List of Illustrations
Introduction
Fig. 1 |
Government Fixed Capital Formation as % of Primary Current Expenditure. |
Chapter 1
Fig. 1 |
Public Investment by country group (1995–2020) |
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Fig. 2 |
Public Investment in 2018 by Member States (1995–2018) |
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Fig. 3 |
Change in public expenditure composition (2018 versus 1995–2017 average) |
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Fig. 4 |
Fiscal stance in the European Union |
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Fig. 5 |
Fiscal stance and capital expenditure in the European Union |
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Fig. 6 |
Infrastructure investment by sector and promoter |
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Fig. 7 |
Change in subnational investment share by overall government investment trend |
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Fig. 8 |
Underprovision of infrastructure by Country and Sector |
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Fig. 9 |
Infrastructure financing and infrastructure quality |
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Fig. 10 |
Independent assessment of projects and infrastructure quality |
Chapter 2
Fig. 1 |
General government investment rate (as a percentage of GDP). |
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Fig. 2 |
Evolution of General Government Net Wealth as a percentage of GDP |
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Fig. 3 |
Decomposition of public non-financial assets as a percentage of GDP |
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Fig. 4 |
Fixed assets by item (as a percentage of fixed assets) in 1978, 2007 and 2018 |
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Fig. 5 |
Net General Government investment by component as a percentage of GDP |
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Fig. 6 |
Net flow of non-financial assets and primary net financial flows as a percentage of GDP |
Chapter 3
Fig. 1 |
Net public investment in Germany, in percentage of GDP, 1991–2018 |
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Fig. 2 |
Net capital stock in Germany from 1991–2018, in constant prices (index, 1991 = 100) |
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Fig. 3 |
Development of various economic indicators in Germany, percentage change 2010–2017 |
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Fig. 4 |
German GDP and potential output increase, level difference in % |
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Fig. 5 |
Government debt, in percentage of GDP |
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Fig. 6 |
GDP of selected countries and euro area, deviation from baseline, level difference in percent |
Chapter 4
Fig. 1 |
Enlarged PA: public capital expenditure components (%) |
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Fig. 2 |
Public capital expenditure (percentage of GDP) in Italy |
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Fig. 3 |
Public investment as percentage of GDP |
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Fig. 4 |
Public investment by PA and public companies (%) |
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Fig. 5 |
Public investment components (%) |
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Fig. 6 |
Public investment by PA levels of government and by public companies (%) |
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Fig. 7 |
Contributions to public investment growth by PA and public companies (%) |
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Fig. 8 |
Investment by public companies by sector (%) |
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Fig. 9 |
PA investment by sector (%) |
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Fig. 10 |
Per capita public investment by the PA, and per capita GDP by Italian regions in 2016 |
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Fig. 11 |
Population, GDP and public investment by PA and public companies shares by Italian regions in 2017 (%) |
Chapter 5
Fig. 1 |
Public investment effort: public investment over GDP (%) |
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Fig. 2 |
Distribution of public investment by type of asset: average for the period 2000–2017 (%) |
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Fig. 3 |
Investment (1964 = 100): total and public |
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Fig. 4 |
Public investment effort: public investment over GDP (%) |
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Fig. 5 |
Distribution of public investment by type of asset (%) |
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Fig. 6 |
Public capital ratios: over GDP (%) and population (thousand euros per inhabitant) |
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Fig. 7 |
Distribution of public capital by type of asset (%) |
Chapter 6
Fig. 1 |
Evolution of R&D intensity, 2000–2016 |
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Fig. 2 |
Evolution of public R&D intensity, 2000–2016 |
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Fig. 3 |
R&D intensity, 2000, 2007, 2016 and 2020 target |
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Fig. 4 |
Share of government budget appropriations or outlays on R&D — percentage of total general government expenditure |
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Fig. 5 |
GERD financed by sector (%), 2015 |
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Fig. 6 |
BERD, HERD and GOVERD % of GDP per Country, 2007, 2012, 2017 |
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Fig. 7 |
Structural Funds: share of funding allocated to R&I (devoted to small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) and to research); total per country |
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Fig. 8 |
Horizon 2020: average of European contribution per project and per country |
Chapter 7
Fig. 1 |
Employment rate, equality and welfare spending in selected OECD countries (averages 2010-2015). |
Chapter 8
Fig. 1 |
Distribution of EU Ten-T funds by transport mode and core corridor |
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Fig. 2 |
Distribution of EU Ten-T funds by transport mode |
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Fig. 3 |
Ratio of extra-EU and intra-EU exports, 2002–2016, and forecast to 2030 |
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Fig. 4 |
Potential Ten-T/BRI dovetailing nodes |
Chapter 10
Fig. 1 |
ERDF and Cohesion Fund allocations, 2015–2017 (percentage of general government capital expenditure) |
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Fig. 2 |
Historic EU payments by NUTS-2 region and programming period (current euro prices) |