Index
Aborigines 181
Access and Benefit Sharing 53
African giant land-snails 217
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds 390
Amano, Tatsuya 389
Analytic Hierarchic Processing 255
Antarctic Horizon Scan 208
Antarctic Roadmap Challenges 208
Applied Ecology Resources 49, 288, 326, 372, 383
argument maps 95, 114, 118, 263
Asia 53, 199, 203, 206, 225, 359
AsPredicted 322
assumptions 11, 147, 152, 157, 219, 222, 261, 360
acknowledging 59
assessing 33, 65, 90, 97, 114, 150, 151, 189, 197, 289, 293, 299, 348
modelling 18, 60, 63, 65, 205, 222, 223, 259, 261, 263, 264, 296, 297, 299
statistical 65
theories of change 121, 122, 124, 220, 224, 272, 290, 293, 296
Ausden, Malcolm 118
Australia 5, 181, 208, 210, 212
Austria 281
AuthorAID 324
availability heuristic 138
awareness and attitudes 389
Bat Conservation International 336, 349, 350
Bayesian Networks 95, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128
Bayesian statistics 40, 95, 124, 125, 127, 128
Bayes Nets 259
Bay of Pigs 108
Before-after control-intervention (BACI) 58, 317, 320
Belize 215
Bellingcat 67
benefits
and harms 354
assessing 84, 119, 127, 133, 145, 222, 243, 253, 255, 256, 257, 260, 261
demonstrating 338
evidence of 109, 252, 254, 275, 281, 282, 286
financial 105
hidden 320
of community working 183
predicting 135
bias 36, 60, 99, 138, 139, 140, 141, 145, 149, 275, 321
assessing 36, 38, 39, 56, 60, 61, 97, 98, 274, 351
confirmation bias 139, 140, 152
framing bias 139
group bias 133
hidden bias 319
hindsight bias 141
impact of 138
language bias 274
‘law of small numbers’ bias 136
motivational bias 8, 139, 142, 145
publication bias 59, 89, 103, 321, 380
reducing 22, 23, 50, 67, 78, 83, 101, 108, 142, 143, 145, 154, 189, 280, 299, 319, 320, 322, 373
reporting bias 324
risk of 16, 50, 65, 66, 68, 136, 138, 295, 318, 320
shared information bias 141
social psychological bias 139
biodiversity 41, 43, 50, 83, 87, 103, 200, 204, 212, 215, 219, 220, 281, 284, 285, 286, 288, 295, 296, 337, 354
business strategies 285
citizen science and 60
cost of failure 335
crisis 322
funding 288
in German 51
local knowledge 53
loss 55
management 49
monitoring 60
new infrastructure 284
supply chains 284
Birds Directive 281
Birds@Farmland Initiative 281
black swans 210
bnlearn 127
Brazil 53
Breckland Flora Group 117
Britain 13, 202, 204, 208, 217, 280, 324, 390
British Ecological Society Policy Group 13
British Trust for Ornithology 390
Burgman, Mark 117
Business Process Management 297
California 205
California condor 205
Cambridge Conservation Initiative 312
Campylobacter 130
Canada 143, 149, 190, 191, 192, 202, 209, 350, 351
Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat 350, 351
Capability Maturity Models 275, 276
Capacity Development 389
capercaillie 206
caret 127
Caring trust 189
CCE library 85
Center for Open Science 372
Centres of Environmental Evidence 13
Christmas Island 243
Christmas Island pipistrelle bat 243
citizen science 11, 31, 35, 59, 60, 376
Classical Model for Structured Expert Judgement 151, 156
climate change 8, 42, 77, 203, 212, 279, 284, 286, 312, 320, 357
CNKI 51
Cochrane Collaboration 12, 381
Cochrane Task Exchange 51
Collaboration for Environmental Evidence Synthesis Appraisal Tool (CEESAT) 80, 82, 86, 106
Common Agricultural Policy 6, 13, 16, 281, 282
common scoter 206
Communication trust 189
community
collaboration 183, 191, 192, 235, 263
community health 43
community science 59
conservation by communities 7, 53
conservation community 13, 293, 313, 333, 358, 367
ecological community 40
education community 381
global community 13
impact 313
Indigenous 149, 179, 181, 182, 183, 185, 190, 192
local community 45, 47, 52, 53, 112, 181, 183, 191, 192, 193, 215, 244, 246, 289, 291, 292, 346, 354, 356
online 67
scientific community 287
community-based education 342
community engagement 6, 21, 53, 123, 179, 181–195, 182, 184, 191, 209, 225, 240, 323
community support 181
Competency trust 189
conflicts of interest 8, 9, 36, 379, 384
conservation action 39, 43, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 87, 104, 124, 139, 162, 199, 206, 220, 222, 251, 274, 292, 293, 298, 307, 309, 313, 317, 321, 322, 324, 326, 343, 356, 375, 378, 388, 389
Conservation Evidence project 13, 16, 49, 50, 83, 84, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 239, 259, 277, 280, 281, 282, 288, 292, 293, 295, 296, 317, 324, 336, 340, 341, 342, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 360, 372, 373, 380, 383, 387, 388, 389, 390
Conservation Finance Alliance Incubator 219
Conservation Measures Partnership 121, 199, 200, 202, 213, 215, 220, 338, 339, 341, 349, 359
Conservation Standards 297, 335, 338, 339, 342, 359
Conservation Training 342
Contractual trust 189
controls 16, 55, 56, 58, 59, 90, 315, 317, 318, 320, 323, 353
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 53, 181, 283
Cool Farm Alliance 295
Cool Farm Biodiversity metric 295
Cool Farm Biodiversity Metric 295, 296
corncrakes 206
cost-benefit analysis 19, 43, 44, 45, 46, 104, 105, 245, 246, 299
45, 46, 127, 216, 240, 242, 245, 246, 255, 299
costs 43, 44, 45, 46, 104, 105, 245, 246
analytical costs 60
assessing 162, 163, 246, 255, 274, 373
cost effectiveness 7, 14, 16, 19, 33, 46, 48, 53, 188, 220, 239, 240, 244, 245, 246, 247, 253, 274, 288, 289, 308, 361, 378, 383
direct costs 104
estimation of 7
evidence of 43
feasibility 59
of failure 335
of testing 353
political costs 59
savings 7
transparency 43
data collection 49, 59, 60, 61, 65, 208, 305, 307, 308, 309, 320, 321, 322, 323, 359, 382
decision sketching 19, 240, 244, 245, 259
DeepL 51
degradation 5, 6, 42, 204, 285
Delphi Technique 83, 133, 147, 154, 155, 156, 158, 163, 209, 299
Devil’s Advocacy 146, 147, 152
diagnosis 18, 65, 136, 199, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207
Dialectical Inquiry 146, 147, 152
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 5
diversity 33, 53, 54, 67, 83, 92, 115, 142, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 182, 189, 209, 210, 216, 225, 226, 296, 342, 348, 356, 377
Dives, David 117
Dutch 53
Earthshot Prize 218
eBird 35
echo parakeet 217
Ecological Niche Models 64
effective learning 16
Enallodiplosis discordis 353
Endangered Landscapes Programme 312
England 12, 50, 51, 83, 84, 99, 102, 120, 126, 217, 336, 354, 371, 388, 389
EPPI-Mapper 79
Ethiopia 53
Ethiopian Institute of Biodiversity Conservation 53
EU Biodiversity and Farm to Fork Strategies 281
EU Green Deal 281
Eurasian bittern 204
Europe 6, 15, 41, 53, 99, 115, 193, 205, 209, 280, 281, 323
European Patent Office 53
European Union 6, 193, 280, 281
Evaluation Officer 341
EviAtlas 79
Evidence Assessment Hierarchy 352
evidence base 41, 48, 49, 77, 78, 79, 92, 110, 112, 114, 129, 130, 206, 219, 220, 245, 272, 273, 274, 280, 284, 285, 286, 289, 290, 292, 293, 305, 307, 308, 309, 319, 347, 351, 359, 372, 378, 379, 380, 382, 384
evidence-based practice 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 33, 39, 77, 97, 135, 202, 222, 249, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 279, 280, 281, 286, 288, 289, 290, 292, 294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 310, 335, 340, 349, 350, 355, 356, 358, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 388, 389
evidence capture sheets 95, 114, 124
Evidence Champion 336, 340, 342, 349, 350, 351, 354, 360, 380
Evidence in Conservation Teaching Initiative 342, 388
evidence-informed practice 33
evidence-led practice 33, 292, 361, 362
evidence restatements 95
Evidence-to-Decision Tool 246, 295, 297, 337, 339, 340, 353
Evidensia 79
EVOKE 218
experimental design 36, 307, 320, 361, 382, 384
expertise 9, 11, 52, 60, 67, 78, 135, 136, 138, 140, 149, 150, 155, 185, 273, 292, 341, 345, 362, 376
experts 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 145, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158
and decision making 292
and decision-making 22, 129, 135, 138
bias and 16, 67, 97, 136, 138, 142, 145
expert-based approach 147
expert elicitation 17, 124, 149, 153, 156, 161, 209, 261
improvement and 145
inappropriate use of 137
Indigenous 52
judgement 67, 130, 133, 135, 138, 142, 145, 151, 154, 155, 156, 158, 299
knowledge 22, 31, 47, 67, 136, 149, 201, 204, 280
overconfidence in 9, 136, 143, 145
performance of 135
polarisation and 150
Socratic questioning and 150
extinction 5, 53, 55, 160, 161, 184, 199, 206, 243, 357
extinction denial 55
failure 6, 8, 46, 135, 207, 216, 243, 321, 323, 326, 335, 338, 341, 342, 343, 344, 347, 348, 360, 370
Fair Open Access Principles 48
features of interest 42, 199, 200, 201, 202, 215, 220, 373
Firecast 204
First Nations (Canada) 190
Fisheries Act, 350
Fisheries and Oceans Canada 350, 351
Flood Risk 35, 127, 128, 188, 253, 256, 258
forecasts 63, 66, 125, 137, 158
forest canopy cover 6
forest degradation 6
Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act 276, 277
Foundations of Success 293, 342, 349
Francis hydroelectric turbines 292
Free Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) 182
Gates, Bill 342
GBIF 383
GENIE 127
Gill, Jennifer 118
GitHub 66
Global Analysis and Discovery 204
Global Fishing Watch 204
Golden Rule 117
Google Scholar 49, 51, 102, 326
Google Translate 51
governance 40, 54, 191, 211, 212, 272, 345
Great Lakes 202
Green, Rhys 118
grey literature 49, 273, 360, 361, 388
Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve 191
Haida Fisheries Program 191
Haida Nation 191
Healthy Country Planning 191
HMS Salisbury 12
Holding Hands Rule 117
horizon scanning 18, 84, 155, 197, 199, 208, 209, 210, 211, 282
HUGIN 127
Hungary 281
Hydenet 129
IARPA 158
Iberia 115
IDEA protocols 133, 147, 150, 154, 156, 157
Indigenous 31, 34, 52, 53, 54, 149, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193
Indo-Pacific 208
informational cascades 140, 141
information reliability 36, 37, 38, 41, 54, 61, 111, 113, 115
information reliability, source reliability, and relevance (ISR) score 36, 37, 41, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113
Ingleby Farms 351, 352, 353, 354
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 108, 110, 212, 295
International Council for the Exploration of the Seas 283
International Initiative for Impact Evaluations 77
International Union for Conservation of Nature 83, 99, 199, 200, 219, 281, 293, 342, 352, 390
Inuit Nunangat 191
invasive species 42, 90, 91, 103, 123, 203, 208, 246, 247, 315, 357
Inventory and Monitoring 359
IOC World Bird List 51
IPBES 52, 53, 54, 211, 212, 283
IRS score 112
IUCN Threat Categories and Action Categories 83
Japan 21, 22, 41, 50, 51, 91, 103, 217, 218
Jones, Jo 117
J-STAGE 51
Kahneman, Daniel 9, 136, 137, 138, 139
kaizen (‘doing better’) 217, 243
Kaplan turbines 292
Kew Gardens 53
kingfisher 218
Kleijn, David 6
Knight, Teri 13
knowledge brokers 367, 376, 377
knowledge co-assessment 53
knowledge co-evolution 53
knowledge co-production 53
KoreaScience 51
Kūlana Noi’i 53
Lac de Mâl 193
Laplace’s Principle 40
large blue butterfly 202
Latin America 50
Likert scales 249
Lind, James 12
linguistic diversity 53
Livelihoods and Governance 389
Living on the Edge project 193
local knowledge 11, 22, 31, 48, 52, 53, 54, 112, 181, 193, 204, 239, 273
Longitude Prize 218
Lord Howe woodhen 206
Luc Hoffmann Institute 219
Mâl Commune 193
Mangrove Restoration Tracker Tool 308
marine protected areas 7, 204, 243
Marshall, Albert and Murdena 191
Masson, Julia 117
Mauritania 193
Mauritius 217
MAVA Foundation 293
measurement error 38, 56. See also observational error
media 38, 55, 184, 210, 282, 323, 326, 354, 358, 360
Mediterranean region 90, 209, 222, 295
meta-analysis 33, 36, 37, 41, 50, 75, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90, 102, 103, 113, 127, 128, 129, 144, 147, 299, 321, 324, 325, 350, 382
Mi’kmaq Elders 191
Miradi Share platform 341
model 41, 42, 48, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67
complexity 60
computer model 261
development 262
limits of 63
of publishing 49
output 63
quality of 63
robustness of 66
situation model 213, 214, 220, 223
Montreal Protocol 5
Myanmar 209
National Biodiversity Network 390
National Inuit Strategy on Research 191
National Lottery Heritage Fund 354
Nature+ Accelerator Fund 219
Nature Mauritanie 193
Nepal 207
NETICA 127
New Forest Acts 192
New Forest National Park 192
New Forest New Future programme 192
nitrogen oxide 5
Nominal Group Technique 154, 155, 156
No Net Loss initiative 356
Non-Government Organisation 7, 46, 47, 52, 129, 185, 246, 281, 308, 348, 350, 360
Nucleário 218
Nuñez, Martin A. 389
Oakland Athletics 13
Objectives and Key Results (OKR) framework 347
observational error 38. See also measurement error
open access 9, 48, 75, 76, 90, 218, 324, 354, 372, 380, 382, 389
Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation 191, 349
overconfidence 9, 136, 139, 142, 143, 145, 148, 158, 160
overexploitation 5, 39, 42, 204
Oxford Martin School 129
ozone layer 5
Pacific Ocean 38, 208, 356, 357, 359
Pacific Rim Conservation 356, 357, 358
Pakistan 207
Pankhurst, Tim 117
Parks Canada 192
Pathfinder Award for Innovation in Nature Conservation 218
PECO (population, exposure, comparison, outcome) 226
Peer Community In 49
peer-reviewed literature 34, 35, 39, 43, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 65, 287, 324, 326, 350, 354, 356, 357, 358, 360, 381, 383
Peru 353
photographs 36, 37, 38, 40, 60, 62, 201
PICO (population, intervention, comparison, outcome) 226
PIT (population, index test, target condition) 226
PO (population, outcome) 227
Prediction Market 154, 155, 158, 159
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 88
PRISMA-EcoEvo 88
PRISM (Practical Impact Assessment Methods Small and Medium-sized Conservation Projects) 388
Privately Protected Areas (PPAs) 352
PROCEED registry 86
protected areas 5, 6, 7, 16, 17, 54, 212, 243, 246, 320, 358
publishing system 48, 49, 272, 280, 321, 336, 349, 354, 355, 359, 372, 374, 380, 382, 384
Pullin, Andrew 13
Rabbit Rule 117
randomisation 12, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 98, 103, 114, 287, 305, 315, 318, 325, 353, 370
Randomised before-after control-intervention (R-BACI) 58, 317
Randomised controlled trials (RTC) 58, 317
rapid evidence assessment 75, 86
red helleborine 217
reintroduction projects 5, 7, 46, 105, 117, 184, 273, 308, 311
relationship conflict 150, 152
relevance 31, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 54, 61, 62, 66, 83, 88, 90, 98, 99, 106, 107, 111, 113, 114, 115, 118, 135, 150, 273, 283, 291, 293, 294, 308, 361, 376
replication 12, 55, 56, 58, 59, 101, 305, 315, 317, 318, 321, 323, 351, 353
RepOrting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES) 85, 102
reputational cascades 140
research design 37
restatements 129
restoration 5, 6, 16, 184, 186, 188, 191, 192, 204, 206, 215, 218, 222, 284, 285, 292, 307, 308, 311, 312, 314, 348, 351, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357
saiga antelope 212
Salisbury novichok poisoning 67
SciELO 51
Science Based Targets Network 284
scope 18, 48, 53, 59, 77, 80, 92, 126, 127, 190, 199, 200, 208, 209, 210, 215, 216, 225, 243, 279, 282, 314, 323
Scopus 49
Shinkansen bullet train 218
Significant Species 352
Sills, Norman 117
silver-spotted skipper 206
situation models 18, 197, 220, 222, 296
Smart, Jennifer 118
Society for Ethnobiology 190
solution scanning 83, 199, 215, 216
source reliability 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 54, 61, 106, 111, 113, 115, 273, 283, 294, 382
how to determine 33, 38, 39, 47, 54, 61, 83, 86, 106, 111, 113, 135
online sources 54
sources of evidence 37, 38, 39, 41, 47, 48, 52, 54, 55, 61, 67, 106, 114, 204, 261, 274, 280, 297, 387, 388
how to assess 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 47, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62, 67, 106, 107, 113, 114, 117, 297
Indigenous 52
linguistic diversity 51, 102, 283
omitting 275
online 54
practitioner knowledge 52
range 31, 47, 112, 114, 120, 216, 219, 279, 285, 293, 376, 378
reliability 31, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 47, 49, 54, 97, 106, 114, 283
tertiary sources 47
Species and Habitat Management 278, 389
Species Distribution Models 64
spoon-billed sandpiper 199
spring speedwell 117
Stackoverflow 111
stakeholder analysis 184, 186, 187, 188
stakeholder mapping 186, 187, 188
statistical analysis 13, 64, 287
Steller’s sea cow 243
stocked brown trout 206
Strategic Evidence Assessment (SEA) model 108, 109, 341
strategy pathway diagram 121
study design 50, 55, 57, 58, 59, 101, 114, 287, 314, 317, 319, 341
subject-wide evidence synthesis 75, 82, 83, 90, 215, 295, 381
surveys 60, 79, 143, 206, 279, 351, 353, 356
Sutherland, William 6, 7, 9, 117, 118, 205, 206, 209, 217, 222, 283, 287, 307
swifts 317
Symonds, James 117
System 1 thinking 9
System 2 thinking 9
systematic maps 13, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 86, 90, 92, 102, 106, 389
systematic reviews 12, 13, 41, 53, 75, 77, 78, 79, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 99, 101, 102, 106, 127, 128, 129, 277, 292, 324, 350, 351, 381, 382
Themis 36
theories of change 18, 95, 118, 121, 122, 123, 124, 197, 199, 201, 220, 221, 222, 224, 240, 261, 293, 296, 308, 310, 314, 319, 322, 349
Theory of Change approach 272, 290, 344, 361
Thompson, Des 118
threats 17, 18, 21, 35, 39, 42, 43, 47, 48, 52, 55, 84, 88, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 208, 209, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 220, 222, 226, 235, 273, 281, 296, 336, 357, 383
Thylacinus cynocephalus 243
trade-offs 19, 127, 135, 162, 163, 237, 239, 240, 241, 244, 248, 249, 251, 253, 259, 263
traditional knowledge 181
traditional practices 181
translocation 7, 16, 105, 273, 308, 357, 358
Transparency and Openness Promotion Guidelines 380
‘Two-Eyed Seeing’ (or Etuaptmumk) 191
UK Chartered Institute for Ecology and Environmental Management 218
Ulysses S. Seal Award for Innovation in Conservation 218
United Kingdom 5, 7, 11, 22, 46, 114, 127, 184, 192, 208, 209, 215, 218, 219, 225, 227, 279, 280, 282, 359, 361, 376, 378
United Nations (UN) 136, 181, 182
United States of America 5, 100, 114, 121, 202, 276, 341, 358
US Cooperative Extension Service 342
US Endangered Species Act 1973 243
US Fish and Wildlife Service 243, 270, 277, 358
US Fish and Wildlife Service’s National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS) 358, 359
US Office of Management and Budget 277
values 10, 11, 22, 33, 46, 135, 137, 143, 145, 191, 200, 220, 249, 250, 251, 273, 295, 353
biodiversity 284
cultural 46
hidden 241
measuring social values 249
personal 8
Verderers 192
visualisation 107
vultures 206
wandering albatross 206
Wapusk Ecosystem 192
Wapusk National Park 192
whale sharks 217
What Works Centres 13
Whitley Awards and Continuation Funding programme 360
Whitley Fund for Nature 359, 360, 361
Wikipedia 54
World Bank Institute 218
World Health Organization (WHO) 370, 371
World Heritage Site 200
Yellow Sea 200
Yellowstone National Park 5
zombie data 37
zombie studies 37
Zoohackathon 218