Index
aesthetic judgment and moral judgment 80, 95, 116
Aristotle xiv, xv, 3, 10, 19, 21, 26, 29, 39, 48, 61, 72, 81, 97, 100, 102, 123, 152, 179, 181, 189, 233, 241, 253, 271, 285–287, 294–295, 311
belief. See also knowledge
distinctive of non-philosophers xxiv, 153–154, 161–162, 176
particulars are the objects of belief 161, 163–164, 168, 197, 203
Cave Allegory. See Chapter 11
Confucius 106
courage 118
courage as a personal virtue 17, 78–79, 98, 109–111, 120, 180, 294
courage as a political virtue 101–102, 118, 120, 153
dialectic 75, 120, 184, 195, 202, 204, 206–208, 214, 218, 235
disability xxii, 84–85, 90, 98
disgust 67, 81, 115–117, 123, 127, 136–137, 245, 283
distaste. See disgust
divided line analogy xviii, xxiv, 196, 198–202, 211–217, 219, 287, 301
education (paideia) xiv, xviii, xxii, xxv, 4, 66, 72, 94–96, 102, 110–111, 116, 118, 120, 122, 133–134, 136–137, 139, 147, 166, 176, 178, 207, 211–212, 214, 222, 224, 278, See Chapter 4
in decaying cities and souls 230–232, 235, 244–245
point of the Cave Allegory 211
epistemology
epistemological argument against imitative poetry 279, 283
relation to metaphysics 153, 161, 199, 279
noble falsehood, the xxii, 87–90, 105–106, 110, 134, 285, 292
true v. verbal falsehoods 76–78, 88–90, 102, 133, 145, 177, 285
feminism xxiii, 140–144, 148, 241
Form of the good, the
epistemological, metaphysical, moral foundation xxiv, 156, 191, 195–196, 204–205
role in education (paideia) 211, 214
Forms, the
Forms as essences xxiv, 154–156, 158–161, 178, 195, 203, 214, 264, 277
located in the intelligible world xxiv, xxv, 156, 195–198, 200, 211, 217–218, 301
mind-independent reality of xxiv, 10, 154, 156–157, 159–160, 175, 218, 263
more real than particular objects xxv, 10, 156–157, 160, 191, 197, 212, 217, 258, 263
particular objects as instances of xxiv, 154–157, 160–163, 171, 196
Powers Argument, the xxiv, xxv, 161–168, 172, 175, 183, 196, 217–218, 264–265, 301
function. See virtue(s)
Gyges, ring of 63–64, 123, 245
happiness (eudaimonia) xvi, xix, 39–40, 47–49, 66, 93–94, 146, 152, 219, 225, 236, 240, 252–254, 270, 301
arguments that a just life is happier 48–49, 51, See Chapter 13
Hume, David 45–46, 126–127, 234, 267, 303, 311
hypotheses xxiv, 120, 184, 200–202, 204–206, 217
Socrates’ hypothetical method 195, 206, 218
ideal city (polis)
cooperative, not competitive 68
decline of the ideal city and soul xxv, See Chapter 12
economic organization via the Specialization Principle 69, 72, 84, 106, 126, 137–138, 235–236, 290
first, rustic city 68, 71, 97, 238, 276
second, luxurious city 71, 238
illusions
justice
as moral virtue generally xv, xxi, 1, 7
conventionalism about 31, 41, 61–63
defined as benefiting friends and harming enemies 11–16, 19–20, 48, 182
defined as each class of the city doing its own work 106, 121
defined as each part of the soul doing its own work xxiii, 121
defined as paying one’s debts and telling the truth xxi, 7–8
defined as what benefits the powerful xxi, 25–28, 30–32, 35, 38
immoralism about 42, 45, 47, 49–50
in decaying cities and souls 235
injustice worsens but does not destroy the soul 291
intrapersonal being v. interpersonal doing 93, 121
justice as a meta-virtue 109
justice as a personal virtue xvii, xix, xxii, xxiii, 93–94, 107, 118, 183
justice as a political virtue xvii, xix, xxii, 93–94, 106, 113
justice in decaying cities and souls 232, 234–236, 242, 245–246
personal justice as psychic health 123
relation to happiness xv, xvi, xix, xxii, 38–39, 46–47, 50, 56, 94, 265, 268
reputational benefits of seeming just 65–67, 234–235, 252
search for real definition of xiv, xv, xvii, xx, xxi, xxii, 2, 7, 26, 45, 50, 93
search for the real definition of 7, 96, 229
Kant, Immanuel 10, 80–81, 122, 226, 266, 300, 302
knowledge xiv, xxiv, 80, 87, 100, 118, 125, 139, 164, 179, 203, 252, 268, 270
as justified true belief 55–56, 66, 101, 167, 169, 204
distinctive of philosophers xxiv, 153–154, 176
knowledge v. belief xxiv, 101, 153–154, 161–163, 166–169, 172, 175–176, 196–197, 203, 217, 264
the Forms are the objects of knowledge 154, 161–164, 169, 171, 186, 196–197
love 82–83, 87–88, 125–126, 147, 153, 176–179, 245, 253
metaphysics
Forms, the. See Forms, the
Metaphysics of Pleasure Argument, the xxv, 257, 259, 263–265, 301–302
Plato’s metaphysical elevator 151, 157, 161, 191, 196, 204, 217–218, 263
Plato’s two-worlds metaphysics 172, 197, 217–218, 264, 287, 301
moderation
moderation as a personal virtue 78, 80, 114, 119, 179, 181, 275
moderation as a political virtue xxii, 102–104, 109, 118
poetry
constraints on poetic content 76–78, 275
constraints on poetic style 79–80, 275, 282
epistemological argument against imitative poetry 279–281
harmonic mode and rhythm 79–81, 95, 275, 282
imitation and narration 79, 276–277, 282–283
metaphysical argument against imitative poetry 277–279
moral argument against imitative poetry 282–284
Powers Argument, the. See Forms, the
soul (psuchê)
a fourth part of the soul? 287–289
analogy to city (polis) xxii, 67, 73, 93, 97, 114, 118, 121, 144, 183, 229, 289
‘an image of the soul in words’ 120, 265, 267–268
appetitive part xxiii, 115, 143
aristocratic soul governed by reason 256
democratic soul governed by lawful unnecessary appetites 238
distinctive pleasures of the soul’s distinct parts 254, 258
division via the Opposition Principle 114–115, 206
education as turning the soul 211–212, 214
harmony and justice 124
immortality of 48, 289–292, 296
myth of the metals, the 88–89, 110, 141
oligarchic soul governed by necessary appetites 233, 235
timocratic soul governed by spirit 232
tyrannical soul governed by lawless unnecessary appetites 244
virtue(s)
cardinal virtues xxii, 17, 97–98, 105, 108, 111, 153, 181, 242
function 17–19, 37, 42, 48–49, 69, 94, 100–101, 117, 154, 162, 164, 166, 179
holistic v. particular virtues 100–102, 104, 110
personal virtues xxiii, 103, 118, 119, 120. See also courage; justice; moderation; wisdom
political virtues xxii, xxiii, 96. See also courage; justice; moderation; wisdom
virtues v. crafts, skills xxi, 13–15, 17, 35, 37–38, 43–45, 47, 168
wisdom
knowledge of what is best for the whole 87, 100–101, 109, 124, 138, 175, 180, 186, 191–192, 219, 236, 270