole

The back of the tapered- or O-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tip), palm facing out and knuckles pointing up, touches the tip of the nose.

The hand resembles the pointed nose of a mouse.

The hand represents the long, pointed nose of a mouse or rat. A mouse or rat is a small rodent that may proliferate in the country as well as in urban settings; rats and mice are often viewed as pests. Rodents are mammals with continuously growing front teeth (incisors) and are known for gnawing on their food, wood, or hard surfaces.

MOUSE (COMPUTER)

Synonyms: Click (mouse), Mouse Click

The spread curved-hand (the fingers are spread apart and curved), palm facing down and fingers pointing mostly forward, initially is held in front of the side of the body at lower chest level. The hand then moves several inches diagonally forward and out to the side. Then, the index finger moves down slightly a couple of times.

The act of using a computer mouse.

The hand grips an imaginary computer mouse, moves it, and then pushes one of its buttons. A computer mouse is an often oval-shaped electronic device that allows a person to move a cursor on a computer screen and to select an item by clicking or pressing down on one of the mouse’s buttons.

MOUTH

Synonyms: Maw, Oral, Oral Cavity, Orifice

The pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing slightly diagonally up, makes a circle around the mouth. The mouth may be open.

The act of showing the location of one’s mouth.

The index finger points to or indicates the location of a person’s mouth or oral cavity. The mouth is the orifice or opening in a person’s face through which food and drink are consumed. Oral means of or pertaining to the mouth.

MOVE (RELOCATE)

Synonyms: Mobile, Moveable, Movement, Put Down (an object), Relocate, Shift Location, Transfer

Claw-hands (the fingers are spread apart and bent), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, initially are held about six to nine inches apart in front of and to one side of the body near waist level. The hands then arc up and over to the other side of the body. (This sign may be altered to show the actual direction that the object is to be moved.)

The act of moving an object.

The hands grasp an imaginary object and then move or transfer it from its current location (represented by the initial position) to another location (represented by the final position). This sign may also be used to represent a person relocating from one residence to a home in a different area or place. To move means to change place, relocate, or shift the position of something.

MOVIE

Synonyms: Cinema, Film, Movie Reel, Movie Theater, Projector

The fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing down and knuckles pointing forward, initially is held in front of and to the side of the head. The fist then makes vertical circles.

The act of a movie reel turning.

The fist represents a movie reel as it turns in an imaginary projector (a device that shines light through film and projects the images onto a screen). A movie is a motion picture or film. Historically, viewing movies involved the use of large rotary wheels (reels) on which film was wound. In addition, early movie cameras often involved the use of hand cranking to advance the film in the camera.

MULTIPLY

Synonyms: Crossed, Multiplication (math), Multiplication Symbol, Times (multiply)

Pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing diagonally up to opposite sides, touch at the knuckles to form an “X.” Both hands are in front of the body at upper chest level.

The “X” resembles a multiplication symbol.

The crossed index fingers represent the mathematical times or multiplication symbol (x) often used in textbooks. To multiply means to increase greatly in number, often by repetition or multiples.

MUSCLE

Synonym: Biceps

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm and finger pointing in and knuckles pointing to the side, touches the biceps or upper part of the flexed stationary arm. The stationary arm is extended out to the side of the body at shoulder level with the forearm pointing up or diagonally up.

The act of showing the location of one’s large upper arm muscle.

The active index finger points to or indicates the location of the prominent upper arm muscle known as the biceps. A muscle is a type of tissue that is involved in maintaining posture, producing motion, and the exertion of force upon an object (or upon a person during a fight or in certain sports).

MUSIC

Synonyms: Choir, Concert, Conductor, Conduct Music, Orchestra, Sing, Singer, Song, Symphony, Tune (song)

Pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing down and fingers pointing mostly forward and slightly up, initially are held next to each other in front of the body at upper chest level. (The edges of the tips of the index fingers may touch.) The hands then arc apart to opposite sides and back together again a few times. (To indicate the meanings Choir, Sing, or Singer, open the mouth while performing this sign.)

The act of conducting the music of an orchestra.

One of the index fingers may represent a baton that is waved back and forth with a conductor’s hands as he or she leads a symphony performance of an orchestra or directs a choir (a group of people singing). Music is an ordering of sounds, often with a particular rhythm. A concert is a musical performance.

MUSTACHE

The edge of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing to the side, initially is held on the face above one side of the upper lip and below the nose. The finger then moves to be above the other side of the upper lip.

The act of feeling one’s mustache.

The index finger represents the approximate dimensions and location of a person’s mustache. A mustache is a growth of hair on the upper lip of humans, particularly teen and adult males.

NAIL POLISH

Synonym: Paint One’s Fingernails

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the active baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and knuckles pointing diagonally forward, graze or slide down a few fingernails of the stationary spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level.

The act of brushing nail polish onto one’s fingernails.

The active hand grasps a small, imaginary brush and uses it to paint or apply nail polish to some of the fingernails of the stationary hand. Nail polish is a clear or colored liquid that is applied to a person’s fingernails. Nail polish hardens to form a coating that protects and decorates the fingernails.

NAPKIN

Synonyms: Paper Towel, Serviette

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing forward, initially are held about a foot apart just in front of the body at waist level. The hands then move toward each other until the edges of the index fingers and/or thumbs touch. The wrists may touch the abdomen.

The act of placing a napkin in one’s lap.

The hands represent a napkin, cloth, or paper towel that is placed on a person’s lap to protect his or her clothes from food during meals. A napkin is also used to wipe a person’s mouth and to clean his or her hands during or after a meal.

NARCOTIC(S)

Synonyms: Addict (drug), Analgesic, Anesthetic, Anxiolytic, Drug Addict, Drug (illegal), Heroin, Lidocain™, Painkiller, Sedative, Tranquilizer

The active fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing to the side, initially is held a few inches above the stationary forearm, palm facing up and fingers pointing diagonally forward. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active fist then moves down until the base of the fist hits the stationary forearm near the crook of the arm.

The act of injecting a painkiller or narcotic into one’s arm.

The active hand grasps an imaginary syringe full of liquid narcotics and then injects the liquid into the bloodstream through a blood vessel in the stationary forearm. Narcotics, analgesics, and anesthetics are drugs used for the relief of pain or discomfort. This sign may also be used to indicate the taking of illegal drugs (such as heroin) by a person who is addicted to them. Lidocain™ is an anesthetic used to numb an area of the body before a surgical or medical procedure.

NARROW

Synonyms: Abbreviate (shorten), Abbreviation, Abridge (shorten), Abstract (summary), Acronym, Brief (legal), Concise, Contraction (grammatical), Finite, Keep it Short (brief), Limited, Précis, Restrict, Root (of a word), Short Form (abbreviation), Short (length), Succinct, Summarize, Summary, Synopsis, Temporary, Terse

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing forward, initially are held about a foot apart in front of the sides of the body at lower chest level. The hands then move toward each other until they are only a few inches apart.

The act of showing the narrow width of something.

The hands initially represent the outer edges or sides of a normal-sized object. The hands then move closer together to show that the referenced object is narrower than normal. Narrow means small or limited in width. The hands may also initially represent the full length of a word and then move closer together to denote an acronym, abbreviation, contraction, root, or shortened form of that word. An abstract, brief, précis, summary, or synopsis is a short description of the contents of a larger document or an abridged version of that document. Finite means that there are a fixed, limited, or restricted number of options or answers.

NAUGHTY

Synonyms: Badly Behaved, Disobedient, Misbehave, Mischievous

The tips of the index finger and thumb of the baby O-hand (the index finger and thumb are curved and touch at their tips from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and knuckles pointing mostly to the side of the head, initially grip the top of the ear. The index finger and thumb then pull slightly out to the side as the head leans in that direction.

The act of leading away a disobedient or naughty child.

A parent or caregiver may grasp or pinch a disobedient or badly behaved child’s ear and then lead him or her away (represented by the final position) to be punished. A child who is mischievous or naughty often misbehaves, is disobedient, and causes a disruption.

NEAR

Synonyms: Almost, Approach, Close To (near), Come Close, Nearby, Nearly

The active bent-hand (the fingers are together and extended at a right angle with respect to the palm), palm and fingers pointing in and knuckles pointing to the side, initially is held about nine inches to the side of the stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing forward. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active hand then moves to the side until it is about an inch away from the stationary hand.

The act of one hand approaching or coming near to the other.

The active hand represents one object that is initially at a distance from another object (represented by the stationary hand), but then approaches or comes close to that object. Something that is near or nearby is close to or almost at a person’s or an object’s current position or is only a short distance away.

NEARSIGHTED(NESS)

Synonyms: Myopia, Myopic

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing in and fingers pointing up with the edges of the little fingers touching, initially are held about twelve inches in front of the face. The hands then slowly move in until they are about six inches away from the face. Squinting is appropriate.

The act of a nearsighted person holding a book close to his or her face.

The hands represent the pages of an open book. The book must be moved closer to the face because the nearsighted person is having a hard time seeing and reading the words on the pages. A person who is nearsighted or who has myopia has difficulty seeing things at a distance; such a person may move reading materials closer to his or her face.

NECK

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing to the side, touches the side of the neck.

The act of showing the location of one’s neck.

The index finger points to or indicates the location of a person’s neck. The neck is the part of the body that connects the head to the trunk or torso. The muscles in a person’s neck allow that person to turn his or her head from side to side, as well as look up and down.

NECKLACE

Synonyms: Choker (necklace), Jewelry, Pearls

The tips of the index fingers of pointing-hands (the index fingers are extended from otherwise closed hands), palms facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up to opposite sides, initially touch the center of the upper chest near the base of the neck. The hands then arc up to opposite sides of the neck.

The act of showing off a necklace worn around one’s neck.

The index fingers point to or indicate the location of a necklace or a string of pearls hanging around a person’s neck. A necklace is an ornament or piece of jewelry that is worn around a person’s neck. A choker typically is a short, close-fitting necklace.

NECKTIE

Synonyms: Cravat, Neckcloth, Tie (necktie)

The tips of the fingers and thumb of the C-hand (the fingers are together and curved, with the thumb opposite the fingers), palm facing in and fingers pointing mostly to the side, initially touch the upper chest at the base of the neck. The hand then moves straight down to near waist level.

The act of showing the location of one’s necktie.

The hand outlines the approximate shape and length of a necktie or cravat. A necktie is a cloth garment, typically long and narrow, that is tied in front of a person’s neck and hangs down to near waist level. Ties are typically worn by men when wearing a suit or more formal business attire.

NEED TO USE THE BATHROOM

Synonyms: Be Restless, Fidget, Need to Go Potty, Squirm

Fists (each hand forms a fist), palms facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally down to opposite sides, initially are crisscrossed at the wrists as they are held on or near the waist. The fists then shake or move slightly as the signer bends forward. A frown or an unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of fidgeting because one needs to use the bathroom.

The crossed arms represent the crossed legs of a person (especially a child) who needs to use the bathroom or toilet. The movement of the fists represents the nervous fidgeting, squirming, or restless behavior of someone who has an urgent need to urinate or defecate.

NERVOUS

Synonyms: Anxiety, Anxious, Hyperactive, Jittery, Rattled, Shaky, Shudder, Tremble

The spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward and down, initially is held in front of the body at lower chest level. The hand then shakes or flutters slightly. A frown or fearful facial expression is appropriate.

The act of a person’s hand trembling with anxiety or nervous energy.

A person who is nervous or anxious often is unable to keep still and may shake or tremble involuntarily. To be nervous means that a person is jittery, restless, or rattled and may act in an unsteady manner.

NEVER

Synonyms: Ban, Forbid, Forbidden, Illegal, Impossible, Prohibit, Taboo

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing diagonally up to opposite sides, initially are crisscrossed in front of the body at chest level. The hands then forcefully move diagonally down to opposite sides of the body below waist level. Frowning and shaking the head “No” are appropriate.

The act of X-ing out any possibility to show something will never happen.

The crossed arms form an X-shape that represents that a person’s path is blocked and further action is prohibited, banned, or forbidden. The large, forceful movement indicates that something is never allowed. Something that is impossible will never happen or will not occur at any time or place. A taboo is a culturally prohibited or forbidden activity.

NEW

Synonyms: Emerge, Emergent, Fresh, Nascent

Tapered- or O-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tips), palms facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally up, initially are held a few inches apart just in front of and below the mouth. The hands then arc forward a few inches as they swiftly open into spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing up and fingers pointing forward. Blowing air as the hands open is appropriate.

The act of something new emerging; a breath of fresh air.

The O-hands represent something that is dormant or that has not yet been born, and the fingers of the 5-hands represent the emergence and spreading of that new thing. Something that is new has a quality of freshness to it as it has just been born, created, or made.

NEWSPAPER

Synonyms: Booklet, Brochure, Comic Book, Journal, Magazine, Menu, Pamphlet, Periodical (magazine)

The tips of the fingers and thumbs of tapered- or O-hands (the fingers are together and curved, with the finger tips touching the thumb tips), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and knuckles pointing forward, initially touch in front of the body at chest or upper chest level. The hands then arc up slightly and to opposite sides until they are about two to three feet apart.

The act of opening a newspaper or menu.

The hands grasp the edges of an imaginary newspaper, booklet, brochure, or pamphlet and then pull the edges apart so that a person can read the material on its pages. A newspaper is a publication, often printed on large paper sheets, that reports news events and various matters of public interest. A magazine, journal, or periodical is typically a soft-covered publication printed on regular-sized paper and geared toward specific topics (e.g., sports, fashion, health, gardening, academics, etc.).

NEXT

Synonyms: After, After a While, Afterward, Later, Subsequent(ly)

The active flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended) initially is held behind the stationary flat-hand, palms facing in and fingers pointing to opposite sides. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The fingers of the back, active hand may touch the fingers of the front, stationary hand. The active hand then arcs up, forward, and over the stationary hand.

The act of crossing a barrier to be next in line.

The stationary hand represents a barrier separating a customer (represented by the active hand) from an imaginary checkout counter. The person then moves forward (beyond the barrier) to be the next person to receive help. Something that is next is the immediately succeeding person, event, or place. The stationary hand may also represent the present time frame and the active hand moves to show a later time frame — the time after the present. After means later in time, following the present time, or subsequent to something.

NEXT TO

Synonyms: Abut, Adjacent, Alongside, Beside, Neighbor, Next Door

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing down, initially touches the hip. The hand then moves about six inches out to the side.

The act of showing the space next to or beside one’s body.

The hand initially denotes a person’s own location and then moves to the side to show the location of someone else or something in the area next to that person (represented by the final position). Next to means alongside, beside, or adjacent to something. A neighbor is someone who typically lives next to, next door, or a relatively short distance away from a person’s own house or residence.

NINE

Synonym: Ninth

The hands, palms facing out and fingers pointing up, are held next to each other in front of the body at shoulder level. One hand is the spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended) and the other hand is the spread- or 5-hand with its thumb tucked into the palm.

Nine fingers or digits are held up; 5 + 4 = 9.

Nine fingers or digits are extended and should be counted — five on one hand and four on the other. Nine is the whole number or integer between eight and ten. Related to the signs for Five and Four.

NO

Synonyms: Nay, Not, Shake One’s Head

The head twists from side to side. A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of shaking one’s head to indicate “no.”

A person frequently twists or shakes his or her head from side to side as a way of conveying negation. No is an expression of refusal (when a person does not wish to do something) or an expression of negation (when a person does not agree with something).

NOISY

Synonyms: Cacophony, Clamorous, Din, Earsplitting, Echo, Loud (sound), Noise, Reverberate, Thunder, Thunderous

Flat-hands (each hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palms facing each other and to opposite sides and fingers pointing up, initially are held near to or touching the ears. The hands then abruptly move a short distance away from the head and then back to their original positions. A frown or unhappy facial expression is appropriate.

The act of noisy sounds bouncing off one’s ears.

The hands represent strong vibrations or loud sound waves reverberating or bouncing off a person’s eardrums. If the sound waves are powerful enough, they may rupture the eardrums and/or cause considerable pain. Noises often are loud, unpleasant, and distracting sounds. An echo is a repetition of a sound caused by that sound bouncing off a surface and subsequently being reflected back toward a listener.

NOON

Synonyms: Midday, Twelve o’clock (day), Zenith (sun)

The elbow of the flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing up, rests on the back of the stationary flat-hand, palm facing down and fingers pointing to the side. The stationary hand is in front of the body at lower chest level.

The act of the hour hand of a wall clock pointing straight up at noon.

The upper hand represents the hour hand of a clock as it points straight up to indicate noon or 12:00. Noon is the middle of the day. The upper hand may also represent the sun at its highest point (zenith) in the sky relative to the horizon (represented by the stationary forearm). The sun’s zenith occurs at midday or noon. Related to the sign for Afternoon.

NORTH

Synonyms: Northern, Upright (object)

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing to the side and fingers pointing up, initially is held in front of one side of the body near chest level. The hand then moves straight up to above head level.

The act of showing the direction of north on a compass or map.

The hand represents the upward-pointing arrow of a compass indicating the direction of due north. On most geographical maps, north is at the top and is also indicated by an upward-pointing arrow. North is the direction of Earth’s pole that is located in the Arctic region. If a person faces a sunset, north is located to his or her right.

NOSE

Synonym: Nasal

The tip of the index finger of the pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing in and finger pointing diagonally up, touches the nose.

The act of showing the location of one’s nose.

The index finger points to or indicates the location of a person’s nose. The nose is the organ used for smelling scents or odors. In humans, the nose is located in the center of a person’s face. In many animals, the nose is elongated and projects forward in front of the face. Nasal means of or pertaining to the nose.

NOTICE

Synonyms: Conspicuous, Detect, Discern, Eye-Catching, Identify, Noticeable, Observe, Perceive, Recognize

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing to the side and finger pointing up, initially touches the face near the eye or is held next to the eye. The stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally up, is held about a foot in front of the lower face or upper chest. The active hand then arcs forward and down until the tip of its index finger points forward and touches the stationary palm.

The act of the eyes observing or noticing something in front of them.

The index finger of the active hand represents a person’s gaze, sight, or vision as that person detects, perceives, or identifies an object or another person (represented by the stationary hand). To notice means to detect, discern, observe, perceive, or take note of something. To recognize means to identify an object as something that a person has seen before.

NOVOCAIN™

The tip of the index finger of the L-hand (the index finger and thumb are extended from an otherwise closed hand and form a right angle), palm facing in and finger pointing diagonally up with the thumb pointing up, initially touches the corner of the mouth. The thumb then arcs down to rest on the upper edge of the index finger.

The act of giving someone a shot of Novocain™ before extracting a tooth.

The index finger represents the needle of a syringe and the thumb represents the syringe’s plunger. The thumb then arcs down as the plunger is depressed and the medication is administered. Novocain™ is a local anesthetic or painkiller often used by dentists during dental procedures such as tooth extractions.

NOW

Synonyms: As Soon as Possible (ASAP), Demand, Immediately, Insist, Insistent, Stat, Urgent

The active fist (the hand forms a fist), palm facing in and knuckles pointing diagonally forward and up, initially is held to the side of the lower face. The stationary flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing up and fingers pointing diagonally forward to the opposite side, is held in front of the body at lower chest level. The active fist then moves diagonally down to forcefully contact the upturned palm of the stationary hand. A frown or angry facial expression is appropriate.

The act of insisting or demanding that something be done right now.

A person may pound his or her fist on a desk or countertop (represented by the stationary hand) to get the full attention of other people in the room. This action also conveys the impression that a person wants something to happen immediately and insists or demands that it be done right now. Now means in the present time or at once.

NUMBER

Synonyms: Digit (number), Integer, Numeral

The tip of the index finger of the active pointing-hand (the index finger is extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and finger pointing diagonally forward, initially touches the tip of the thumb of the stationary spread- or 5-hand (the hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palm facing in and fingers pointing diagonally forward and up to the opposite side. Both hands are in front of the body at chest level. The active index finger then touches the tips of the other stationary fingers.

The act of pointing to a number of things.

The index finger of the active hand points to or indicates a number of objects (represented by the fingers of the stationary hand). Each stationary finger may also represent or stand for a numeral or integer (e.g., one, two, three, four, or five). A number is a quantity that is designated by units.

NURSE

Synonyms: Nursing (profession), Pulse (wrist), Radial Artery

The tips of the index and middle fingers of the active H-hand (the index and middle fingers are together and extended from an otherwise closed hand), palm facing down and fingers pointing diagonally forward, touch the wrist of the stationary hand, palm facing up. Both hands are in front of the body at lower chest level.

The act of a nurse taking a patient’s pulse.

The index and middle fingers of the active hand represent the fingers of a nurse as he or she checks a patient’s pulse by feeling the pulsating rhythm of blood flowing through the patient’s radial artery (located in the wrist). A nurse is a medically trained individual who cares for the sick or wounded.

OATH

Synonyms: Assert, Aver, Commit (to something), Commitment, Deposition, Guarantee, Pledge, Promise, Swear (an oath), Sworn, Testify, Testimony, Vow, Warranty

The flat-hand (the hand is flat with fingers together and extended), palm facing out and fingers pointing up, is held out to the side of the body at head level.

The act of swearing an oath to tell the truth.

The position of the hand represents that of a witness preparing to testify under oath in a court of law in the United States. Before sitting on the witness stand, he or she must first be sworn in by an officer of the court and must solemnly pledge to tell the truth while giving testimony. An oath is a formal promise or vow to fulfill a pledge, to tell the truth, or to do one’s duty.

OCEAN

Synonyms: Lake, Large Body of Water, Maritime, Pond, Sea, Surf (ocean waves), Undulating, Waves

Spread- or 5-hands (each hand is flat with fingers spread apart and extended), palms facing down and fingers pointing forward, initially are held a few inches apart in front of the body at chest level. The hands then arc about six inches up and down while moving forward about a foot.

The act of waves crashing upon the shore of a beach.

The hands represent the rolling or undulating motion of waves moving along the surface of an ocean or as the waves crash upon an imaginary shore. The hands may also represent the choppy or rippling surface of a large pond or lake on a windy day. An ocean or sea is a very large body of salt water.

OCTOPUS