Index
7amleh 49
7iber 67
9/11 136
Abbas, Ihsan 166
Abboud, Ibrahim 238
Abdel Nasser, Gamal xxiv, 4, 58, 219–220, 252, 340
Abdul-Wahid, Shiswar 85
Abounaddara 31
Abu Dhabi 2nd Channel 112
Abu Dhabi Classic FM 119
Abu Dhabi Drama 119
Abu Dhabi FM 119
Abu Dhabi Media Company 117
Abu Dhabi Sports 1 119
Abu Dhabi Sports 2 119
Abu Dhabi TV 119
Abu Dhabi, UAE 109, 112, 115, 118
Aden News Agency 202
Aden TV 201
Afaq 84
Africa 215, 218, 233, 249, 268, 272, 278, 285, 303
African Revolution 289
African Union 217
Africa, sub-Saharan xii, xiii, 303
Afriquia 305
AfroShirazi Party 184
Ahl Al-Bayt 85
Ahmad, Abdul Hamid 122
Ajam 147
AJL-TV 95
Ajman Radio Four 117
Ajman, UAE 109
Ajroudi, Mohammed Ayachi 277
Akamai Technologies 86
Akhannouch, Aziz 315
Akhbar Al-Jumhuriyah 280
Akhbar Al-Khaleej Press 156
Akhenouch, Abdelaziz 314
Al-Abadi, Haydar 84
Al-Abed, Ibrahim 122
Al-Adwa 155
Al-‘Ahd 131
Al-Ahd 84
alain_4u 123
Al-Akhbar (Yemen) 201
Al-Akkad, Abbas 166
Al-Amal 271
Al-Anba’ 11. See also Progressive Socialist Party
Al-Anbaa 172
Al-Aqeek 203
Al-Arab 65, 74, 76, 131–132, 154, 159
Al-Arab Al-Yawm 65
Al-Arabi 166
Al-Arabiya xiii, 96, 104, 118, 206
Al-Araby 132
Al-Araby TV 138
Al-Araby Al-Jadeed 82, 132, 138, 229
Al-Armanazi, Najib 22
Al-Assad, Bashar 23–25, 29, 33
Al-Assad, Maher 29
Al-Assema TV 257
Al-Aswany, Alaa 132
Al-Awqaf Al-Basriyya 76
Al-Ayam Press 156
Al-Azhar Institute 216
Al-Ba’ath 23. See also Ba’ath Party
Al-Babiliya 82
Al-Bakir, Abdulrahman 148
Al-Basra 76
Al-Bawwaba 273
Al-Bayan 112
Al-Bayda, Libya 255
Al-Bazzaz, Sa’ad 84
Al-Bina’ 11. See also Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party
Al-Bitha 166
Alcomsat-1 297
Al-Dabbas, Fadhil 84
Al-Dawri 131
Al-Difa’a 59
Al-Din, Mayzar Nizam 24
Al-Diyar 11
Al-Doha 130
Al-Dustour 270
Al-Emarat TV 119
Alexandria, Egypt 216, 219–220
Alfa 13
Al-Fallooja 85
Algeria xix, xxi, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxxi, xxxv, xxxvii, 41, 268–269, 285–300, 303–304, 326, 329, 332, 335, 337, 339
1991 Finance Act 294
Audiovisual Regulatory Authority (ARAV) 293
Business Leaders Forum (FCE) 293
Criminal Procedure Code 293
French Press Law (1881) 287
High Media Council 292
High State Council (HSC) 292
Information Law (1982) 291
Information Law (1990) 290–291
Ministry of Communication 299
Ministry of Industry 297
Ministry of Information 292
Ministry of Information and Culture 291
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications 297–298
National Publishing and Advertising Company (ANEP) 295
Organic Audiovisual Law 295
Print Press Regulatory Authority 292
Radio and Television Company 288
Algeria 3 288
Algeria News 299
Algeria Press Agency (APS) 297
Algérie 24 295
Algérie Confidentiel 295
Algérie Télécom 298
Al-Ghadeer 84
Al-Gomhoriah 201
Al-Hadirah 270
Al-Hakeem, Ammar 87
Al-Hammadi, Mohammed 122
Al-Haqq Ya’alu 57
Al-Hayah 226
Al-Hayat Al-Jadida 42
Al-Haya Tijariyya 155
Al-Hekma Al-Yamaniya 200
Al-Hikma 57
Al-Hiwar Ettounsi 277
Al-Hmayyim, Abdul-Lateef 85
Ali, Ahmad 137
Ali, Mohammed 218
Al-Insen 275
Al-Intibaha 242
Al-Iqtissadiya 29
Al-Iraqiyya 81
Al-Ittijah 84
New TV 11
Al-Jamahiriya TV 256
Al-Jamri, Mansour 152
Al-Janoubia 275
Al-Jazeera xxvii, xxxv, 43, 82, 95–96, 101, 104, 127, 129, 131–132, 135–136, 138–141, 159–160, 206, 210, 329, 333, 337, 340
Al-Jazeera America 136
Al-Jazeera Balkan 136
Al-Jazeera Children’s Channel 136
Al-Jazeera Documentary 136
Al-Jazeera English 136
Al-Jazeera Sport 136. See also beIN Sports
Al-Jazeera Turk 136
Al-Jihad 59
Al-Jumhouriyya 11
Al-Kaaki, Awni 11
Al-Kalima 273
Al-Karbooli, Jamal 85
Al-Kateab, Waad 31
For Sama 31
Al-Kawakibi, Abdul Rahman 21
Al-Khalifa, Ahmed Atayatalla 153
Al-Khalifa family 146–149, 153–154, 156
Al-Khalifa, Fawaz bin Mohammed bin Khalifa 153
Al-Khalifa, Hamad bin Salman 146–147, 150–151
Al-Khalifa, Isa bin Salman 150
Al-Khalifa, Khalifa bin Salman 150, 160
Al-Khalifa, Salman bin Hamad 160
Al-Khanjar, Khamees 85
Al-Kharousi, Ahmad bin Saif 184
Al-Khartoum 242
Al-Khazen, Jihad 100
Al-Khedive Journal 218
Al-Liwa’a 218
Al-Madar 261
Al-Maghribia 314
Al-Mahdi, Mohammed Ahmed 235
Al-Malaeb 188
Al-Maliki, Noori 84
Al-Masar 84
Al-Maseerah 203
Al-Mash’al 130
Al-Mashriq 84
Al-Masry Al-Youm 225
Al-Mayal, Mubarak 167
Al-Mishishi, Hisham 280
Al-Mishraq 85
Al-Mithaq 57
Al-Mizan 148
Al-Mo’ayed 218
Al-Mosul 76
Al-Mudarrisi, Hadi 85
Al-Mudhik Al-Mubki 22
Al-Mujtama’ Al-Jadid 155
Al-Mukattam 218
Al-Murshid 184
Al-Mustakbal 11, 13. See also Future Movement
Al-Mutawasit TV 280
Al-Nabaa 259
Al-Na’eem 84
Al-Nahar TV 226
Al-Nahda 184
Al-Nahdah Net 273
Al-Nahyan, Zayed bin Sultan 109
Al-Najah 184
Al-Naqi, Najla 175
Al-Nujaba’ 84
Al-Nusif, Waleed 170
Al-Qabbani, Nizar 166
Al-Qadhafi, Mu’ammar 249–255, 258, 260–262
Al-Qadhafi, Saif Al-Islam 254, 256
Al-Qafila 148
Al-Quds Al-Sharif 39
Al-Quds Education TV (AETV) 42, 46
Al-Quds University 42
Al-Qur’an Al-Kareem 172
Al-Rafidayn 85
Al-Raid Al-Tunisi 270
Al-Rai (Kuwait) 172
Al-Rai TV 172
Al-Rasheed 85
Al-Rasheed, Abdulaziz 166
Al-Rasid 84
Al-Rawahi, Nasser bin Salim bin Odeiam 184
Al-Rayah 201
Al-Rayyes, Najib 22
Al-Risalah 43
Al-Riyadh 95
Al-Roya 188
Al-Roya Press and Publishing 188
Al-Roya Radio Voice 188
Al-Sabah 81, 83, 86, 164, 167, 271
Al-Sabah family 164
Al-Sabah, Mubarak 164
Al-Sabah, Rasha 175
Al-Sabah, Sabah Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber 169
Al-Sabah, Sabah bin Jaber 164
Al-Saeeda TV 203
Al-Sahafa 242
Al-Said, Qaboos bin Said 181, 186
Al-Said, Sayyed Saif bin Hamoud 184
Al-Salam 85
Al-Samarra’i, Ma’mool 84
Al-Saqr 130
Al-Sarraj, Fayaz 256
Al-Sa’ud, Al-Waleed bin Talal 154
Al-Sa’ud family 92, 101. See also Ibn Sa’ud; See also bin Salman, Mohammed
Al-Saudiyya 95
Al-Sayegh Media 117
Al-Seyasah 172
Al-Shababiya 254
Al-Shahba 21
Al-Sharq 57, 95, 132, 137, 229
Al-Sharq Al-Arabi 57. See also The Official Gazette of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Al-Shaykh family 92
Al-Sherian, Daoud 96
Al-Shula 148
Al-Sudan 235
Al-Sudani 242
Al-Sumariyya 84
Al-Taie family 188
Al-Taie, Nasr bin Mohammed 184
Al-Talia’ 270
Al-Tayr, Wissam 32
Al-Thani, Hamad bin Khalifa 128–129, 131, 133–135
Al-Thani, Tamim bin Hamad 128, 140
Al-Thawrah 208
Al-Tunisi 270
Al-Umma 130
Al-Urdun 57
Al-Urooba 130
Al-Ustaz 218
Al-Wafa’a 57
Al-Wahda 23. See also Ba’ath Party
Al-Wala’ 85
Al-Waqt 152
Al-Waseet 30
Al-Watan 29, 131–132, 137, 148, 152, 156, 172, 184, 186, 188, 242
Al-Watania TV1 275
Al-Watania TV2 275
Al Watan TV 289
Al-Wefaq 154
Al-Youm Al-Sabea 226
Al-Youm Al-Sabi’ 188
Al-Zahf Al-Akhdar 253
Al-Zaman 86
Al-Zawra’ 76
Al-Zidjali family 188
Amal Movement 11
Amazigh 216, 250, 286, 303, 304, 308. See also Imazighen (Berbers)
Amazigh Spring 286
Amman, Jordan 55, 58, 63–64, 66, 206–207, 259
AmmanNet 64
Amouda, Syria 27
Ana Zahra 119
Anbar, Iraq 79
Ankawa, Iraq 75
Anti-Terrorism Law (2003) 312
Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO) 95
Arabian Gulf. See Persian Gulf (Arabian Gulf)
Arabian Peninsula xxxvii, 91, 93, 127, 163–164, 182, 197, 200
Arabian Sea 197
Arabic (language) xii, 3, 14, 27, 38–40, 43–44, 64–65, 75–76, 78, 91, 94–95, 110–112, 128, 131–132, 135–136, 141, 146, 148–150, 152, 156, 164, 172, 183, 185–188, 198, 200, 216, 218, 222, 233–234, 239, 251, 268–271, 286–289, 293–295, 297, 300, 303, 306, 333
Arab Journalism Award 116. See also Dubai Press Club
Arab League xiii, xxxv, 60, 103, 130, 182, 258
Arab Charter on Human Rights 60
Arab Media Corporation 66
Arab Media Forum 116. See also Dubai Press Club
Arab Media Outlook 116. See also Dubai Press Club
Arab Revolt 55
ArabSat xxxv, 103, 139, 150, 202, 209, 258, 340
Arab Satellite Organization 103
Arab Spring (uprisings) xix, xxiv, xxvi, 57, 131, 135–137, 176, 199, 217, 224, 228, 230, 237, 249, 268, 289, 292, 304, 309, 340
Arab States Broadcasting Union 66, 130
Arab Writers Union 122
Armenian language 75
Arriadiya 314
Asfour, Jaber 166
Asia xii, 39, 74, 84, 91, 109, 128, 146, 148, 183, 333
Asia Cell 86
Asiri, Ghadeer 175
As-Safir 4
Assembly of Catholic Patriarchs and Bishops 9
Assurour 270
Aswat 314
Atheer 191
Atlantic Ocean 303
Atlas Travel & Culture 156
Atlas TV 289
attacks 39, 43, 52, 82, 96–98, 104, 257, 304, 312, 327
Attessia TV 275
Attounissia 275
Aujourd’hui Le Maroc 315
Austria xxvii
Ayoub, Charles 11
Azzahra 270
Baghdad, Iraq
xiii, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 85, 86
Baghdadiya 82
Baghdad Radio 77
Bahrain xxiv, xxv, xxvii, xxx, xxxv, xxxvii, 91, 102, 119, 128–129, 140, 145–160, 189, 327, 329, 332, 334, 336
Bahrain Island 145
High Authority for Media and Communication (HAMC) 154
Information Affairs Authority (IAA) 153
Ministry of Information 150–151
Ministry of Information Affairs (MIA) 153–154
Ministry of the Interior 154, 158
National Democratic Institute 152
Press Law (2002) 151–152, 155–156
Bahrain Broadcasting Station 148
Bahrain Medical Association 149
Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO) 149
Channel 4 150
Baladna 29
Balfour Declaration 37
Baluchi (language) 183
Barada 23. See also Ba’ath Party
Barazani, Masood 85
Barid Barqa 251
Batelco 158
BBC 40, 66, 80–81, 136, 139, 166, 210, 224, 260, 329
Empire Service 40
beIN Sports 136, 138, 139. See also Al-Jazeera: Al-Jazeera Sport
Beirut, Lebanon
xiii, 3, 7, 100, 203, 206, 207
Martyrs’ Square 3
Beja people 234
Belaïd, Chokri 274
Belgium xxvii
Belgrave, Charles 148
Belhimer, Ammar 300
Belkhayat, Mouncif 314
ben Ahmed, Bashir 272
Ben Ali, Zain El-Abidin 267–270, 272–273, 275, 277, 279, 281
Benchemsi, Ahmed 313
Bendjedid, Chadli 292
Benghazi Broadcasting Network 257
Benghazi, Libya 250, 254–255, 262
ben Hassine, Tahar 277
Benjelloun, Othman 315
ben Salem, Oussama 277
Berbers. See Imazighen (Berbers)
Bidayyat 31
Biladi 84
bin Laden, Osama 236
bin Salman, Mohammed 91, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105, 159. See also Al-Sa’ud family
Bishara, Azmi 138
Bizerte, Tunisia 269
Bloomberg 118
Blue Nile 239
Blum, Roger xviii, xx, xxv, xxxi, xxxii
Bonaparte, Napoleon 218
Bosnia and Herzegovina 136
Bourguiba, Habib 267–272, 274, 277, 281
Bouteflika, Abdel-Aziz 289, 293
Brahmi, Mohammed 274
Bravo 102
Bremer, Paul 79
British colonial rule xxiii, 40, 45, 73, 77, 78, 111, 147, 148, 149, 164, 197, 200, 201, 219, 235, 239, 246. See also colonialism
British Mandate 37, 39–40, 45, 56, 251–252
British protectorates 127–128, 145, 148, 164, 218
broadcasting
public service xxx, 270, 274, 329
Broadcasting Service of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (BSKSA) 99
Buddhism 128
Cairo, Egypt xiii, 98, 166, 168, 203, 206, 216, 218–220, 227
Maspero television building 220
Tahrir Square 222
Canal Algérie 288
Caractères Media Group 315
Carey, James xvi
Carthage+ 275
Casablanca, Morocco 304–305, 307, 312, 316, 318
censorship xxix, 22, 24–25, 32, 39, 45–47, 51, 97, 133–135, 137, 151, 158, 163, 174, 176–178, 191, 206, 222, 228, 236, 238, 257, 272, 276, 278–279, 283, 287, 292, 298, 300, 307, 312, 324, 328
Central African Republic 233
Centrale Danone 305
Ceuta, Morocco 306
Chamoun, Camille 8
Channel 33 112
Chaqroun, Meriem Bensaleh 315
Chehab, Fu’ad 6
Chile 38
Chouftv 306
Christianity xxv, 2, 4, 20, 38, 75–76, 110, 128, 138, 164, 234, 285, 304
Coptic Christianity xxv, 216–217, 332
Orthodox Christianity xxv
Protestantism 164
civil war 2–6, 8, 55–56, 100, 131, 157, 236, 238, 274, 331
Classical Music Radio 112
clientelism 6–7, 293, 296, 299, 315, 318
CNN 96, 101, 104, 118, 136, 139, 150
Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) 79–81
colonialism xii, xiii, xxiii, xxxvii, 1, 22, 39, 109, 197, 200, 201, 216, 219, 235, 236, 237, 239, 250, 251, 252, 269, 270, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 306, 339. See also French colonial rule; See also Italian colonial rule; See also British colonial rule
Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) 50
community radio 27, 202, 206, 208, 263. See also radio stations
Comoros, the xiii
Compagnie Libanaise de Télévision (CLT) 3
confessionalism xxv, 25, 83, 330, 332, 335. See also sectarianism
Congress for the Republic (CPR) 274
conservatism 26, 92, 105, 110, 124, 141, 150, 153, 160, 211, 216–217, 251
Coptic Church. See Christianity: Coptic Christianity
COVID-19 pandemic 7, 64, 66–67, 70
Curran, James xvi
cybercrime xxx, 14, 16, 32, 62, 102, 114, 122, 134, 176, 224, 334, 340
Daher, Pierre 11
Damascus, Syria 20, 24, 28, 32
Daniel, Jamal 12
Daraj 12
Darayya, Syria 28
Darwish, Mazen 26
Dashti, Rula 175
Dasma, Kuwait 168
Defa’a Al-Sha’ab 201
Deir ez-Zor, Syria 26
Democratic Union Party (PYD) 25, 33
Derki, Talal 31
Of Fathers and Sons 31
development xiii, xvi, xvii, xxii, xxiii, xxix, xxx, 19, 23–24, 27–28, 30, 32, 37, 39–40, 44, 49, 51, 55, 63, 66, 70, 77, 87, 94, 104, 109–111, 113–114, 116, 120, 122–124, 129–131, 134, 145, 154, 168, 173, 178, 181–182, 186, 189, 192, 211, 221, 233, 246, 251, 267, 274, 285, 288, 291, 298, 300, 307–308, 311, 316–317, 327, 330, 335
Dhammam, Saudi Arabia 93
diaspora xxxvi, 37, 43, 51–52, 244, 272–273, 314, 336–338
Digitürk 138
Dijla 85
Dilami, Abdelmounaim 314
Diwan 85
Diyala, Iraq 75
Djerba, Tunisia 268
Djezzy 298
DMC 227
Doha Institute 138
Doha News 139
Doha, Qatar 130–131, 138–139, 260
Downing, John xv
du 120
Dubai Media Incorporated 117–119
Dubai Post 123
Dubai Press Club 116. See also Arab Journalism Award; See also Arab Media Outlook
Dubai Press Outlook. See also Arab Media Forum
Dubai Technology and Free Zone Authority (DTFZA) 115
Dubai TV 117
Dubai, UAE 28, 30, 34, 96, 109, 112, 115–119, 189, 226
Dungulawi (language) 234
Duraz, Bahrain 159
Dzaïr News 293
Eastern Europe xvi
Easy 172
Echourouk TV 289
EcoMédias Group 315
economic crisis xv, 6–7, 10, 15–16, 23, 65, 83, 119, 168, 253
Egypt xviii, xix, xxi, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii, 3–4, 13, 19, 30, 34, 38, 41–42, 58, 96, 98, 100, 112, 128, 131–132, 136, 140, 149–150, 159, 166–168, 189, 215–224, 226–230, 233–234, 252, 274, 327, 329, 332, 335, 337, 340
Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) 217
Cybercrime Law (2018) 224
Egyptian Constitution 219, 221–222
Ministry of Communications and Information Technology 228
Ministry of Information 221–222
National Media Authority 222, 226
National Media Council 222
National Press Authority 222
Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) 223
Supreme Media Regulatory Council 222, 227, 230
Egyptian Journalists’ Syndicate 224
Egyptian Media Group (EMG) 226
Egyptian Radio and Television Union (ERTU) 220, 226–227
Egyptian Satellite Channel 227
Egypt Post 229
Egypt Telecom 229
El-Adjwa 299
El-Alami, Moulay Hafid 314–315
El-Attar, Hashem 21
El-Chaab 289
El-Chibak 295
El-Chourouk El-Arabi 295
El-Chourouk Markets 295
El-Chourouk News 295
El-Chourouk Sport 295
El-Chourouk TV 295
El Djazairia One 289
El-Echourouk Bana 295
El-Hiwar Ettounsi 275
El Karoui, Nabil 277
El-Khuri, Bechara 3
El-Mehwar 227
El-Moudjahid 288, 289. See also National Liberation Front (FLN)
El-Nasr 289
El-Richani, Sarah xxiv, 1, 324
El-Sadat, Anwar 220
El-Sayyegh, Habib 122
El-Sharq 11
Emarat FM 119
Emirate of Transjordan 56
Emirates 24/7 119
English (language) 27, 44, 64, 91, 94–96, 100, 110, 112, 128, 130–132, 139, 141, 146, 148–150, 155–156, 164, 172, 183, 185–187, 201, 208, 216, 220, 288, 333
English-language 12
Ennahar El-Djadid 295
Ennahar TV 289
Essebsi, Beji Caid 274
Ettakatol 274
Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EuroMed) 61
Europe i, xii, xvi, xxi, xxiii, xxvii, xxix, 3, 12, 24, 27, 29–30, 34, 61, 74, 127, 150, 217–218, 245, 268, 272, 288, 303, 330, 337, 339
European Broadcasting Union 66
Extra News 226
Ezzitouna 275
Facebook 15, 32, 50–51, 65, 67, 84, 121, 139, 158, 174, 191, 210, 221, 228, 244, 261, 273, 278–280, 298, 306, 313, 318
Failaka Island, Kuwait 168
Faisal, King of Saudi Arabia 94–95, 97
Fanon, Frantz 288
Fayyad, Feras 31
Last Men in Aleppo 31
The Cave 31
Febrayer 257
February TV 257
Federal Law (15)
Federal Law 15 (1980) 112
Filali, Amina 304
First TV 280
Fodil, Ali 295
Folklore Radio 112
Fourth Industrial Revolution 120
Fox Sports 139
France xxiii, xxvii, 3, 19, 22, 30, 40, 55, 183, 218–219, 269, 288, 298, 306, 337
Freedom House xxviii, 223, 312
French Agency for Media Cooperation 296
French colonial rule xxiii, 19, 218, 269, 270, 285, 286, 287, 306. See also colonialism
French (language) 130, 216, 218, 220, 268–269, 286–289, 293–294, 300, 315
Fujairah, UAE 109
Funoon TV 172
Furqan 81
Futon 188
Future Movement 11. See also Al-Mustakbal
Future News 13
Gaza Strip 38–41, 43–45, 47, 49–50, 140, 216
General People’s Congress (GPC) party 208
German (language) 220
Germany xviii, xxvii, 148, 183, 200
Ghannouchi, Rashid 274
Ghrer, Hussein 26
Golan Heights 66
Google 50, 65, 227, 306, 313, 318
Gordon, Charles 235
GPC 211
Grand FM 209
Great Britain xxiii, 40, 55, 109, 127, 128, 129, 147, 165, 200, 218, 219, 236, 253. See also British colonial rule; See also British Mandate; See also British protectorates
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) 119, 129, 140, 142, 168, 171, 182
Gulf of Aden 197
Gulf states xiii, xxi, xxvi, xxxi, xxxii, xxxv, 66, 68, 128–129, 140, 146, 148, 150, 157, 163–168, 174, 189, 221, 327, 332, 334, 337, 340
Gulf War 96, 101, 104, 136, 150
Gulf Weekly Mirror 155
Gwadar, Pakistan 183
Hachten, William xvi
Hadi, Abed Rabbo Mansur 199
Hadikat Al-Akhbar 3
Hafez, Hisham 100
Hafez, Mohammed Ali 100
Hafez, Salah El-Din 221
Sorrows of the Press Freedoms 221
Haftar, Khalifa 255
Hallin, Daniel xvi, xvii, xviii, xxii, xxiv, xxv, xxviii, xxxii, xxxiii, 325
Hamas 43–45, 50–51, 98, 140, 331
Hama, Syria 24
Hamsho, Mohammad 29
Hariri, Saad 13
Hasakah, Syria 26
Hashemite Broadcasting System (HBS) 40
Haute Autorité de la Communication Audiovisuelle (HACA) 309
Haute Autorité Indépendante de la Communication Audiovisuelle (HAICA) 267, 275–277, 282
Hebrew (language) 220
Hezbollah 5, 9, 11–12, 98, 140, 154
Hijaz, Saudi Arabia 94
Hindi (language) 146
Hirak Protests 57, 62, 63, 68. See also protest
Hitradio 314
Hogar TV 289
Hot Bird 139
Houthi movement 198–199, 203, 205–207, 211, 330
Human Rights Watch 199, 206, 257, 273
Huna Baghdad 84
Hussain, Taha 166
Hussein, Saddam 78, 80, 96, 152
Hutchins Commission (Commission on Freedom of the Press) xv
Ibn Sa’ud 91, 93, 94, 95, 101. See also Al-Sa’ud family
ICT Development Index 317
Idris, Youssef 166
Imam Yahya 200
Imazighen (Berbers) xxv, 250, 268, 286, 304, 309, 332. See also Amazigh
independence xii, xxiii, xxix, 3, 6, 19–20, 22, 32, 37, 56, 58, 61, 63, 69, 109, 128, 130, 145, 147, 149, 151, 165, 167, 176, 178, 200, 222, 233, 235–237, 239, 241, 246, 250, 252, 267, 269–270, 277, 281, 286, 288–291, 306–307, 315
of media xxix, 27, 68, 77, 192, 228, 282, 310
Indian subcontinent 186
Indonesia 102
Ingessana people 234
Instagram 15, 84, 139, 158, 170, 174, 210, 278
Institute of Modern Media (IMM) 42
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) 29, 206
International Middle East Media Center 44, 52
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 111
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 14, 31, 120, 229
Internet xiii, xxiv, xxvi, xxvii, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvi, 8, 14–15, 24–25, 31–33, 38, 44–45, 49–50, 52, 62, 66–69, 78, 83–84, 86, 102, 115, 119–121, 139–140, 157–158, 171, 173–175, 177, 185, 187, 191, 206–207, 209–210, 221, 228, 242–246, 260–262, 273, 275, 278, 296–298, 300, 305, 307, 309, 314, 316–317, 325, 334–335, 339–340
invasion xix, 74, 78, 113, 135–136, 168, 182, 269, 285, 327
Inwi 316
Iram FM 208
Iran xii, xviii, xxiii, 8, 12, 19–20, 74–75, 83, 88, 92, 100–101, 135, 140, 145, 147, 149, 154, 168, 181–183
Iraq xix, xxi, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxx, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvii, 31, 41, 55–56, 73–88, 135, 137, 149, 152, 163, 167–168, 182, 326–327, 329–332, 335, 337, 339–340
Ministry of Communication 78
Ministry of Information 80
National Communications and Media Commission 80–81
Penal Law No. 11 (1969) 81
Defamation Articles 82
Publications Law No. 206 (1968) 81
Radio Tax Law (1938) 77
Rights of Journalists Law (2011) 82
State Company for Internet Services (SCIS) 78
Transitional Iraqi State Administration Law (2004) 79
Iraqi Commission for Broadcasting and Transmitting Services 80
Iraqi Media Network (IMN) 80–81, 83–84, 86, 88
Iraqiyya Radio 81
Isis Film Company 220
Islam xii, xxv, 2, 20, 43, 55, 73, 75, 79, 85, 92–94, 97, 110, 115, 128, 130, 134, 152, 164, 171, 198, 204, 215–216, 234–236, 239, 251, 268, 285–287, 292, 304, 312, 332
Islamic Dawa Party 84
Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) 292
Islamic State (IS/ISIS) 30, 33, 75–76, 79, 88, 216, 251
Islamism 28, 104–105, 131–132, 156, 169, 223, 236–237, 243, 251, 255, 259, 273, 332
Israel xxiii, 1–2, 4–5, 19–20, 22, 37–46, 48–52, 55–56, 58, 70, 88, 98, 135, 137–138, 198, 325
Ministry of the Interior 45
Istanbul, Turkey 28, 98, 138, 203, 206–207, 229, 259–260
Khedive Palace 219
I-Watch 279
Jadu, Libya 258
Jamai, Aboubakr 313
Janoubia TV 277
Jaridat Al-Bahrain 148
Jawaher El-Chourouk 295
Jebali, Hamadi 273
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 94–95, 100
Jerusalem, Israel 38–40, 45, 56, 58
Jeune Afrique 272
Jihadism 259
Jordan xix, xxi, xxiii, xxvii, xxix, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvii, 21, 29, 37–38, 40–42, 55–70, 74, 112, 139, 181, 189, 259, 327, 329, 332, 335, 337
Access to Information Law (2007) 62
Audiovisual Media Law (2002) 60
Competition Law 65
Court of Cassation 62
Independent Public Service Broadcasting Channel Bylaw (2016) 63
Law for Political Parties (1993) 61
Media Commission 62
Merger Law (1967) 58
Ministry of Information 40, 61
Penal Code 62
Press and Publication Law (1993) 59
Press Association Law 69
Publication Law (1993) 61
Radio and Television Corporation Law 63
Jordan Press Association 63
Jordan Press Foundation 59
Jordan Radio and Television (JRTV) 64–66, 70
Jo TV 64
journalism i, xxxii, xxxiii, 22, 40–41, 57–58, 67, 69, 76–77, 87, 116, 122, 145, 158, 177–178, 184, 200, 202–206, 211, 215, 218, 220–224, 226–230, 234–235, 238, 253–254, 257, 263, 271, 273, 280–282, 301, 317, 324–325, 329, 340
Judaism xxv, 37, 198, 268, 304
Kahaleh, Habib 22
Kalb Tounis 277
Kanar 243
Karbala 85
Karman, Tawakkol 203
KBC Television 299
Khafji, Saudi Arabia 168
Khalaf, Abdulhadi 152
Khaleej Times 112
Khalil Tounis 277
Khan, Mohammed 167
Kharabeesh 67
Khartoum University Radio 238
King Fahd Sea Causeway 145
King Faisal. See Faisal, King of Saudi Arabia
King Hassan II. See Hassan II of Morocco
King Idris. See Idris, King of Libya
King Mohammed VI. See Mohammed VI of Morocco
Korek Telecom 86
Kurdish Democratic Party 85
Kurdish National Council 27
Kurds xiii, xxv, 19–20, 25–27, 30–31, 33–34, 75–78, 85, 87
Kuwait xiii, xix, xxi, xxiii, xxxv, xxxvii, 12–13, 56, 74–75, 78, 100–102, 119, 163–178, 182, 258, 328–329, 332, 334, 337
Audio and Visual Media Law (2007) 172
Communication and Information Technology Regulatory Authority (CITRA) 171
Cyber Crimes Law (2016) 176
Kuwaiti Constitution 171
Ministry of Communication 171, 173
Ministry of Information 167–168, 171–173, 177–178
Ministry of Interior 167
National Assembly 169, 176, 178
Press and Publication Law (1961) 171
Press and Publication Law (2010) 171, 177
Kuwait Radio One 172
Kuwait Radio Two 172
Al-Qurain 173
KTV2 173
KTV Al-Majlis 173
KTV Arabe 173
KTV Ethra 173
KTV Sports 173
KTV Sports Plus 173
L’Action Tunisienne 271
Lahlou, Kamal 314
LANA 257
Lana FM 208
La Nation 299
Lana TV 29
La Nouvelle Tribune 315
La Press 271
La République 289
Latakia, Syria 24
Latin America xii
La Tribune 299
La Vie Eco 315
League of Nations, the 19, 37, 76
Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation (LBC) 4, 9, 13, 15
Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International (LBCI) 7, 11, 13
Lebanon xviii, xix, xxi, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, xxx, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvii, 1–10, 12–16, 21–22, 24, 30, 34, 38, 41, 56, 84, 94, 96, 100, 128, 139–140, 154, 157, 167, 327–332, 335, 337, 339
Cybercrimes Bureau 14
Ministry of Information 8
Ministry of Telecommunications 14
National Audio-Visual Council (NAVC) 8–9
National Pact 6
L’Economiste 315
Le Courrier de l’Egypte 218
legislation 10, 25, 32, 62, 88, 122, 134, 153, 157, 182, 187, 198, 210, 221, 271, 276, 306
Le Messager 287
Le Moniteur Algérien 287
Lemrabet, Ali 313
Le Peuple 289
Les Inspirations Eco 315
L’Estafette d’Alger 287
L’Expression 294
liberalism xvi, xviii, xx, xxi, xxxi, 4, 7, 12, 22, 25, 63, 94, 97, 105, 113, 132, 141, 146, 157, 159, 164, 169, 217, 219, 237, 239–241, 245–246, 278, 281, 291
Libiyana 261
Libya 261
Libya xiii, xix, xxi, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxx, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvii, 131, 137, 216, 233, 242, 249–263, 268, 274, 285, 326–327, 330–331, 335–337, 339
General Media Union (GMU) 258
Government of National Accord (GNA) 256, 259
High Media Council (HMC) 256
House of Representatives (HoR) 255
Ministry of Culture 256
Ministry of Information 252, 256
Ministry of Information and National Leadership 252
National Transitional Council (NTC) 255–256
Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) 252
Libya Al-Ahrar TV 131, 137, 259–260
Libya Al-Rasmiya TV 256
Libya Al-Watan 259
Libya Al-Wataniya TV 256
Libya Dawliya TV 260
Libyan Islamic Fighting Group 259
Libyan National Army (LNA) 255–256, 259
Operation Dawn 255
Operation Dignity 255
Libyan National Forces Alliance (NFA) 260
Libyan Radio and Television Network (LRT) 256
LibyaPhone 261
Libya’s Channel 259
Libya Telecom and Technology (LTT) 261
LinkedIn 279
Lisan Al-Maghreb 306
Lockerbie bombing 253
London, Great Britain xiii, 96, 100, 104, 132, 229, 259
L’Orient le Jour 12
L’Orient Today 12
Ma’an, Jordan 57
Maghreb Emergent 296
Mahas (language) 234
mahdiyya 235
Mahfouz, Najib 166
Majalat Al-Kuwait 166
Majid 118
Majid TV 119
Malayalam (language) 146
Maldives, the 140
Maliki school 268
Mancini, Paolo xvi, xvii, xviii, xxii, xxiv, xxv, xxviii, xxxii, xxxiii, 325
Mandean language 75
Marconi Company 219
Marina FM 172
Maroc Soir Group 315
Maroc Télécom 315
Maronite Church. See Christianity: Maronite Christianity
Marzouki, Moncef 274
Mattar, Khawla 152
Mauritania xiii, 140, 285, 303
MBC xxxv, 96, 99–100, 104, 150, 226, 329, 337
Mecca, Saudi Arabia 92–95, 104
media. See also press, the
control of xix, xxix, 28, 33, 65, 101, 151, 154, 159, 176, 197, 205, 210, 272, 274, 308, 318, 327
digital xii, xxvi, 69–70, 91, 104, 114–115, 119, 138, 169, 178, 191, 227, 312, 327, 335, 340
local xxxiii, 103, 121, 260, 290
public service xxix, 222, 281, 282, 311, 313. See also broadcasting: public service
Media City 66, 115, 118, 138, 227, 337
media convergence xxxiv, xxxvi, 118–119, 193, 209–210, 230, 298
media policy 42, 97, 103, 148, 152, 178, 256, 327
media reform 68, 151, 222, 301, 310
Médi-Télécom 315
Mediterranean Sea 215, 250, 268, 285, 303
Mekran, Pakistan/Iran 183
Mellor, Noha xx
MENA region (Middle East and North Africa) xii, xx, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii, xxx, xxxi, xxxiv, xxxvii, 117–118, 121, 190, 324–325, 337–340
Merad, Ali 287
Mesopotamia 73
Akkadian Empire 73
Chaldea 73
Middle East Broadcasting Center Network 118
migrants x, xi, xxxi, 75, 123, 128, 217, 218, 251. See also refugees
Mijalit Al-Johara 131
military xix, 20–22, 26, 28, 31–34, 38–41, 43–46, 49–50, 74, 76, 78, 100, 140, 147, 164, 167–168, 182, 199–201, 216–217, 219, 233, 236–242, 245–246, 252, 255, 262–263, 329
Misrata TV 257
Misr Cinema Company 226
mobile phones xxvi, xxxv, 14, 67, 86, 102, 121, 158, 173–174, 190–191, 205–206, 210, 228–229, 243–244, 261, 278, 298, 316–317, 319, 334–335
mobilization xix, 23, 170, 175, 211, 217, 219, 221, 239, 244, 249, 326–327, 339
Mobily 102
modernization xix, xxx, xxxiv, 10, 49, 59, 93–96, 103, 149–150, 198, 225, 227, 230, 235, 250–252, 297, 307–309, 326–327, 335, 339
Mohammed VI of Morocco 305, 308
“9 March speech” 305
monarchy 56, 58, 60, 92, 99, 110, 164, 186, 219, 305, 307, 310, 312
Monastir, Tunisia 269
monopoly 8, 13, 23, 47, 60, 64, 74, 139, 189, 197, 208, 220, 228, 290–291, 294, 297–299, 311, 315
Monroe, William 152
Morocco xix, xxi, xxiii, xxv, xxvi, xxxi, xxxii, xxxv, xxxvii, 285, 303–319, 326–327, 329, 332, 335, 337
Agence Nationale de Réglementation des Télécommunications 317
Anti-Terrorism Law (2003) 312
Audiovisual Communication Law (2005) 311, 314
Caisse de Dépôt et de Gestion (CDG) 313
Casablanca Stock Exchange 305
Digital Morocco 2013 316
Digital Morocco 2020 316
Equity and Reconciliation Commission (ERC) 308–309
Family Status Law (2004) 308
La Société Nationale de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision (SNRT) 311, 318
Law 24–96 (1996) 315
Ministry of Communication 311
Ministry of Social Development 308
Moroccan Penal Code 304
National Press Council 312, 314
Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP) 313
Penal Law 312
Press and Publications Code 312, 314
Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture (IRCAM) 308–309
Moukaddam, Mohammed 295
Mroueh, Kamel 12
MTC Touch 13
MTN Group Ltd. 31
MTN Syria 31
M Tunisia 275
Mubarak, Hosni 223, 225–227, 229
Murr, Elias 11
Musandam, Oman 183
Muscat House for Press, Publishing and Distribution 188
Muscat, Oman 183
Muslim Brotherhood xxv, 98, 131, 136, 216–217, 223, 259
Muslim Scholars Commission 85
Nabeul, Tunisia 269
Nabth Al-Kuwait 172
Nas FM 208
Nasra, Larbi 277
Nasserism 58
National Broadcasting Network Lebanon (NBN) 9
National Democratic Institute (NDI) 152
National Geographic Abu Dhabi 119
National Geographic Al-Arabiya 119
National Islamic Front (NIF) 236, 242
nationalism xxiii, 20, 22, 58, 93, 148, 152, 156, 218, 233, 235, 252, 306
National Liberation Front (FLN) 288, 289, 290, 291, 292. See also El-Moudjahid
nation-building 95, 114, 129, 133, 201, 307
Nema, Abdullah Hussein 131
Nerone, John xvi
news agencies 25, 28, 64, 82, 112, 153, 202, 253–254, 257–258, 333
newspapers xiii, xvii, xxii, xxxii, xxxiv, 3–5, 8, 11–13, 22–24, 27, 29, 39–45, 57–67, 74, 76–78, 81–86, 94–95, 99–100, 111–112, 114, 117–119, 121–123, 130–133, 137–138, 148–156, 166, 170–172, 176–178, 184, 186–188, 190–191, 200–205, 207–211, 218–219, 224–227, 233, 235, 237, 239–240, 242, 244–246, 250–254, 257–258, 269–271, 273–275, 277, 280–282, 287–296, 298–300, 306–307, 313–315, 318, 333, 339
Nida’ Al-Watan 12
Niger 285
Nigeria 251
Nile River 215
Nimeiry, Ja’afer 236–239, 241, 243
Ninar FM 29
Nineveh, Iraq 75
Nobel Prize 203
North Korea xviii
Northwestern University in Qatar 121, 139
Nour, Iman 132
Nuba people 234
Nubians 216
occupation 2, 19, 37–42, 44–45, 48–52, 55–56, 73–80, 164, 200–201, 235, 251, 269–270, 335, 340
Oea 254
OFM 172
Okaz 95
Olayan, Mohammad 65
Oman xxiii, xxx, xxxv, xxxvii, 91, 119, 181–194, 197, 329, 332, 334, 336
Commercial Companies Law (1974) 193
General Secretariat of the Council of Ministers 193
Law of Declaring a State of Emergency (2008) 193
Ministry of Information 186–187, 192
Ministry of Transport and Communications 192
National Center for Statistics and Information 183, 194
Penal Code (1974) 193
Press and Publications Law (1984) 187, 193
Public Authority for Radio and Television 185, 187, 192
Radio and Television Private Establishments Law (2004) 193
Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) 190
Telecommunications Regulatory Law (2002) 187
Trade Law (1990) 193
Oman Cultural Channel 187
Omani Institution for Press, Printing, Publishing and Distribution 188
Omani Journalists Association 185
Oman News Agency (ONA) 185, 187, 192
Oman Radio 187
OmanTel 190
Oman Tribune 188
Oman TV 187
Oman Youth Radio 187
Omran, Abdalla 111
Omran, Taryam 111
On E 226
Online Bahrain 158
Orange Morocco 315
Orange Tunisie 278
Orascom Telecom, Media and Technology (OTMT) 13
Orbit Showtime Network (OSN) 156
Organization of Syrian Arab Radio and Television (ORTAS) 26
Orient News TV 28
Ottoman Empire xii, xxiii, 3, 19, 21–22, 37, 39–40, 45, 55, 73–74, 76, 127, 164, 199–200, 218–219, 235, 251, 268–269
OTV Lebanon 9
Palestine xiii, xix, xxvi, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvii, 1, 4, 22, 37–52, 55–56, 58–59, 128, 138, 216, 325, 327, 330–332, 335, 337, 339
Electronic Crimes Law 47
Law 3 (2009) 47
Ministry of Information 42–43, 46, 48, 51
Ministry of Women Affairs 48
Press and Publications Law (1995) 46
Press Law (1995) 46
Palestine Broadcasting Service (PBS) 40
Palestinian Authority (PA) 42–44, 46–47, 50–51
Palestinian Broadcasting Company (PBC) 42–43, 49
Good Morning Palestine 42
Palestinian Satellite Channel 43
Palestinian Business Women Forum 48
Palestinian Legislative Council 39, 43, 46
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) 41, 56
Palestinian National Authority 39
PALTEL 47
Pan-Arabism 58
parallelism, political xvi, xvii, xviii, xix, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxvi, 7, 11, 13, 215, 219, 325
Pasha, Jamal 3
Pasha, Midhat 76
Persian Gulf (Arabian Gulf) xix, 66, 109, 127, 145, 163–164, 168
Peterson, Theodore xv, xviii, xx, 323
Petra 64
platforms xxxvi, 12–13, 15–16, 32, 44, 50, 67, 69, 98–99, 104–105, 118–119, 123, 135, 138, 140–141, 155, 158–160, 163, 170, 172, 174, 178, 191, 210, 224, 235, 245, 270–273, 275, 278–282, 291, 298, 304, 306, 309, 313, 316–319, 337
Polisario 304
Popular Mobilization Forces 85
press, the xxxiv, 4, 8, 23, 39, 46, 50, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 73, 76, 81, 82, 94, 95, 98, 104, 111, 133, 134, 140, 151, 152, 163, 165, 171, 175, 177, 178, 205, 208, 218, 223, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245, 246, 252, 253, 257, 258, 270, 271, 275, 276, 291, 292, 294, 307, 311, 315. See also media
freedom of 46, 58, 60, 62–63, 73, 81, 134, 140, 151–153, 165, 177–178, 206, 212, 221, 237–239, 245, 253, 271, 275–276, 292, 311–312, 315
prison 4, 8, 39, 42, 47, 51, 81, 95, 134, 139, 150–151, 171, 177, 204, 206, 217, 228, 253, 272–273, 293, 307
Progressive Socialist Party 11. See also Al-Anba’
protest 5, 7, 15, 22, 25, 27, 68, 82, 86, 88, 137, 205, 219, 223, 229, 290–291, 304–305, 309
Qadhafi, Mu’ammar. See Al-Qadhafi, Mu’ammar
Qatar xiii, xxiii, xxvii, xxix, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvii, 8, 12, 28, 30, 82, 91, 96, 100–101, 104, 119, 121, 127–141, 145, 159, 189, 229, 256, 259–260, 278, 298, 326, 329, 332, 334, 337, 340
Al-Shura Council 132
Central Municipal Council 132
Ministry of Defense 130
Ministry of Education 130
Ministry of Foreign Affairs 132
Ministry of Information 133
Ministry of Information and Culture 133
National Council for Culture, Arts and Heritage 133
Qatar Broadcasting Service 130
Qatar Cablevision (QCV) 139
Qatar General Broadcasting and Television Corporation 133
Qatar Media Corporation 133
Qatar Public Telecommunications Corporation (Q-Tel) 139
Qatar Radio 130
Qatar Tribune 132
Channel 2 131
Qur’an 119, 130, 201, 234, 259
Quryna 254
Rabrab, Issad 293
Radio Aden 200
Radio Al-Balad 64
Radio Algiers 297
Radio Al-Hisen 184
Radio Al-Rabiaa 238
Radio Baghdad 166
Radio Bahrain 149
Radio Berlin 148
Radio Cairo 166
Radio Corporation of America (RCA) 167
Radiodiffusion et Télévision Marocaine (RTM) 307, 311
Radio M 296
Radio Mirchi 119
Radio Monte Carlo Middle East 95
Radio Muscat 184
Radio Nisaa FM 48
Radio Orient 13
radio stations xxiv, xxvii, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxiv, 4, 13, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 77, 81, 83, 85, 86, 95, 103, 112, 117, 118, 119, 121, 129, 130, 133, 137, 145, 157, 163, 166, 167, 168, 172, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 192, 200, 201, 202, 205, 206, 208, 209, 211, 219, 220, 227, 233, 236, 238, 241, 242, 243, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 267, 269, 270, 271, 274, 275, 276, 277, 280, 281, 282, 288, 289, 296, 297, 300, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 311, 313, 314, 330, 332, 339, 340. See also community radio
Ramadan 97
Ramallah, West Bank 40, 43, 49, 58
Ras Al-Khaimah, UAE 109
Rassemblement Constitutionnel Démocratique (RCD) 270, 272
Red Sea 55, 95, 197–198, 215, 234
refugees 1, 19, 22, 34, 38, 56, 332. See also migrants
regulation xvi, xxviii, xxix, 10, 22, 46–47, 61, 64, 77, 98, 109, 113–115, 122, 141, 154, 156, 163, 173, 178, 197, 205, 221–222, 225, 229, 256, 262–263, 268, 276–277, 280, 307, 319, 324, 326, 335, 340
Reporters Without Borders xxviii, 26, 153, 224, 312
Republic of South Sudan xxv, 233–234, 236
Reuters 118
revolution xvi, 23, 39, 74, 76–78, 92, 96, 113, 120, 131, 147, 155, 158, 197, 200–201, 203–204, 207, 217, 222, 228, 234–238, 240, 244, 250, 252–253, 267, 269–270, 275–276, 278–281, 288, 291, 327
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 93, 95, 98, 103, 199, 206–207
Roman Empire 268
Ronahi 27
RTV International 150
Rugh, William xix, xx, xxix, xxxii, 23, 43, 61, 94–95, 100–101, 113, 249, 324, 329
The Arab Mass Media xix
The Arab Press xix
Russian Federation xviii, xxii, 183
Ruwudaw 85
Ruz Al-Youssef 219
Saba’a Yemeni News 202
Sabafon 210
Sabahiyat 317
Sabha, Libya 250
Sabilurashad 270
Sabour, Salah Abdel 166
Sada Al-Usbu 155
Sada El-Balad TV 226
Sahara Desert 268
Salafi Madkhali movement 259–260
Salalah, Oman 184
Salamah, Raif 32
Salam family 11
Saleh, Ali Abdallah 199
Salman, Talal 12
Sama Al-Fan (SAPI) 29
Sama TV 29
Sana’a TV 202
Sanafir Island, Saudi Arabia 216
San Remo conference 76
Sanussiya Brotherhood 252
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 136
Sarkis, Elias 4
satellite 138, 250, 305. See television: satellite
satellite boom, the 100
Saudi Arabia xxiii, xxiv, xxvi, xxvii, xxx, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvii, 8, 11–13, 19, 55, 68, 74, 82–83, 91–105, 111, 119, 127, 129, 135, 139–141, 145, 147, 152, 154–156, 159–160, 163, 168, 182, 188, 197, 199, 206, 216, 226, 256, 258–259, 325, 329, 332, 334, 337, 340
Anti-Cyber Crime Law (2006) 102
Higher Media Council 95
Khobar 145
Ministry of Communications and Information Technology 101–102
Ministry of Culture and Information 97, 103
Ministry of Information 94, 97
Ministry of Media 97
Press Code (1964) 97
Saudi News Agency 97
Saudi Broadcasting Corporation 96–97
SBC 96
Saudi Channel 1 103
Saudi Research and Marketing Company 100
Saudi Telecommunications Corporation (STC) 102
Sawiris, Naguib xxxvi
Sawt Al-Aqsa 43
Sawt Al-Falestin 40
Sawt Al-Jazeera Aden 200
Sawt Al-Kuwait 168
Sawt Al-Yemen 208
Sawt Attalib Al-Zaytouni 270
Schramm, Wilbur xv, xviii, xx, 323
sectarianism 2, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 20, 25, 79, 81, 87, 113, 115, 146, 152, 154, 206, 236. See also confessionalism
Senegal 140
Sfax, Tunisia 269
Shabiba Radio 188
Sham FM 29
Shar’ia law 128, 130, 198, 236
Sharjah-24 123
Sharjah Media Corporation 117, 119
Sharjah Press Club 116
Sharjah, UAE 109, 111–112, 116
Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt 216
Shi’a Islam xxv, 6, 11, 20, 75, 84–85, 87, 92–93, 128, 146–147, 152, 154–155, 198
Ismaili 198
Zaydi 198
Shihi (language) 183
Shi’ite Endowment 85
Shousha, Farouk 166
Sidi Ali 305
Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia 269
Siebert, Fred xv, xviii, xx, xxii, xxiii, xxviii, xxxi, 323–324
Sinan Al-Qalam 306
Sindhi (language) 183
Siwa Oasis, Egypt 216
Skhirat Agreement 256
Sky News Arabia 118
smartphones. See mobile phones
Snapchat 278
Socialist Party of Yemen 201
social media xii, 15–16, 32–33, 44–45, 49–52, 62–63, 84, 86–87, 97, 102, 104–105, 114, 121, 123, 145, 154, 158, 160, 169–171, 173–178, 191, 209–211, 224, 227, 230, 244–246, 261, 278–280, 282, 298, 304–305, 309, 317–319, 340
Sousse, Tunisia 269
Sout Al-Omma 226
South Africa 31
South Asian Hindi 157
Southern Transitional Council 211
South Sudan xxv
Soviet Union (USSR) xvi, xxiii, 20, 23
Spain xxiii, 303–304, 306, 315
Spanish (language) 288
Star FM 119
St. Helena 148
Sudan xix, xxi, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, xxxi, xxxv, xxxvii, 135, 216, 233–239, 241–246, 326–327, 329, 332, 335–336
National Security Bureau 241
Press Act (1930) 239
Press and Press Publications Law (2004) 240
Press and Press Publications Law (2009) 241
Press and Publication Act (1993) 240
Press and Publication Act (1999) 240
Press Council 241
Press Court 241
Radio and Television Corporation 241
Transitional Military Council (TMA) 245
Sudan Defense Force (SDF) 236
Sudaniya 24 239
Sudan Socialist Union (SSU) 237
Sudan TV 243
Sulaymaniya, Iraq 75
Suleiman, Bahjat 29
Suleiman, Michel 6
Sultan, Aysha 122
Sunni Endowment 85
Sunni Islam xxv, 6, 11, 20, 75, 84–85, 87, 92–93, 128, 146, 156, 169, 198, 251
Shafi’i School 198
Super-station 172
Sureth language 75
Switzerland 298
Synergy Production 226
Syria xiii, xviii, xix, xxi, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxx, xxxv, xxxvii, 1–2, 5–6, 11, 19–26, 28–34, 38, 41–42, 55–56, 66, 74–76, 79, 88, 94, 128, 131, 149, 251, 274, 326–327, 330–331, 335, 338–339
Counterterrorism Laws (2012) 26
Cybercrime Law (2012) 32
Higher Council for Media 27
Information Law (2015) 26
Journalism Syndicate 23
Law No. 10 (1991) 23
Ministry of Information 25
Press Law (1949) 22
Syrian Journalists Association (SJA) 28
Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party 11. See also Al-Bina’
Syrian Telecommunication Establishment (STE) 31
Tagalog (language) 146
Tahkout, Mahieddine 295
Taiba TV 243
Ta’if Accord 2
Taliban 137
Taqla brothers 3
Tarabulus Al-Gharb 251
Tartus, Syria 24
Tatour, Dareen 51
Tazi, Abdel Hadi 166
telecommunications xxxv, xxxvi, 13–14, 29, 31, 33, 44, 47, 49, 67, 101–102, 120, 157–158, 187, 191, 193, 228, 261, 278, 281, 297–298, 316, 329, 334–335
Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Bahrain 157–158
Telegram 210
television xiii, xx, xxi, xxvi, xxvii, xxx, xxxii, xxxiv, xxxv, 3–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 23, 26–30, 33, 41–46, 48–50, 59–60, 63–64, 66, 77–78, 81, 83–87, 93–101, 103, 112–113, 117–121, 123, 129, 131–133, 135–136, 138, 140, 145, 150, 154, 156, 159, 163, 167–168, 170, 172–173, 178, 185, 187–188, 192, 202, 205–207, 209, 211, 220, 226–227, 233, 238–239, 241–243, 249–250, 252, 254–262, 267, 269–271, 274–277, 279–282, 288–289, 291, 293, 295–300, 305, 307–309, 311, 313–314, 329, 332, 336–337, 340
pay-television (subscription television) 103, 138, 307
satellite xx, 27, 43, 60, 83–87, 96, 99–100, 113, 129, 135, 138, 173, 202, 227, 254, 261, 275, 279, 297, 340
Telma 307
Telvsa TV 275
terrorism xxx, 26, 63, 79, 88, 96, 104, 134, 140, 171, 216, 236, 292, 304, 312
Tetouan, Morocco 306
The Arab Echo 57
The Arab Peninsula 57
The Daily Star (Lebanon) 12
The Electronic Intifada 44
The Financial Times 131
The Guardian 244
The New Arab 28
The New York Times 131
The Official Gazette of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 57
The Old Arabic Singing 172
The Palestine Chronicle 44
The Times 148
The Voice of Women 297
Tibdawi (language) 234
Time Magazine 131
Time of Algeria 293
Tiran Island 216
Tobruk, Libya 255
Traditional Station 172
Transparency International 79
Treaty of Lausanne 251
tribes 21, 93, 101, 133, 146–147, 164–165, 169, 198, 203, 234–235, 250, 255, 285, 332
Tripoli, Libya 250, 252, 254, 256–257, 259–260, 262
Trucial States 109
Tufekci, Zeynep xxxvi
Tumblr 139
Tunisia xiii, xix, xxi, xxiii, xxiv, xxix, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvii, 41, 131, 139, 259, 267–282, 285, 327, 329–330, 332, 335, 337
1975 Press Code 275
Communication Control Council 270
Decree-Law No. 115 (2011) 275
Decree-Law No. 116 275
External Communication Agency (ATCE) 272, 275
Institut de Presse et des Sciences de l’Information (IPSI) 271
Ministry of Information 272, 275
Ministry of Interior 271
National Journalism Syndicate 276
Office of State Media 271
Press Council 275
Tunisian and African Press Agency (TAP) 271
Tunisian Communist Party 271
Tunisian General Labour Union 274
Tunisian Movement for Liberty and Dignity 277
Tunisian Radio and Television Corporation 270
Tunisna TV 275
Tunis News 273
Tunis, Tunisia 269
Turkey 19, 21, 24, 28, 31, 34, 39, 55, 74–76, 78, 83, 94, 98, 102, 136, 138, 140, 200, 229, 251, 285
Turkmens 75
TV218 259
Twitter 84, 103–104, 121, 139, 154, 158, 170, 174, 210, 278–279, 318
UAE-24 123
UAE Journalists Association (UAEJA) 115–116
Umm Al-Quwwain, UAE 109
Umniah 67
UNESCO 63
United Arab Emirates xxiii, xxvii, xxx, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvii, 30, 91, 100–102, 109–124, 128, 135, 139–140, 159, 168, 173, 182, 188–189, 206, 229, 256, 259, 315, 329, 332, 334, 337, 340
Cybercrime Law 114
Federal National Council 110
Ministry of Information 112
Ministry of Information and Culture 111
Ministry of State for Artificial Intelligence 120
Ministry of Tolerance 110
National Media Council 114, 122
Press and Publications Law (1980) 112–114
UAE Supreme Council 110
United Kingdom 181
United Nations 21, 37–39, 50, 56, 60, 120, 182, 252–253, 256, 262
Economic and Social Commission for West Asia (UN-ESCWA) 39
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 60
United Nations Convention for the Rights of the Child 60
United Nations Development Programme 128
Human Development Index 128
United Nations General Assembly 37
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 21
United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) 38
United Nations Security Council
P5+1 countries 183
United States of America xvi, xviii, xix, xxiii, 8, 20, 23, 27, 29–30, 44–45, 74–75, 78–80, 88, 98–99, 135–137, 145, 147, 150, 152, 157, 183, 200, 218, 236, 252–253, 261, 272, 327, 339
CIA 150
Ur 84
US Air Force 95
Vision 2021 110
Vision 2030 96, 98, 101, 131, 138
Viva Bahrain 158
Vivendi 315
Vodafone Egypt 229
Vodafone Group 229
Voice of Bahrain 148
Voice of Fighting Algeria 288. See also National Liberation Front (FLN)
Voice of Libya 252
Voice of the Island 200
Voice of Tunisia People 277
Voltmer, Katrin xxviii
WAFA 44
Wahag Al-Khaleej 191
WAM (Emirates News Agency) 111–112
Watts, Edward 31
For Sama 31
We 229
Wejhatt 191
West Bank 38–41, 44, 47, 56, 58
Western Sahara conflict 304, 312
Western world xvii, xxii, xxviii, xxxii, 28, 38, 47, 56, 132, 215, 218, 313
Wheelus Air Base, Libya 252
WiMAX 67
women xxvi, 41–42, 48, 97, 110, 113, 128, 131–133, 152, 158, 164, 175, 217, 222, 251, 286, 304, 308, 317
Women Media and Development (TAM) 48
World Press Freedom Day 224
World War I 3, 19, 22, 40, 74, 76, 127, 218
World War II xxiii, 145, 148, 166, 200, 236, 269–270
Yas 119
Yemen 200
Yemen xix, xxi, xxiv, xxvi, xxx, xxxv, xxxvii, 88, 91, 131, 140, 182, 197–212, 325–327, 330–331, 335–337, 339
Council of Ministers 198
Ministry of Information 201, 204, 211
National Dialogue Conference (NDC) 199
Press Law No. 25 (1990) 203–205
Public Prosecutor’s Office for Press and Publications 204
Yemen FM 208
Yemen General Corporation for Radio & Television 202
First Channel 202
Public Radio Program 202
Second Channel 202
Second Radio Program 202
Yemen Satellite Channel 202
Yemeni Journalists’ Syndicate 204, 206, 212
Yemeni Network for Community Radio 206
Yemen Mobile 210
Yemen Shabab 203
Young Turk Revolution 39
Your FM 157
youth ix, xxvi, 38, 41, 105, 121, 169, 175, 202–203, 205, 208, 211, 217, 279, 285, 287–288, 305
YouTube 15, 84, 139, 158, 169–170, 210, 229, 273, 306
Y Telecom 210
Zadjali (language) 183
Zagros 85
Zahrat Al-Khaleej 118
Zaidan, Ali 255
Zain 13, 67, 86, 102, 200, 243, 270
Zain Bahrain 158
Zaman Al-Wasl 28
Zamirli, Bachir Ould 295
Zaydi Imamate 197
Zaydi Shi’a. See Shi’a Islam: Zaydi
Zayed Digital TV 119
Zitouna TV 277
Ziyad, Um 273
Zoroastrianism 76