Fig. 1. |
Ancient Egyptian writing—stela of Senusret III, Altes Museum Berlin https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_egyptian_stela_Senusert_III.JPG CC BY-SA 3.0. |
Fig. 1. |
Fig. 2. |
Basic QWERTY keyboard (with the interleaved bars of a traditional typewriter). Diagram: the author. |
Fig. 2. |
Fig. 3. |
Ancient Roman mosaic, featuring a panther—detail from Pompeii, National Archaeological Museum, Naples https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MANNapoli_SN_mosaic_Panthere.jpg Public domain. |
Fig. 3. |
Fig. 4. |
Georges Seurat’s Honfleur, un soir, embouchure de la Seine (detail) Museum of Modern Art, New York https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Georges-Pierre_Seurat_-_Honfleur,_un_soir,_embouchure_de_la_Seine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Public domain. |
Fig. 4. |
Fig. 5. |
A modern Jacquard loom https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:India_-_Sights_%26_Culture_-_Hand-loom_pattern_cards_for_silk_sari_weaving_(2507306023).jpg CC BY 2.0. |
Fig. 5. |
Fig. 6. |
Sound. Diagram: the author. |
Fig. 6. |
Fig. 7. |
Views of a cube. Diagram: the author. |
Fig. 7. |
Fig. 8. |
World map according to the Mercator projection https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20066691 CC BY-SA 3.0. |
Fig. 8. |
Fig. 9. |
World map according to the Peters projection https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peters_projection,_blank.svg Public domain. |
Fig. 9. |
Fig. 10. |
Ancient Egyptian art: Drawings of the gods Nebt-Het, Anubis, and Seb https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nebt-Het._AND_Anubis._AND_Seb,_or_Keb._(1902)_-_TIMEA.jpg From Travelers in the Middle East Archive. CC BY 2.5. |
Fig. 10. |
Fig. 11. |
Drawing of an ancient Greek vase painting. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EB1911_Greek_Art_-_Vase_Drawing_(Fig._2).jpg Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.), v. 12, 1911, p. 474—Public domain. |
Fig. 11. |
Fig. 12. |
A banquet—detail from the Bayeux Tapestry https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bayeuxtapeten,_Nordisk_familjebok.png Nordisk familjebok—Public domain. |
Fig. 12. |
Fig. 13. |
Hokusai—Chushingura, Act XI, Scene 2 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HokusaiChushingura.jpg Public domain. |
Fig. 13. |
Fig. 14. |
Juan Gris—Portrait of Pablo Picasso https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Juan_Gris_-_Portrait_of_Pablo_Picasso_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Public domain. |
Fig. 14. |
Fig. 15. |
Perspective drawing—From Albrecht Dürer’s Institutiones Geometricae (1532) http://www.cbi.umn.edu/hostedpublications/Tomash/ Courtesy of the Erwin Tomash Library. |
Fig. 15. |
Fig. 16. |
Slide rule. Diagram: the author. |
Fig. 16. |
Fig. 17. |
Hollerith tabulator, From Scientific American, 1890. http://www.cbi.umn.edu/hostedpublications/Tomash/ Courtesy of the Erwin Tomash Library. |
Fig. 17. |
Fig. 18. |
Vigenère square. Diagram: the author. |
Fig. 18. |
Fig. 19. |
Enigma machine https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enigma_Machine_A16672_open,_letter_L_pressed.agr.jpg CC BY-SA 4.0. |
Fig. 19. |