Index
ageing society 54, 178, 243–245, 247, 271. See also Society 5.0: ageing population
agricultural practices 18–19, 99, 102, 243
airfields 184, 186, 188, 198, 204–205, 209–210, 216–218, 263
Haneda Airfield 186–187, 198–199
Hanshin Airfield 209
Kizugawa Airfield 183, 203–204
Komaki Airfield 210
Ōsaka No. 1 Airfield 204
airline companies 10, 184, 186, 189, 192–193, 216. See also international air carriers
All Nippon Airways (ANA) 175, 189–193, 216–217
All Nippon Airways Wings 191
Amakusa Airlines 191
bilateral agreements 184, 188, 215, 264
Greater Japan Airways (GJA) 187–188, 217
Hokkaido Air System 191
Japan Airlines (JAL) 184, 187, 189–193, 216–217, 263
Japan Air System (JAS) 189–191
Japan Air Transport Corporation (JAT) 183–184, 186–187, 199, 212, 216–218, 263
Japan Transocean Air 191
New Japan Aviation 191
Oriental Airbridge 191
Ryukyu Air Commuter 191
air passengers 10
early passenger flights 183–184, 186–187
post-Second World War growth rates 10, 189
airport ground transport access 207, 214
Chūbu 214
Ōsaka 214
Tōkyō 214
airports
Chitose Airport 175
Chūbu Centrair International Airport 195, 210–212, 214, 217
Haneda Airport xv, 175, 186, 199–200, 212, 215, 218
Ibaraki Airport 198
Kansai International Airport 4, 10, 171, 194–197, 203, 206–210, 213–215, 217, 264
Kōbe Airport 194–195, 198, 203, 208–209, 215, 217
Narita International Airport 193, 196–198, 200–202, 206, 212–213, 215, 217
Ōsaka International (Itami) Airport 88, 93, 191, 195–196, 203–209, 214–215, 217, 258
airport terminals
Haneda 199–200, 212–213, 215, 218
alternate year attendance system 139
ancestral worship 47
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation 50
Anti-Monopoly Law 52
Act for the Operation of Government Controlled Airports by Private Sector Entities 197
airline deregulation 190–191, 216
airport classification 195, 218
airport privatisation 194–195, 198, 202, 214
airport terminal financing 184, 189, 197, 199, 207, 212, 214, 217–218, 263–264
airport terminals 184, 197, 199, 207, 212, 217–218, 263–264
air traffic control 189, 206, 218, 278
Civil Aeronautics Law 191, 264
Council for Transport Policy Report 190
low-cost carriers 192, 194, 202, 217
private finance initiatives (PFI) 184, 196, 207, 213. See also private finance initiatives (PFI)
regional airlines, ownership of 191–193
bakufu 25–29, 32, 34–47, 57, 59–60, 77–78, 81–82, 92, 101, 105, 108, 116, 121–122, 127–135, 138–140, 150–151, 258–260, 267–268
Kamakura. See Kamakura bakufu
Muromachi. See Muromachi bakufu
Tokugawa. See Tokugawa bakuhan
battles 23, 28, 31, 33–34, 58, 78, 80, 126
Hakusukinoe 23
Ichi no Tani 78
Iwai Rebellion 72
Mongol invasion 27
Seta Bridge 126
bicycles 4, 145, 149–150, 236, 268
bubble economy 54
bugyō 26, 35, 37, 80–81, 92, 133–134
bureaucratic style 55
canal evacuation 115
canals and integrated development
electricity generation 117
Keage Power Station 112
water for irrigation 112, 115, 117. See also irrigation systems
canal transport 9, 82, 99, 101, 108–109, 111, 115, 117
Great Lake Biwa Canal 113
Kanda Canal 107
Kyōto 100, 105, 109–110, 112, 115, 117
Lake Biwa 9, 13, 19, 71, 100, 102–103, 108–118, 122, 157–158, 164, 259. See also Lake Biwa survey
Lake Biwa Canal 100, 109–113, 115, 117–118, 164, 259
Ōsaka 100, 103, 106, 109, 112–113, 116–117
Shiotsu towards Tsuruga 103, 116
Tatsumi Canal 105
capital cities 15, 21, 23–24, 41
Heijo-kyō 21, 76, 79, 124, 248
Takatsu no Miya 21
Chōshū Five 45
civil society 2, 115, 173, 231, 256
coastal shipping routes 81, 258
Committee for Naval Aeronautic Research 183, 185, 216
Customs Department 85
Customs Law 84
Customs Tariff Law 84
daimyō 9, 16, 28–29, 32, 34–45, 47, 60–61, 75, 78, 80, 90–91, 93, 103–107, 109, 121, 127–128, 130, 132–133, 139, 150, 156, 158, 257, 259–260, 268
diplomatic missions 72, 76, 260
disaster prevention programs 114, 267, 271, 276–277
environmental conservation 7, 104, 114–115, 149, 151, 229, 235, 243–244, 266, 270
flood control 9, 75, 81, 84, 99, 103, 114–115, 259
levees and sluice gates 79, 114, 258
Dōjima Rice Exchange 41–42, 59–60, 82
economic development
role of governments in 7
Edō period 28, 33, 39–40, 42, 47, 50, 59, 70, 75, 80–81, 90–93, 102, 104–109, 117–118, 121, 129, 131–132, 136, 138–139, 141–142, 150, 156, 223, 243, 258, 260
Edō port administration 117
Emishi (Ainu) 17, 23, 57, 123, 126
expressway construction 145–147, 151, 248, 261
Far Eastern Commission 51
female sea-deities 72
guilds 30–31, 35, 40, 59–60, 74, 81, 127
highways. See also premodern highways
highway administration: modern era 143
Department of Public Works 143
First Five-Year Highway Construction Plan 144
Law on Road Classification 143, 260
vehicle registrations 145, 149
highway administration post-1945 145
Committee for Promoting Privatization 148
creation of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism 148
expressways in Kinki/Kinai region 145, 147
Hanshin Expressway Public Corporation Law 147
Japan Highway Public Corporation 146–148, 151, 261
Land Acquisition Law 146
Law Concerning Special Measures for Highway Construction 145–146, 261
Law for Temporary Measures Concerning the Source of Funds for the Improvement of Roads 145
Metropolitan Expressway Public Corporation Law 147
National Development Arterial Expressway Construction Law 147
National Expressway Law 147
petrol tax 145
Privatization Bill 148, 151, 261
Road Law 145
Watkins Report 122, 145, 147, 151, 261
Home Ministry 49, 143, 151, 260
industry research 17, 163, 172, 174, 178, 189, 262, 273
insei system 25
institution, definition of 15, 26
integration of land use and transport 10, 223, 230, 233, 240, 247, 249
international air carriers 10, 171, 188, 190, 192, 205
International Container Terminal Corporation Act 86
irrigation systems 9, 19, 24, 99, 102, 104, 112, 115, 117, 259
Jardine, Matheson & Company 45
Jōmon 8, 15, 17–18, 57, 71, 101–102, 122, 265
jōri system of land division 102
kabane system 22
Kamakura bakufu 25, 27. See also military government: Kamakura
Council of State 26
Formulatory of Adjudications 26
Kemmu Restoration 27
Three Regulations for Great Crimes 27
Kantō method of flood management 104
American railway technology 160
British railway technology 1, 177, 263
Chin dynasty highways 124
Chinese Zhenguan Zhengyao 21
Collected Statutes of the Great Qing Dynasty 37
Confucianism 23, 26, 36, 40–41, 43, 57, 268. See also Neo-Confucianism
European legal theory 48
Iwakura Mission to U.S.A. and Europe 225
legal-bureaucratic state 23
military aircraft (French, British, German, and American) 185, 264
ritsuryō codes 23, 48, 57, 76, 124
Shi Bo Si (Oceangoing and Marketing Department) 73
T’ang-style taxes 24
U.S. Highway Capacity Manual 146, 261
Kōfun period 20, 71–72, 123, 260
Korean Bronze Age culture 19
special procurements 54
kuge 25
Lake Biwa survey 109, 116. See also canal transport: Lake Biwa
land administration 24
land readjustment program. See national land-use planning: land readjustment program
land reclamation 8, 69–71, 81, 88–89, 92, 106, 117, 243
land use and transport integration vii, 10, 223, 238, 240, 264
land-use planning system. See national land-use planning
land-value capture 10, 224, 237
magnetic levitation railways 1, 156, 172, 174, 178
Marine Transportation Bureau 85
maritime ports 72
Hakodate 46
Hanshin 4, 9, 70, 86–88, 93–94, 168
Ishiyama Honganji 8, 70, 75, 79–80, 91–92, 257
Nagoya 86
Naniwa 8, 21, 69–71, 73, 75–77, 81, 89, 91, 123, 257
Niigata 46
opening-up of ports to foreign trade 45
Sakai 8, 29, 70, 75, 77–79, 86, 91–92, 123, 257
Sumiyoshi 73
Watanabe 8, 70, 75, 79, 89, 91, 257–258
maritime regulations 74
Marxian history 16
Meiji government 39, 48, 50, 61, 83–84, 94, 136, 155, 157, 177, 225–226, 248
Diet 49
importing Western technology 50
legislative assembly 48
policy of industrial promotion 83
public works 50, 122, 143, 151, 258
regional integration 49
Sinified legal system 48
state-owned enterprises 50
Meiji Restoration xiv, 8, 10, 28, 42–43, 45–48, 59–60, 93, 122, 224–225, 248, 257, 260
kokutai 48
seitaishō 48
Memorandum on the Japan Customs System 85
merchants 9, 16, 29, 31, 35, 37, 39–43, 46, 48, 50, 59–61, 70, 75–78, 81–82, 90–93, 100, 103, 105–108, 116–118, 121, 125, 137, 257–259
family constitution 40
financial influence 41
itinerant peddlers 125
Ōsaka 10-wholesale group 82
Ōsaka 24-wholesale group 82
rice trade 41
teamsters 124
migration routes 15, 17, 57, 89, 255
military aircraft. See aviation policy: military aircraft
military government 8, 16, 22, 90, 256–257
Kamakura 16, 22, 25–27, 56–58, 90, 127. See also Kamakura bakufu
Muromachi 16, 22, 27–30, 37, 56–58, 60, 77, 90, 92, 127, 141. See also Muromachi bakufu
Tokugawa 16, 33, 57, 256–257. See also Tokugawa bakuhan
Minatogawa Man 17
Ministry of Communications 186, 198, 204, 216–217
Ministry of Finance 84–86, 145, 261
Ministry of Home Affairs 85
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism xv, 4, 87, 114–115, 122, 137, 143, 148–151, 168–169, 175, 178, 188–189, 193–195, 198, 200, 202, 209, 217, 231–232, 245–246, 249, 261, 267, 278–279. See also national land-use planning
Ministry of Transport 10, 86–87, 149, 151, 163, 166, 172, 190, 196–197, 200, 206, 208, 216–217, 257
Mito School of Thought 43
American aid budget 53
Japanese Constitution (1946) 16, 52–53, 56, 59
multi-function polis (MFP) 224
Muromachi bakufu 29, 32, 77–78, 127. See also military government: Muromachi
dual peasant system 30
hanzei tax 28
nihonkokuō shi. See nihonkokuō shi
status of merchants 29
tansen tax 28
tributary trade 29
myōshu 30
National General Mobilization Act 51
National Government Rice Agency 42, 60
national land-use planning 223, 224, 228–231, 256. See also new towns; See also Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; See also transit-oriented development
land readjustment program 10, 231–232, 264
smart cities 11, 224, 242–244, 246, 266
mobility in smart cities 246–247, 249
Tama Garden City 239–240, 242, 249
Neo-Confucianism 26, 40, 41. See also knowledge transfer: Confucianism
new institutional economics (NIE) 6, 59, 90, 279
new towns 11, 107, 162, 224, 239–242, 246, 249, 264. See also national land-use planning
nihonkokuō shi 32
Ōsaka Stock Exchange 61
Pacific Ocean 9, 100–101, 103, 116
Pacific War. See war: Pacific War
path dependency 59
pilgrimages 79, 123, 136, 141–142, 260
accommodation 142
entertainment 142
Ise Shrine 101, 113, 117, 141–143, 210–211
piracy 31–33, 58, 77–78, 80, 90–91, 257–258
Building Standards Act 227, 248
Bureau for Reconstruction of the Imperial Capital 226, 248
Capital Construction Law 227, 248
City Planning Act 226, 229, 248
Decentralization Law 229
Ginza Brick Quarters Project 226, 248
National Capital Region Development Act 227, 248
Tōkyō Special City Plan 227, 248
Tōkyō Town Planning Ordinance 226, 248
Port and Harbor Act (1950) 85, 93, 257
Port Customhouse 84
Port Development Authority 86, 258
port management bodies 85–87, 257
Port Management Corporation 87
post stations 9, 121–122, 124–125, 129–130, 132–139, 150, 260–261
abolition 136
courier services 132
honjin inns 137
locations 124
Naniwa Kō 138
prostitution 138–139, 142, 150
provision of horses 124, 129, 132–133, 135, 138, 150
premodern highways
Edō escape route 130
gokaidō 122–123, 129–130, 132–134, 136
Kōshu dochū 130
Magistrate of Road Affairs 133–136, 138, 150
man-powered carts 136
Naniwa Great Road 123
Nikkō dochū 130
Ōtsu 123
road widths 129
Tōkaidō 104, 109, 124–125, 128–130, 132–133, 135–136, 138
Tōkaidō survey 132
Tōsandō (Nakasendō) 109, 122, 124–125, 130, 132–133, 135–136, 138
weigh stations 135
Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings 137
private finance initiatives (PFI) 7, 184, 196, 207, 213, 264
private sector 4, 7, 88, 155–156, 162, 164, 171, 177, 184, 189, 196–197, 203, 207, 212, 216–218, 227, 236, 239, 244, 262, 264, 272, 275, 277
airlines 184, 186, 189, 216–218
railways 4, 155, 158–161, 166, 169–172, 174, 177–178, 214, 241, 262–263
subways 156, 165, 171, 178, 262
public sector 87, 247, 262, 277
airlines 183–184, 186–187, 189, 199, 212, 216, 218, 263
railways 10, 157, 159, 162, 166, 171–172, 177, 238, 262
railways 4, 9–10, 49–50, 83, 144, 149, 155–164, 166–167, 169, 171–173, 177–178, 218, 223–224, 227, 229, 231, 241, 248–249, 256, 262–263
British technology 155, 157, 263
Central Japan Railway Network 168
Den-en Toshi Company 162
governance models: public and private 166–167, 169–171
government railways 10, 159, 162, 166, 262
Japanese National Railways 155, 166–167, 169, 172–175, 178, 262
narrow gauge tracks 177
private operator innovations 156, 159, 161–163
private railway companies 4, 155, 160–163, 167, 177–178, 215, 241, 262–263
privatisation 155–156, 166, 169, 175, 177, 262
Railway Nationalization Act 155, 162, 262
Railway Technical Research Institute 163, 178
Tramway Law of 1921 164
urban subways 156, 165, 171, 177–178, 228–230, 262
urban tramways 156, 164–165, 177, 245
River Cooperative Organization System 115
rivers. See topography and rivers
road barriers 9, 121–122, 125–129, 131, 150, 260
auxiliary villages 135
passenger inspections 125, 128
strategic military value 126
travel permits 128–129, 134, 139, 141, 150, 260, 267
weapons 127
rōnin 27
samurai 25–27, 30, 40, 42, 46, 48, 60, 75, 82, 89, 99, 107, 130, 139–140
Sea of Japan 5, 9, 17, 78, 100, 103, 105, 108–109, 113, 116–117, 169, 245, 259
Setō Inland Sea 5, 8, 69, 71, 77–79, 91, 113, 160
Shinkansen 10, 156, 166–168, 171–176, 178, 215, 230, 238, 245, 262
early development 172–173, 177
operations, 1964 Summer Olympic Games 156, 172, 174, 178, 205, 262
Shinkansen Railway Holding Organization 174
Tōkaidō Shinkansen 172, 174, 262
shinōkōshō 46
Shintōism 20, 22, 31, 43, 57, 72, 142
shipbuilders, government subsidies to 83
shipping coastal routes. See coastal shipping routes
shōen 24, 26, 28, 30, 74, 77, 79, 89, 103, 125–127, 257, 260
Shōgun 25–27, 29, 32–35, 37, 41–42, 44, 46–47, 56–58, 60–61, 77, 80–81, 90, 92–93, 106, 117, 122, 129–134, 136, 157, 243, 256, 260
Enemy of the Court 47
vassals 26, 28, 30–31, 34–36, 106, 129
Shōwa Nankai earthquake 84
shuin sen 32
Society 5.0 11, 249, 255, 265–267, 269–272
ageing population 54, 178, 245, 247, 271, 275. See also ageing society
autonomous driving vehicles 267, 271–273, 275
aviation safety and security 278–279
Blue Ocean Strategy 279
challenges facing Japan 255, 267, 269–271, 274–276, 278–279
characteristics 266
natural disasters and resilience 276–277
personal mobility 267–268, 272–273, 275
Science and Technology Basic Law 249, 265–266
Smart City Public-Private Partnership Platform 266
socio-technical transition 7
Summer Olympic Games
Melbourne 3
Sydney 3
Supreme Allied Commander of the Pacific 52
Taira Reforms 9
Temporary Funds Adjustments Law 51
Tokugawa bakuhan 28, 34, 36, 38–39, 43, 57, 81, 92, 101, 105, 108, 116, 122, 127–129, 139, 258. See also military government: Tokugawa
commerce regulatory framework 42, 59
confiscation of daimyō lands 34, 47
corruption 43
fiscal-military state 34
foreign trade 36–37, 40, 45, 128
integration of river administration measures 104
monopolistic guilds 31, 40, 60
Office of Shōgun 35
provincial governments 34, 36, 137, 139
road administration 121, 129, 135, 150
sakoku edicts 37
taxation rice 41, 89, 93, 137, 141
tozama daimyō 35
village water management associations 104
Tōkyō Stock Exchange 61
topography and rivers 9, 18–19, 21, 42, 70, 72–73, 76–77, 79–82, 84, 89, 92, 99–107, 109, 112–118, 121, 124–125, 129–131, 135, 141, 143, 158, 203–204, 225, 259, 277
transit-oriented development xii, 4, 10–11, 224, 234–239, 241, 249, 264. See also national land-use planning
transport fees 139
Treaty of Peace and Amity 44
war. See also Korean War
Gempei War 78
Imjin Wars 33
Pacific War 16, 51, 88, 113–114, 145, 151, 164, 185, 188, 198, 210, 216, 224, 260
Russo-Japanese War 50, 155, 162
Second World War 8–10, 57, 59, 69, 85, 93, 122, 171, 178, 183, 198, 209, 224, 257
Sino-Japanese War 50, 155, 162, 187
Southern Court and Northern Court 27–28
Yamato Kingdom 15, 19–21, 56–57, 72–73, 76, 122, 125–126, 150, 260