9/11 terrorist attacks 357
1848. See Revolutions of 1848
1968 85, 90, 224, 290–291, 319, 415, 419–424, 490, 522, 555–556, 649, 652, 687, 721, 753–754, 811–814, 849–850, 913
abolitionism 79, 308, 399, 402, 405, 408–409, 413, 574, 665, 667, 671, 875
abortion 159–160, 224–225, 421
Acosta, José de 100
Africa 10–12, 17, 39, 55, 68–69, 71–74, 83, 90, 92, 97, 99, 102, 104–106, 109, 114–116, 119–122, 127–129, 162, 171, 175, 237–238, 257, 271, 287, 289, 300, 302–304, 307–308, 311, 313, 319–320, 322–325, 355, 365, 379, 419, 448, 489, 531, 545, 550–551, 564, 569, 627, 637, 666, 780, 912
Age of Revolutions 275–276, 351–352
Agricola, Rudolph 9
Aitzing, Michael von 11
Albert, Archduke 367
alcohol 452, 546, 578, 856, 899, 912
Aleš, Mikoláš 111
Alexander I 18
Alfred I 343
Algerian War 92, 324, 389, 420
Alphand, Adolphe 899
Alps 38, 42, 48, 140, 446, 574, 632
America xvii, 11–12, 18, 26–27, 29–30, 33, 49–51, 57, 72, 74, 81, 101–105, 110–111, 122, 126–129, 156, 162, 237, 271, 286–287, 289, 291–292, 298–304, 313, 317, 324, 333–335, 337, 351, 356, 365, 370, 373–376, 378, 384, 387–388, 401–402, 412, 419, 421, 439, 442–444, 446–448, 452–453, 457–458, 485, 502, 531, 533, 550, 554, 564–566, 579, 584–587, 590, 607, 637, 648, 666, 684, 698, 711, 734, 740–741, 755, 762–763, 773, 776, 780, 808, 817, 846, 858–859, 863, 872, 875–876, 881, 911–912, 946. See also United States of America
American civil rights movement 255, 292, 811
Americanisation 110, 126, 387, 459, 810, 881
American Revolution 333–335, 337, 351, 412
American Revolutionary War 370
ancien régime 42, 232, 239, 248, 276, 334, 376, 402, 598, 706, 734, 741, 763, 794, 859, 930
Andrade, Oswald de 128
Anglican Church 66, 465, 696, 711–712, 730, 923
D'Annunzio, Gabriele 878
antiquity 8, 10, 102, 105, 336, 412, 432, 498, 504, 666, 728–729, 821, 888, 890, 919–920, 924, 927, 948
apprenticeships 436, 631, 662, 666
April Laws 344
Aristotle 11, 101, 105, 201, 888
Arminius, Jacobus 700
Arrhenius, Svante 545
Asia 10–11, 65, 73, 97, 99, 102, 106, 109, 112–114, 119, 123–125, 162, 207, 271, 287, 289, 299–302, 304, 319, 322–323, 358, 365–366, 379, 396, 419, 434, 448, 458, 508, 550, 564, 566–568, 570, 578, 621, 627, 629, 633, 637, 651, 698, 767, 774, 780
Athens , 366, 419, 687, 902, 904, 1
Atlantic Ocean 11, 31, 50, 68, 73–74, 79, 99, 110, 298–299, 304, 308, 348, 435, 443–444, 446, 523, 534, 556, 563–565, 568–569, 584, 633, 637, 666, 762, 769, 773, 848, 861, 863, 870
Atlantic Revolution 238, 333, 401–402, 861, 865
Atlantic slave trade 71–73, 105, 237, 244, 308, 666
Augustine of Hippo 8
Austria 8, 15, 17, 19, 26, 39, 42–43, 51, 54–58, 66, 70, 80, 103, 156, 167, 172, 181–184, 191–192, 195, 212–214, 245, 255–256, 277, 286–287, 313, 331, 334–335, 340, 343–347, 367–371, 375–376, 396, 402, 411, 417, 475, 487, 491, 502, 514, 518, 570, 575, 583, 586, 595, 609, 621, 707, 749, 783, 803–804, 849, 930, 936, 945, 948
Austria-Hungary 56, 192, 214, 256, 277, 286, 347, 475, 575, 583. See also Habsburg Empire
Austrian War of Succession. See War of the Austrian Succession
authoritarianism 29–30, 123, 128, 185, 189, 253, 291–292, 323, 344, 353, 356–358, 387, 417–419, 424, 455, 457, 459, 728, 743, 749, 812, 845, 877, 883, 909, 934, 945
automobile 65, 485, 650, 652, 679. See also car
Babeuf, François Noël 402, 742
baby boom 155, 158–159, 161, 810, 815
Bacon, Francis 454, 498, 539, 822
Bakunin, Mikhail 77, 346–347, 411
Balaguer, Victor 932
Balcerowicz, Leszek 589
Balkans 37, 41, 47, 49, 70, 79, 140, 180, 190–191, 277, 286, 341, 357, 364–365, 448, 708–709, 717, 775–776, 784
Balkan Wars 278, 709, 715, 784
Baltic Sea 99, 300, 453, 549, 569
Balzac, Honoré de 837
Barbaro, Francesco 9
Barcelona 419, 438, 476, 932, 936
Barthou, Louis 355
Barzizza, Gasparino 498
Báthory, Sigismund 701
Battle of Lepanto 365
Battle of Magenta 346
Battle of Mohács 70
Battle of Nieuwpoort 367
Battle of Saint Quentin 366
Battle of Waterloo 77, 370, 374
Bauhaus 844
Bayle, Pierre 731
Belgium 47, 77, 83, 90–92, 121, 180, 190, 214, 245, 277, 279, 286, 289, 308–309, 320–321, 323, 331, 333–334, 336, 341, 356, 375, 396, 402, 411, 448, 452, 487, 491, 509, 511, 534, 575, 586, 588, 639, 660, 671, 682, 707, 770, 772, 903
Belle Époque 243, 612, 639, 644, 648
Benois, Alexandre 842
Berlin xvii, 54, 58–59, 86, 90, 115, 158, 162, 277, 292, 344, 357, 379, 389, 396, 417, 420, 422–423, 453, 475, 485, 519, 543–544, 580, 622, 723, 755, 786, 847, 849, 871, 878, 909, 911
Berlin Uprising 422
Berlin Wall xvii, 54, 59, 90, 158, 357, 389, 423, 453, 622, 723, 755
Bern Convention 446
Bernstein, Eduard 743
Beuys, Joseph 847
van Beverwijck, Johan 793
biennio rosso 354
Bingen 38
Bismarck, Otto von 19, 345, 347, 407, 480, 487, 609, 743
Black Acts 400
Black Death 135, 137, 140, 600, 659, 662. See also plague
Blanc, Louis 480
Bloody Week 346
Bodin, Jean 102, 234, 469, 729
Boer War 489
Bohemia 57, 66, 80, 167, 182, 194, 367–368, 400, 500, 503, 512, 607, 786, 870, 919–923, 925–926, 930–931, 945
Bohr, Niels 452
Bolsheviks 29, 124, 277, 287, 352–354, 358, 384–385, 416, 585, 619, 716–717, 723, 751, 842, 879
Bolshevik Triennium 354
Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne 727, 730
Botero, Giovanni 469
Bourbon Restoration 933
Boxer Rebellion 114
Brandt, Geeraerdt 924
Braque, Georges 836
Brazil 68, 73, 80, 104, 128, 299–300, 303–304, 308, 341, 358, 458, 564, 568, 667, 780
Bret, Cardin Le 761
Breughel the Elder, Pieter 892
Briand, Aristide 27
Brigate Rosse 356
Britannia 281
British East India Company (EIC) 307, 567, 567–568, 568, 570–571, 578, 578–579
British Empire 94, 159, 298, 300, 308, 317, 321, 409–410, 571, 577, 771, 872
British Invasion 881
Buchez, Phillippe 22
Budapest 280, 422, 559, 581, 620, 910
Budapest School 620
Bulgaria 55, 88, 155, 190, 277, 289, 355, 708–709, 715, 717, 721–722, 749
Burke, Edmund 351
Cabral, Pedro Álvares 104, 564
Calvinism 66–67, 282, 333, 365, 367, 464, 501, 695–696, 700–702, 715–716, 919
Calvin, Jean 399, 498, 700, 728–729
Caminha, Pêro Vaz de 104
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) 811
Campe, Joachim Heinrich 795
Canada 72, 80, 156, 159, 369–370, 648, 857, 877
Capellen tot den Pol, Derk van der 334
capitalism 20–21, 27, 57, 110, 124, 127, 207, 234–236, 239, 248, 252–254, 257, 275–276, 289–291, 302, 325, 347, 356, 406, 421, 431, 445–446, 459, 468, 476–477, 480, 485, 491–492, 530, 540, 543, 549–550, 553, 556, 573–574, 579, 581, 584, 590–591, 595–596, 606, 611, 616, 618, 620–623, 637–639, 641, 648–649, 653–654, 667, 669, 674–675, 680, 683, 688, 721, 743, 747–748, 751–752, 754, 805, 832, 898, 905, 941
car 458–459, 485, 620, 652–653, 908, 913. See also automobile
Carcassonne 936
Carlowitz, Hans Carl von 42, 541
Carnation Revolution 323
Carol I 279
Carson, Rachel 554
Casas, Bartolomé de las 105–106
Castiglione, Baldassare 366
Castillo, Bernal Diaz del 101
Castro, Fidel 419
Catalonia 277, 331, 542, 600, 786, 932
Catholic Church 16, 99, 145, 226, 397, 423, 698, 701, 715–716, 718–719, 721, 723, 749, 919, 923, 930, 933
Catholic Emancipation Act 406
Catholicism 16, 29, 66–68, 99, 128, 145, 169, 190, 203–204, 206, 212–213, 226, 244, 269, 299, 311, 329, 331, 334, 354–355, 364–365, 367–368, 397–398, 406, 423, 466, 469, 498–500, 509, 541, 565, 695–699, 701–703, 705–711, 715–716, 718–721, 723, 729–730, 749, 804, 821–822, 824, 826–827, 863, 867, 919–921, 923, 930, 933–934
Cats, Jacob 793
Cavour, Count 345
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 356
Cerdá, Ildefonso 476
Cervantes, Miguel de 72
Cézanne, Paul 836
Chadwick, Edwin 544
Charbonnerie 340
Charles Albert 345
Charles V 11, 269, 299, 363–366, 396, 398
Charles X 77
Charta 77 423
Chartism 342, 344, 347, 406, 413, 675, 741
Chateaubriand, François-René de 707
Chekhov, Anton 837
China 10, 83, 100, 103, 112–114, 116, 122–125, 128, 144, 434, 458, 563, 578, 632, 654, 682, 774, 900
Chodsko 57
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 124–125
Christianity 7–10, 12, 15–18, 25, 29, 31, 39, 41, 43, 67–70, 73, 100–102, 104, 106, 124–125, 170–171, 173, 190, 212, 224, 237, 243, 258, 271, 301, 303, 311, 314, 331, 364, 366–367, 400, 464–465, 504, 535, 564, 574, 597–598, 634, 665–666, 695–696, 700–703, 707–708, 718–722, 728–729, 734, 753, 767, 804, 821–823, 825–826, 828, 890, 919–923, 926, 948
Christmas Rebellion 314
cinema 867, 869, 873, 879, 881
citizenship 42, 91, 93, 191, 221, 223, 254–255, 258, 269, 285, 291–293, 333, 405, 634
civilising mission 307, 317, 320–321, 676, 775
Clausewitz, Carl von 374
Clement VIII 701
Club de Berne 356
Club of Rome 556
Coase, Ronald 642
coffee 310, 578, 629, 633–634, 642, 662, 810, 899
Cold War 30–33, 53–55, 89–90, 93, 124–125, 162, 194–195, 197, 251, 254, 285, 289–290, 318–319, 333, 355, 357–358, 383, 385–388, 390, 420–421, 424, 451, 453, 455, 457, 459, 483, 492, 521, 525, 549, 555, 558, 583, 591, 623, 649, 652, 683, 685–686, 719, 723, 752, 755, 784, 787, 809, 813, 815, 877, 881, 945, 949
collectivism 843
Columbus, Christopher 104, 563, 565
Comenius, John Amos 469, 500, 503, 791, 793, 827, 894
Comintern 354
communism 21, 30, 54, 77, 85, 90, 124, 161, 194, 251–255, 257–258, 289, 291–292, 339, 346, 353–354, 357–358, 378, 385–387, 389, 415–418, 420, 422–424, 483, 491, 549–550, 552, 556–557, 585, 589–590, 616–618, 621–622, 648–649, 675, 688, 716, 719, 721–722, 742–743, 748–749, 751–755, 781, 784, 805, 823–824, 850, 879, 945, 947
Communist Manifesto 252, 346, 607, 618, 677
Comuneros 269
Concert of Europe 19, 370, 373, 375
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de 737
Condorcet, Nicolas de 737
Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) 417
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) 388
confessionalisation 695–697, 703, 729
Congress of Vienna 17, 20, 46, 113, 115, 277–278, 340, 375, 377
Conrad, Joseph 837
conservatism 19, 22, 29, 124, 126, 149, 212, 223, 255, 258, 292, 334–335, 341, 354–355, 407, 413, 416–417, 420, 423, 476, 491, 498, 504, 569, 584, 601, 676, 712, 719–720, 738, 743–744, 747–749, 753, 814, 920, 945
Considerant, Victor 22
Constitution for Europe 32
consumer society 459, 620, 627–628, 630, 632, 635, 642–645, 652–654, 811
contraception 138, 156, 158, 160, 205, 711
Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism 355
Cooley, Charles Horton 876–877
Córdoba, Gonzalo Fernández de 366
Cortes, Hernán 299
cotton 309, 439, 543, 553, 628–629, 634, 642, 666
Coubertin, Pierre de 902
Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard von 26–28, 948
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) 291, 589, 652, 783
Council of Europe 384, 520, 948
counterculture 224, 752–753, 811–812, 815, 841, 849
Courbet, Gustave 834
Crimean War 78, 113, 115, 375, 671
Croatia 55, 70, 88, 167, 195, 287, 499, 717, 749
Cromwell, Oliver 890
cultivation system 310
Cuza, Alexandru Ioan 279
Czech lands 48, 510, 749, 786, 920–921, 930
Czechoslovakia 26, 28, 54, 56–57, 89–90, 160–161, 192–194, 278, 286–289, 291, 318–319, 325, 422–424, 458, 687, 721–722, 753, 783–784, 944–946
Czech Republic xvii, 54–55, 156, 161, 195, 310, 682, 947
Daguerre, Louis 868
Dalí, Salvador 845
Danzig 53, 58, 570. See also Gdańsk
Darwin, Charles 442, 477, 479, 508, 540, 743–744, 837
d’Azeglio, Massimo 49
Debray, Régis 325
Debussy, Claude 839
Decembrists 340
Declaration of Paris 376
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen 233, 407, 706
decolonisation 91–92, 120, 122, 159, 195, 257, 288–289, 319, 321–326, 387, 420, 810, 942, 948
Dee, John 300
d’Eichthal, Gustave 22
deindustrialisation 485–486, 687, 786
Delaunay, Robert 845
democracy 16, 19, 21–22, 28, 30, 32, 55–56, 110, 113, 125–127, 195, 224, 243, 248, 253, 258, 269, 289–291, 323, 333–334, 336, 345–347, 354–358, 378, 384–385, 395, 402, 405–406, 410, 413, 415, 417, 420, 423–424, 457, 459, 483, 491–492, 549, 609, 616–618, 622, 648, 675–676, 717, 719–720, 722, 732, 738–741, 743–744, 752–755, 811, 813, 832, 834, 862, 865, 871, 879, 883, 931, 934
Denmark 7, 19, 54, 136, 173, 180, 225, 254, 267, 277, 279, 324, 345, 367–368, 406, 411, 487, 530, 586, 667, 671, 685, 814
De Stijl 846
diaspora 66–69, 75–76, 285–287, 293, 700–701, 902
Diesel, Rudolf 445
Dom Miguel 77
Douglass, Frederick 875
Duke of Berry 340
Dunant, Henry 17
Dürer, Albrecht 632
Durkheim, Émile 709
Dutch East India Company (VOC) 304, 566–568
Dutch Maiden 281
Dutch Republic 272, 300, 398, 563, 567, 569, 700, 793, 796, 798, 827, 861–862, 867, 919, 924–925
Dutch Revolt 270, 567, 924. See also Eighty Years’ War
Eastern Question 115, 122, 377
East Germany 90, 158, 357, 423, 458, 521, 589, 621, 722. See also German Democratic Republic (GDR)
Edison, Thomas A. 447
Eighty Years’ War 696. See also Dutch Revolt
Eisenhüttenstadt 162
electricity 442–443, 445, 449, 451, 522, 542–543, 551, 574, 576, 580, 641, 650, 652, 686, 831, 870, 873
Eliot, George 837
Elizabeth of Russia 370
Engels, Friedrich 21, 150, 252, 477, 611, 618, 675–676, 742, 745, 747
England xvi–xvii, 9, 11, 20, 66, 71, 76–77, 80, 136–138, 150, 168–169, 179, 185, 203, 205, 212–213, 223, 232, 234, 244–245, 252, 256, 266–267, 269–270, 272, 277, 281, 299–301, 320, 329–331, 334–335, 346, 365–367, 369, 395, 398, 400–401, 407, 409–410, 436–439, 463, 469, 470, 475, 478, 500, 502, 511, 530–531, 533–536, 553, 563, 565, 567–568, 574, 578, 600–602, 610–611, 618, 628, 630–631, 633–634, 638–639, 642, 644, 660–662, 665, 673, 675, 687, 696, 700, 711, 729–730, 732, 734, 738, 741, 749, 771–772, 785–786, 794–795, 803, 821, 823–825, 828, 856, 859, 867, 872, 888–893, 898, 919, 922–924, 931, 936. See also Great Britain
English Civil War 270, 395, 400, 700
English Poor Law 478
Enlightenment 6, 10, 15, 18, 40, 42, 103, 110, 112–113, 172, 313, 333, 336, 371, 377, 409, 433, 453, 466, 501, 503, 574, 609, 703, 706–707, 709, 711, 727, 731, 734, 737–738, 744, 770, 795, 797, 804, 827, 927, 948
Entente Cordiale 354
environmentalism 423–424, 547, 553–557
Erasmus of Rotterdam 9, 497–498, 502–503, 698, 728
Estonia 55, 195, 286–288, 664, 685
ethnic cleansing 78, 85, 189, 191, 257, 289, 357
European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) 588, 782
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 31, 588, 782
European Community (EC) 31–32, 54–55, 195, 387–388, 948
European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN) 453, 456, 520
European Economic Community (EEC) 289, 384, 588, 590, 649–651, 782
European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 591
European integration 31–32, 60, 99, 285, 289–290, 293, 322–323, 387, 520, 591, 787, 813, 948–949
European Recovery Program (ERP) 30, 586. See also Marshall Plan
European single market 591
European Space Agency 456
European Union (EU) xvi, 26–27, 32–33, 54–56, 58, 93, 190, 195–197, 225, 290, 326, 520, 590, 622, 649, 651, 682, 686, 745, 781–782, 784, 947–948
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) 356, 419
Exoticism 314
Expedition of the Thousand 346
factory 87, 90, 92, 150, 211, 221, 246, 252–253, 386, 437, 446–447, 451, 454–455, 477–478, 480, 542–543, 551, 559, 564–565, 568, 573–574, 578, 606, 641, 644, 651, 669, 673–675, 681–682, 686, 802, 804, 832, 909
Fanon, Frantz 325
fascism 221–222, 258, 291–292, 318, 353–354, 384–385, 417–418, 423, 483, 749–750, 811, 814, 850, 878
February Revolution 716, 751. See also Russian Revolution
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 356
Federal Republic of Germany xvi–xvii, 9–11, 15–16, 18–21, 26–30, 38, 40, 45, 47–48, 50–51, 54, 56, 58–59, 67–68, 70, 75–78, 80–83, 86–90, 111–113, 115, 120, 124–126, 128, 140, 150, 156–158, 162, 167–170, 173, 178–182, 184–185, 190, 192–193, 195, 212, 214, 222–226, 245, 252–253, 255, 269, 272, 276–282, 286–289, 291, 299, 304, 313, 318–319, 321, 331, 341, 343, 345–347, 352–354, 356, 366–368, 378, 384–386, 389–390, 396–400, 408, 411, 416–418, 422, 445–448, 452, 455, 457, 465–466, 477–478, 480, 487–488, 490–491, 499–501, 504, 508, 510–511, 513, 518–519, 521–523, 534, 544–546, 553–554, 569–570, 574–575, 578–579, 583, 590, 607, 609, 611, 617–618, 620–622, 628, 630, 632, 639, 650, 675, 677, 679–680, 684, 687, 696, 702, 711, 718, 721, 730, 737–738, 742–743, 749–751, 753, 760, 766–767, 771–772, 781–782, 784, 786, 791, 794–795, 800–801, 807, 810–812, 824, 826, 838–839, 843–844, 846–847, 849, 857, 859, 866–867, 870, 872, 877–882, 889, 901, 903, 913, 921–922, 925, 930–931, 934, 945–946. See also West Germany
Feltre, Vittorino da 498
feminism 215, 221, 224–225, 248, 254–256, 384, 407, 419, 421, 424, 478, 489, 740, 748, 754
Ferdinand VII 340
Ferro, António 879
Filonov, Pavel 842
fin-de-siècle 184, 485, 744, 747, 937
Finland 31, 46, 48, 55, 157, 173, 191, 254, 277, 286–287, 289, 312, 385, 408, 786, 902
First International 21, 346, 347, 410, 411, 413, 609. See also International Workingmen’s Association
First World War 20, 25–27, 30, 51, 53–54, 83, 86, 88, 92, 116, 122, 124, 126, 128, 146, 155–157, 192, 196, 221–222, 251–252, 254–258, 278, 285–286, 292, 312, 348, 353, 358–359, 367, 369, 373, 375–376, 378, 380, 383–384, 386, 389, 408, 416, 441, 446, 451–452, 456, 479, 483–484, 487, 489, 517–518, 520, 522, 549, 580, 583–584, 605, 607–609, 616, 619, 639, 644, 647–648, 650–652, 655, 676, 680, 683–684, 717, 781–782, 808–809, 841, 850, 876, 909–910, 940, 944
fiscal-military state 267, 367–368
Flour War 400
Fluxus 848
Fordism 257, 550, 649, 679–680, 688
Fourier, Charles 224, 476–477, 741, 832–833
Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 334
France xvii, 9, 11, 15–22, 27, 29–30, 38–43, 45–48, 50–51, 54, 56, 59–60, 66–67, 71–72, 75–78, 83, 87–88, 90–93, 102–104, 114–115, 122–123, 127, 136, 138–140, 144, 149, 157, 159, 168, 172, 178–180, 185, 190, 195, 203, 211–212, 223–225, 231–234, 236–238, 245–247, 252, 255, 257, 266, 268–269, 275, 277, 279–280, 286, 289, 307–308, 319–324, 329–331, 333–337, 339–342, 345–347, 351–352, 355, 358, 363–371, 374–377, 379, 386–389, 395, 398, 400–403, 405–407, 411–412, 417–421, 437–438, 441, 443–446, 448, 452, 458, 469–470, 475–478, 487–489, 491, 500, 503–504, 508, 510, 514, 518–519, 522–523, 530, 535–536, 540–541, 545, 551, 575, 578–579, 583, 586–588, 610, 612, 620, 628–633, 639, 643, 653, 663, 666, 671, 675–676, 679, 682, 684–685, 687, 696–697, 699–700, 705–712, 715–716, 723, 729–734, 737–740, 742–744, 749, 753, 759–764, 766–768, 770–773, 781–782, 785, 803–805, 807, 810–811, 814, 824, 827, 831–834, 836–837, 839, 841, 846, 848–849, 858–859, 861–862, 865, 867–870, 872, 880–882, 888–889, 892–893, 899, 902–903, 905, 908, 913–914, 929–937, 939, 942, 945
Francke, August Hermann 465
Franco, Francisco 128, 354, 387, 418, 616, 719–720, 723, 781, 879
Franco-Prussian War 78, 346, 375, 378, 478, 489, 833
Frankfurt Assembly 343
Frankfurt School 456, 876, 880
Franz Ferdinand 348
Frederick V 367
Frederick William II 334
Frederick William IV 343
freedom 16, 18–19, 21, 27, 32, 67, 72, 85, 181, 224–226, 302–303, 344, 354, 384, 400, 420, 422–423, 447, 491, 524, 573–574, 588, 601–602, 659, 664–665, 670, 675–676, 705–708, 716, 719–721, 727, 729–730, 732, 734, 739–742, 760, 763, 811, 827, 832, 838, 845–846, 850, 865, 870, 897–898, 908–909, 915, 924, 932–933, 946
free trade 26, 116, 376, 448, 573, 575, 591, 602, 731
French Empire 15–16, 21, 308, 321, 443
French Revolution xvii, 15, 22, 45, 47, 76–77, 172, 178, 211–212, 231–233, 333–337, 351–352, 370, 395, 401–403, 405, 407, 412, 441, 541, 631, 639, 663, 671, 705–707, 709, 711–712, 737–739, 742, 744, 763, 805, 833, 862, 872, 929, 931, 937, 939
French Revolutionary Wars 47
Freud, Sigmund 224, 453, 846, 849
Galicia 47, 76, 86, 182, 184, 271, 289, 510, 749
Garden City movement 474–476, 485
Garibaldi, Giuseppe 77, 345–346, 708
Gaulle, Charles de 324
Gdańsk 53, 58. See also Danzig
General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs (GATT) 591
Generation X 808
Generation Z 808
Geneva 21, 41, 333, 402, 453, 695
Geneva Conventions 17, 355, 376
Genevan Revolution 333
genocide 78, 85, 189, 191, 195–196, 257, 353, 355, 357, 374, 390, 452, 457, 718, 723, 752, 947
German Customs Union 50, 280, 575
German Democratic Republic (GDR) 319, 422, 423, 490, 554, 617, 721, 753, 783, 810, 881. See also East Germany
German Empire 45, 47, 54, 59, 87–88, 180, 279, 286, 345, 743
globalisation 85, 196, 292–293, 358, 421, 424, 458, 487, 491–492, 523, 551, 555–556, 573, 579–581, 590–591, 605, 615, 622–623, 630, 644, 649, 654, 682, 808, 848, 880, 943, 946
Global South 162, 323, 325, 387, 621, 679, 688
Glorious Revolution 269, 329, 331
Gobineau, Arthur de 744
Godin, André 832
Gomarus, Franciscus 700
Gorbachev, Mikhail 721, 723, 753
Gouges, Olympe de 407
Graunt, John 535
Great Britain xvi–xvii, 26, 31–32, 50–51, 71–73, 75, 81, 83, 85, 91– 94, 112, 114–116, 126, 135, 138–139, 146, 150, 159, 179, 190, 244–245, 247–248, 255–256, 272, 279, 286, 298, 300, 304, 307–311, 314, 317, 319, 321–324, 334–335, 341, 344, 346–347, 351, 369–371, 377, 380, 384, 406, 408–411, 413, 418, 435, 443–445, 476–477, 487–489, 492, 522–523, 536, 543–545, 571, 575, 577–579, 602, 638, 641, 652–653, 666–667, 672, 675–676, 680, 687, 759, 769–771, 781, 805, 811, 814, 832–833, 837, 866, 872, 880–881, 891, 899, 901, 903, 908, 931, 939. See also United Kingdom; See also England
Great Depression 29, 157, 455–456, 553, 583–584, 616, 648, 650, 652, 684
Greatest Generation 808
Great Fire of London 535
Greece 6, 9, 12, 16–17, 22, 31, 54–55, 67, 78–79, 88, 100–101, 127, 158, 169, 190, 253, 255, 257, 277, 279, 287, 289, 291, 297, 340–341, 355, 366, 376, 385, 410, 418–419, 498–499, 502–504, 508, 579, 586, 702, 709, 715, 717–718, 821–822, 838, 888, 902
Greek Civil War 289
Greek War of Independence 22, 340, 376
Gregory XVI 708
guest workers 91, 158, 195, 289, 490, 681, 785
guilds 171, 204, 208, 211, 232, 234–235, 268–270, 396–397, 399, 402, 436–438, 479, 498, 573–574, 581, 599, 609, 630–632, 662, 738, 766, 824
Gutenberg, Johannes 433, 439, 857–858, 867
Haakon VII 279
Habsburg Empire 6, 8, 10–11, 18, 25, 28, 40–41, 45, 47, 50, 59, 70, 77, 79–80, 83, 102, 167, 169, 172, 178, 180–181, 183, 277, 280–281, 286–287, 298, 300, 340, 343, 345, 364, 366–367, 400, 408–409, 435, 499, 501–502, 510, 512–514, 567, 607, 701–702, 770, 773, 783–784. See also Austria-Hungary
Habsburg Monarchy 6, 28, 79–80, 83, 178, 180–181, 183, 287, 409, 435, 510, 783
Haeckel, Ernst 553
Hague Peace Conferences 376
Haitian Revolution 238, 304, 308, 335–336, 374
Haussmann, Georges-Eugène 476, 485, 899, 932
Havas, Charles-Louis 870
Hegel, Georg W. F. 113, 120, 866
Heine, Heinrich 77
Helsinki Accords 388
Helvétius, Anne-Catherine 738
Hemingway, Ernest 354
Hen War 332
Herder, Johann Gottfried 18, 738
Herites, František 110
Herodotus 101
Herzen, Aleksandr 77
Hindenburg, Paul von 879
Hitler, Adolf 29, 54, 87, 224, 489, 810, 879
Holocaust 79, 88, 289, 452, 715, 718, 751, 945–946, 948–949
Holodomor 88
Holy Alliance 15, 19, 376, 707
Holy League 365
Holy Roman Empire 8, 11, 16, 38, 46, 66, 170, 204, 297–298, 364, 367–369, 396, 437–438, 499, 569, 696, 858, 889, 925–926
homosexuality 160, 224–225, 255, 419, 751
Horthy, Miklós 417
Hugo, Victor 18, 20, 77, 280, 378, 837, 933
Huguenots 66–67, 170, 329, 365, 438, 470, 700
humanism 9, 11, 111, 236, 468–469, 497–498, 500, 502–504, 511, 597, 634, 698, 728, 792, 794, 798, 821, 824, 894, 919–920, 926
humanitarianism 17, 20, 30, 120, 122, 224, 322, 352–353, 355, 384, 466
human rights 56, 122, 239, 288, 292–293, 322, 324, 353, 356, 379, 409, 421, 424, 556–557, 706–708, 737–738, 744, 897, 913
Hume, David 732
Hungarian Revolution 30, 344, 422
Hungary xvii, 6, 8, 10, 18, 28, 30, 32, 42, 50, 55–56, 69–70, 76–77, 81, 86, 88–90, 102, 149, 156, 159, 161, 172, 181–182, 184–185, 190–195, 214, 253, 256, 277–278, 286–289, 291, 313, 318–319, 321, 325, 331, 343–344, 347, 358, 385–387, 400, 409, 417, 420, 422–424, 475, 499, 512–513, 521, 559, 570, 575, 579, 583, 609, 617, 621, 652, 664, 670, 701–702, 717, 721–722, 753–754, 773, 800–801, 807, 870, 902, 944
Hus, Jan 920
Hussite Wars 926
Huxley, Aldous 456
hygiene 144, 148, 150–151, 442–443, 451, 467, 470, 476, 480, 533, 536, 544, 673
Iberian Peninsula 12, 37, 39, 68–69, 72, 74, 99, 171, 237, 271, 502, 534, 587, 695–696, 700, 772, 875
Iceland 136, 180, 586, 902, 941
Ignatius of Loyola 698
imperialism 10, 45, 49–51, 57, 75–76, 80, 83, 86, 91, 93, 103–104, 112, 114–117, 120, 123, 126–128, 172, 178, 180, 182, 184, 210, 237, 248, 267, 271, 281, 286–287, 297–305, 307–315, 317–321, 326, 353, 355–356, 376, 379–380, 409, 419–420, 435, 442, 446, 449, 489, 502, 512, 539–540, 542, 545–546, 575–576, 650, 676, 743–744, 750, 754, 767, 771, 773–775, 781, 804, 811, 813, 930, 933
impressionism 831, 834–837, 839
India 10–12, 51, 72, 83, 93, 105, 111, 114–115, 128, 298–299, 303–304, 307, 309–311, 314, 320–322, 324, 370, 374, 458, 545, 563–564, 567–568, 571, 578–579, 633, 642, 666, 771, 872, 893
Indian National Congress 321
Indian Rebellion 307, 311, 314
Indirect Rule 319
individualism 156, 160, 207, 400, 485, 511, 730, 734, 744, 754, 827–828, 837
Indochina War 324
Indonesia 10, 310, 322, 353, 355, 509, 682
industrialisation 20, 22, 27, 80, 141, 143, 145, 150–151, 155, 206, 211, 242–243, 246, 251, 255, 257, 309, 341, 347, 410–411, 417, 431, 437, 439–440, 443–444, 452, 455, 457–458, 463, 470, 473, 475–479, 481, 484, 486, 523, 529, 534, 539, 543–547, 549–550, 552, 554–555, 557, 563, 573–576, 578–580, 585, 590, 596, 602, 605–607, 611, 615–617, 619, 627, 637–642, 644, 669, 672–674, 677, 682, 686, 705, 712, 752, 772, 776, 780, 785, 801–803, 806, 832, 865, 867, 905, 909, 911, 935, 939
industrial revolution 49–50, 113, 135, 150, 152, 209, 211, 221, 437–439, 445, 447, 508, 514, 540, 543, 545, 547, 605–606, 611, 627–628, 638–639, 642, 661, 670, 672, 706, 799
industrious revolution 207, 628, 642, 662
infrastructure 49, 51, 59, 76, 80, 269, 374–375, 431–432, 434–436, 439, 445–446, 451, 455–458, 470, 480, 502, 518, 520, 531, 534, 549, 554, 573, 575, 586, 752, 769–776, 913, 940
Innocent X 700
insurance 292, 478–480, 487–488, 535, 575–577, 587, 609, 612, 642, 644, 676, 679, 683–686, 743
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO) 355
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 17
International Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU) 28
International Labour Organization (ILO) 31, 588
International Monetary Fund 324
International Peace Congress 20, 377
International Research Council (IRC) 518
International Workingmen’s Association 21, 78, 410. See also First International
Investment Fund for Economic and Social Development 321
Ireland 38, 50, 54, 81–82, 140, 179, 190, 225, 244–245, 286–287, 298, 300, 333–334, 344, 346–347, 356, 401, 406, 530, 586, 685, 699, 715, 827, 892–893
Irish Question 347
Irish Republican Army (IRA) 356
Irish Volunteers 334
Iron Curtain 30–31, 56–57, 93, 155–156, 158, 161, 289, 387, 453, 456, 458, 483, 491–492, 521, 524, 587, 590, 617, 649, 653, 721, 781, 783, 809, 946
Islam 25, 39, 41, 68–73, 78, 102–103, 116, 168, 171, 190, 195, 243, 257, 300, 314, 320–321, 323, 357–358, 364, 366, 598, 695–696, 698, 701, 708, 715, 718, 765–767, 775, 781, 804
Istanbul 22, 66, 69, 475, 708, 718, 775, 861
Italy xvi, xviii, 9, 11, 17–19, 31, 38, 47–49, 54, 56, 66, 71, 76–78, 80, 83, 87–88, 90, 92, 104, 127, 136, 140, 156, 168, 170–171, 178–179, 190, 195, 203, 206, 222–223, 253, 255, 257, 266, 269–271, 276–277, 279, 287–289, 291, 321, 336, 340–341, 345–347, 354–356, 364–366, 374, 376–377, 385, 396, 400, 402, 410–412, 417, 419–420, 436–439, 446, 457, 469, 490, 498–499, 501–502, 504, 556, 569, 586–588, 607, 609, 611, 628, 630–632, 639, 660, 684, 686–687, 695, 708, 749–750, 753, 763, 770–772, 785, 787, 792, 810–812, 814, 824, 838, 856, 858, 861, 870, 877–882, 888–890, 893, 903, 905, 945
Ivan III 265
Ivan IV 7, 266, 300, 764–765, 794
Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig 901
James I 367
James II 891
James IV 891
Jan II Kazimierz Wasa 332
Jansen, Cornelius 699–700, 711
Japan 26, 109, 114, 116, 119, 124, 144, 307, 317, 321, 356, 442, 458, 523, 564, 774, 811, 948
Jevons, William Stanley 544
John Bull 281
joint-stock company 568, 573, 577, 641–642
Joseph II 172, 181, 334, 400, 501
journalism 135, 215, 408, 556, 700, 833, 871
Judaism 7, 9–10, 51, 54, 66–68, 72–73, 78–79, 82, 87–90, 126, 157–158, 167–174, 178, 184–185, 190, 192–193, 196–197, 223, 237, 243–245, 249, 257, 287–289, 386, 452, 464, 469, 504, 519, 598, 695–696, 698, 700–701, 705, 708–709, 715–716, 718, 749, 751–752, 767, 804, 879, 930, 945–946
Juglar, Clement 639
July Revolution 739
Kandinsky, Wassily 842–843, 846
Kant, Immanuel 18, 169, 371, 377, 503–504, 737
Kassák, Lajos 845
Kdyně 57
Kett’s Rebellion 601
Khrushchev, Nikita 387, 521, 653, 721, 753
Kiel Mutiny 416
Kingdom of Poland-Lithuania 38. See also Poland-Lithuania
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 54
Kohl, Helmut 59
Kościuszko, Tadeusz 332
Kossuth, Lajos 77, 344, 421–422
Kracauer, Siegfried 876
Kun, Bela 417
Kundera, Milan 32
Labadie, Jean de 827
labour rights 405
Lacordaire, Henri-Dominique 711
Lamennais, Félicité Robert de 707–708
Larionov, Mikhail 842
Lassalle, Ferdinand 480
Latin America 127–129, 162, 287, 289, 317, 419, 442–443, 448, 458, 776, 780, 911
Latvia 55, 131, 195, 286–288, 664
Laud, William 700
Lavoisier, Antoine de 442, 540
League of Nations 26–27, 89, 192, 255, 288, 321, 355, 384, 554, 940
Le Corbusier 455
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 10, 500
Lemberg 58, 183, 184. See also Lviv
Lenin, Vladimir 27, 253, 290, 292, 321, 352, 384, 619, 621, 716, 751, 842
Leo XIII 574
liberalism 15–16, 18–19, 22, 76–77, 116, 126, 158, 243, 245, 248, 341, 344, 353, 376, 400–401, 405, 416, 420, 487, 573–574, 610, 675–676, 686, 707, 709, 712, 730–732, 737–744, 747–749, 753, 755, 845, 932–933
liberty 30, 77, 231–232, 248, 333, 399–400, 402, 412, 417, 707, 729, 731–732, 738–740, 827
Lieber Code 376
Liebig, Justus von 445, 508, 544
Liguori, Alphonsus 711
Lister, Joseph 443
Lithuania 7, 37–38, 55, 66, 167, 169–170, 173–174, 195, 267, 279, 286–287, 332, 365, 502, 569–570, 664, 684, 764
Livingstone, David 311
Locke, John 234, 730, 732–733, 738, 763, 795
London 18, 21, 78, 82, 150, 203, 215, 245, 270, 280, 311, 329, 346, 377, 389, 407, 409, 411, 418, 445, 465, 474–475, 487, 530, 535, 543–544, 554, 568, 580–581, 700, 732, 776, 782, 785, 810, 813, 824, 837, 861, 866, 868, 870, 872, 900, 902, 911, 935–936
London Missionary Society 311
Long War 70
Louis II 70
Louis Napoleon 77, 345. See also Napoleon III
Louis Philippe d’Orléans 341
Louis XI 760
Louis XIII 761
Louis XIV 66, 72, 368–369, 467, 727, 761
Louis XV 369
Louis XVIII 933
Low Countries 47, 136, 365, 367, 396–398, 475, 530, 602, 628, 630, 632, 660–662, 698, 700, 749, 888–889, 892. See also Netherlands
Lubań 926
Lubomirski, Jerzy 332
Lugard, Frederick 319
Lutheranism 66–67, 365, 423, 464–465, 499, 501, 574, 695–696, 701–702, 715–716, 919, 921, 926
Luther, Martin 67, 397, 464, 695, 728, 794, 822, 858
Luxembourg 21, 27, 47, 487, 586, 588, 784, 881
Lwów 58, 183–184. See also Lviv
Lyell, Charles 540
Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de 734
Macedo, António de Sousa de 12
Madrid 76, 419, 502, 542, 776, 870
Malthusianism 86, 137, 141, 146–147, 152, 470, 638, 644, 662
Malthusian trap 146–147, 152, 638, 644, 662
Malthus, Thomas 135, 137, 146, 152, 470, 544, 610, 638
managerialisation 587
Mano Negra 347
manorial system 136, 303, 399, 401–402, 408, 541, 569–570, 600
Manuzio, Aldo 9
Marconi, Guglielmo 447
Mariana, Juan de 729
Maria Theresa 172, 369, 501, 804
Marinetti, Filippo 878
Marshall Plan 30–31, 289, 550, 585–589, 649, 782–783. See also European Recovery Program (ERP)
Marxism 194, 252, 290, 292, 333, 347, 364, 453, 491–492, 611, 618, 620–621, 720, 741–744, 747, 749, 751, 753, 755, 879–880
Marx, Karl 21, 77, 252, 346, 411, 477, 574, 607, 610–611, 618, 620, 675–676, 712, 742, 745, 747, 751, 753, 755, 849, 898
Mary I 923
Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue 26
mass media 555, 748, 853, 855, 857, 862–863, 865–866, 871, 874–877, 880, 883
Matisse, Henri 845
Maurice of Orange-Nassau 366
May Fourth Movement 124
May, Karl 111
Mazarin, Jules 331
Mazzini, Giuseppe 18–20, 77–78, 345, 410, 708
McLuhan, Marshall 857–858, 877
mechanisation 221, 380, 437, 445, 456, 549–550, 637–638, 640–641, 673, 871
Medici, Alessandro de’ 893
Mediterranean Sea 12, 17, 22, 39, 55, 69, 99, 101–102, 115, 271, 340, 365–366, 434, 531, 534, 542, 564, 567, 633, 666, 750, 781, 783, 872, 913
Melanchthon, Philipp 499
Mensheviks 751
Mercado, Tomás de 597
mercantilism 595–596, 600, 602
Metternich, Klemens von 340, 343
Mexia, Pedro 792
Mexico 68, 100–101, 105, 299, 301, 566
Michelet, Jules 933
Michurin, Ivan V. 553
Middle Ages 6, 8, 20, 29, 38–39, 66, 99, 137, 139–140, 171, 173, 193, 204, 232, 234, 271, 330, 408, 436, 464, 467, 530, 532, 564, 569, 598, 630, 659–660, 663–665, 701, 711, 734, 764, 794, 860, 888, 890–891, 920, 926
middle class 129, 149, 204, 211, 216, 243–244, 248, 256, 334, 340, 343, 358, 377, 398, 406–408, 436, 508, 544, 546, 577, 606, 616–617, 620, 623, 629, 642, 652, 674, 676, 687, 742, 748–749, 802, 806, 809, 812, 880, 900, 903, 914
Middle East 55, 71, 93, 97, 99, 103, 109, 114–116, 119, 122–123, 358, 374, 379, 533, 893
Middle Passage 308
Mikhail I 332
millennials 808
Mill, John Stuart 408, 574, 610–611, 740, 743
Milton, John 729
Mindszenty, József 721
Minh, Ho Chi 419
Mirabeau, Victor Riqueti de 731, 764
missionaries 9, 99–100, 103–104, 168, 173, 244, 303, 311–312, 465–466, 699
modernisation 114, 124, 127, 149, 290, 292, 343, 387, 405, 412, 477, 551, 557, 587, 649, 651, 673, 707, 719, 774, 780, 866, 908, 911, 935, 939
modernity 65, 113, 124–125, 280, 291, 308–309, 364, 431, 443–444, 456, 473, 481, 483, 705–706, 712, 731, 769, 774, 786, 845–846, 897, 905, 909, 911, 915, 931, 937
Molina, Luis de 700
Moluccan Youths 356
Mondrian, Piet 846
Monnet, Jean 488
Montaigne, Michel de 104
Montesquieu 103, 732, 738, 763
moral economy 400, 536, 601, 618
Moravia 80, 343, 442, 469, 500, 541, 791, 827, 920, 931
Mor Danmark 281
More, Thomas 469, 502, 821–825, 828
Morris, William 833
Moscow 265–266, 271, 300, 454, 456, 475, 485, 717, 752, 764–767, 773–774, 794, 796, 811, 941
Mosley, Oswald 418
Mother Russia 281
Motín de Esquilache 400
multiculturalism 288–289, 293, 304
Munich Agreement 56
Münster, Sebastian 11
Mussolini, Benito 92, 123, 253, 417, 750, 878
Nansen, Fridtjof 89
Napoleon Bonaparte 15–16, 19, 46, 50, 77–78, 113, 115, 340, 352, 370, 374, 402, 706, 716, 738–739, 801
Napoleonic Wars 45–47, 49, 51, 77, 79, 115, 277, 339, 351, 371, 373–374, 376–377, 389, 610, 901, 930
Napoleon III 19, 345–346, 743, 870, 899–900. See also Louis Napoleon
Nasser, Gamal Abdel 123
nationalism 15, 18–19, 22–23, 26, 29, 46–49, 76, 78, 120, 122–123, 126, 128, 158, 167, 174, 178, 181–186, 189, 191, 195–197, 215, 244–245, 263, 265, 271, 275–276, 278, 281–282, 285–289, 292–293, 315, 321, 345, 348, 357–358, 385, 401, 405, 417, 422, 452, 457, 489–490, 513–514, 518, 546, 708–709, 712, 717, 738, 744, 747–748, 750–751, 786, 873, 878–879, 897, 901, 905–906, 922, 931, 934, 937, 939
National Liberation Front 356
National Socialism 29, 126, 158, 223, 245, 257, 389, 423, 452, 483, 519, 749–752, 811, 878, 881, 945
Naumann, Friedrich 28
Nazi Germany 29–30, 33, 54, 56, 58–59, 88, 157–158, 193, 224, 255, 257–258, 289, 318, 354, 389, 418, 452, 485, 489, 519–520, 680, 717, 750–752, 815, 845, 875, 878–879, 901, 945–946. See also Third Reich
neoliberalism 293, 486, 491–492, 523, 617, 621–622, 649, 685–686, 749, 754–755
Netherlands xv–xviii, 9, 11–12, 47, 67, 71, 75, 77–78, 82–83, 87, 90–92, 115, 123, 127, 148–149, 157, 159, 170, 180, 195, 205–206, 225–226, 252, 270–272, 277, 279, 281–282, 289, 298–300, 304–305, 307–310, 322, 324, 330–331, 333–335, 337, 341, 356, 365–369, 371, 374, 379, 396, 398, 402, 405, 411, 434, 438, 491, 499–500, 503, 508–509, 511, 518, 522, 530–532, 535, 563, 565, 567–569, 578, 586–588, 616, 630, 633–634, 639, 660, 662, 666, 671, 681, 696, 699–700, 707, 730, 770, 772, 793, 796–797, 798, 812, 824, 826–827, 846, 849, 861–862, 867, 889, 891–892, 903, 911–912, 919, 924–925. See also Low Countries
Newbery, John 795
New Economic Mechanism 652
New Imperialism 307
New Left 325, 419–420, 424, 620–621, 849
Newton, John 72, 454, 500, 503–504, 533
New World 12, 68, 73–74, 81, 105, 111–112, 237–238, 304, 308, 531, 565, 578
Nietzsche, Friedrich 453, 838, 849
nobility 12, 70, 72, 79, 169, 182, 202, 233, 236, 268–269, 303, 332, 334, 365–366, 400, 465, 607, 642, 702, 729, 760–761, 763, 766, 867, 887, 891–893
North America 18, 81, 300, 302, 304, 324, 370, 374, 401, 448, 457–458, 485, 584, 607, 666, 762, 881
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 30–31, 357, 387–388, 520, 782
North Sea 81, 607, 638, 661–662
Norway xvii, 47, 49, 55, 89, 158, 173–174, 180, 190, 258, 267, 277, 279, 311, 340, 507, 586, 667, 902
Novalis 15
Nové Hrady 57
O’Connell, Daniel 344
O’Connor, Fearghus 344
October Revolution 252, 277, 751. See also Russian Revolution
oil crisis 93, 123, 556, 583, 588, 649, 684, 686
Opium Wars 114
Orangemen 334
ordoliberalism 587
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 31, 520, 523, 588, 685
Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) 31, 588–589
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 521
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) 123
Oriental Crisis 22
Orthodox Christianity 67, 190, 708, 715–716
Orthodox Church 266, 271, 332, 695, 716–717, 723
Otto I 279
Ottoman Empire 6, 8, 10, 12, 17, 22, 25, 39, 41–42, 45, 47, 59, 66–67, 69–72, 79, 99, 101–103, 105–106, 115–116, 122, 140, 167–171, 180–181, 191–192, 213–214, 256–257, 277, 286, 298, 300, 313, 318, 331, 340–341, 344, 364–366, 368, 376–377, 435, 442, 575, 665–666, 701, 708–709, 717–718, 759, 770, 775–776, 784, 804
Oviedo, Fernando González de 101
Owen, Robert 476–477, 741, 832
Pacific Ocean 11, 299, 324, 774
Paine, Thomas 734
Palacký, František 931
Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) 127
Pan-Slavic Congress 343
Pareto, Vilfredo 611
Paris 20, 22, 50, 76–77, 86, 203, 233, 247–248, 261, 292, 344, 354, 370, 376, 378, 388–389, 400–402, 418, 420, 445, 448, 453, 475–476, 485, 487, 519, 542, 546, 555, 581, 588, 643, 676, 706, 711, 731, 749, 763, 776, 785, 810, 824, 833–834, 837, 849, 868–870, 881, 897, 899–900, 903, 911, 932–933, 936, 943
Paris Commune 76, 78, 346–347, 676, 831, 833
Parsons, Charles 445
paternalism 121, 293, 320, 476–477, 674
patriotism 26, 42, 179, 215, 221, 255, 265, 276, 282, 345, 348, 370, 385, 388, 717, 804–805, 901, 921, 926, 931, 934, 937
Patriots 334
Paul VI 720
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 369
Peace of Augsburg 365, 396, 696
Peace of Münster 924
Peace of Utrecht 369
Perón, Juan Domingo 128
Perraudin, Jean-Pierre 540
Petty, William 470
Philip II 11, 330, 365–366, 398, 565, 699, 924
Pius IX 345
plague 140, 155, 530, 543, 600. See also Black Death
Poland xvi, xviii, 7–8, 10, 18–19, 28, 37–38, 47, 49, 51, 53–55, 58–59, 66, 69, 76–77, 80, 83, 87–90, 138, 158–162, 167–170, 173–174, 179, 182, 184, 191–193, 195, 225, 253, 267, 278–280, 286–289, 291, 313, 318, 332, 341, 346, 354, 365, 377, 387, 411, 417, 422–423, 502, 521, 554, 569–570, 589, 617, 620–621, 652, 660, 686, 707, 719, 721–723, 749, 753, 764, 785, 837, 925–926, 931, 946–947
Poland-Lithuania 37–38, 167, 169–170, 173–174, 267, 279, 332, 365, 502, 569–570, 764. See also Kingdom of Poland-Lithuania
Polish Crisis 422
Polish War of Succession. See War of the Polish Succession
pollution 150, 457, 543–544, 546–547, 549–550, 553–557, 833
Portbou 58
Portugal 55, 68, 76, 90–92, 104, 115, 120, 128, 159, 171, 195, 211, 255, 266, 291, 299, 304, 307, 323, 331, 340–341, 365, 385, 387, 418–419, 508, 565, 586, 633, 715, 868, 879
Portuguese 11–12, 68, 72–73, 76–77, 90, 92, 99, 104, 127, 237, 257, 271, 298–300, 302–304, 323, 331, 364–366, 418–419, 534, 563–568, 666, 772
Poznań Uprising 422
Prague 10, 184, 310, 342–343, 356, 387, 400, 422, 444, 513, 519, 620, 652, 721, 753–754, 783, 786, 930–932
Prague Spring 356, 387, 422, 620, 721, 753–754
Praxis Circle 620
professionalisation 266, 268, 441, 510–512, 514, 517–518, 523, 532, 557, 894, 897, 902, 904
Protestantism 66–68, 78, 169–170, 173, 180, 190, 204, 206, 212, 244, 299, 311, 331, 334, 367, 371, 398, 464, 466, 498–500, 601, 695–703, 705–707, 711, 715, 729, 731, 749, 767, 804, 821–822, 824–825, 858, 867, 919–920, 923–924, 926
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 19, 741
Proust, Marcel 837
Prussia 15, 17, 19, 21, 54, 78–79, 86, 136, 170, 180, 185, 193, 211–212, 277, 279, 313, 332, 334–335, 340, 343, 345–346, 369–371, 374–375, 378, 389, 398, 408, 438, 445, 465, 478, 489, 510, 544, 570, 575, 580, 609, 707, 732, 770, 833
von Pufendorf, Samuel 730
Quad, Matthias 11
Quattrocento 628
Quesnay, François 731
racism 29, 86, 105, 121, 157, 171, 174, 191, 236–238, 245, 249, 287, 304, 314, 386, 452, 754, 812, 815, 881, 912
radicalisation 292, 335, 354–357, 420, 844
railways 65, 75, 80, 83, 151, 417, 446, 448–449, 475, 576–577, 579, 587, 672, 769–776, 870, 908
Raleigh, Walter 300
rationalisation 312, 455–456, 463–464, 471, 846, 898
Reagan, Ronald 491, 621, 722, 754
Rebellion of Granada 69
Red Army 290, 355, 617, 721, 752, 783, 812
Reformation 39, 66–67, 101, 203, 269–270, 365, 371, 395–398, 403, 464, 466, 470, 499, 502, 601–602, 695, 697, 701–702, 728, 794–795, 797–798, 821–822, 825, 858, 923, 926, 945
regime change 76, 323, 654, 945
regionalism 49, 58, 245, 277, 293, 786, 937
Rembrandt 632
Renaissance 9–11, 267, 628, 728, 821–822, 835, 858, 931
republicanism 16, 77, 265, 291, 330, 333, 336, 341, 345–346, 355, 377, 399, 406, 417, 477, 676, 716, 719, 723, 728, 734, 763, 933–934
Reuter, Julius 870
Revolutionary Wars 47
Revolutions of 1848 18–19, 21, 50, 76, 78–79, 83, 181–182, 241, 252, 261, 275, 340, 342–346, 348, 375–376, 378, 406–407, 409–410, 510, 541, 575, 618, 675, 741, 831, 833, 901
Rhine 38, 40, 42, 48, 59, 336, 402, 543, 663, 771–772
Ribadeneyra, Pedro de 729
Ricardo, David 574
Riou, Gaston 27
Rivera, Miguel Primo de 417
Rodrigues, Olinde 831
Roman Empire 8, 11, 16, 38, 46, 66, 99, 170, 204, 297–298, 300, 364, 367–369, 396, 437–438, 499, 569, 696, 858, 889–890, 920, 925–926
Romania 28, 55, 59, 69–70, 77, 155, 159, 184, 190, 192, 195, 253, 277, 279, 288–289, 291, 400, 417, 423, 579, 682, 688, 702, 709, 715, 718, 721–722
Romani people 72, 167–170, 172–174, 190–191, 194–197, 245, 249, 257, 287–289, 452, 751
Rome 9, 11, 16, 31, 136, 271, 300, 345–346, 497, 556, 588, 687, 695, 699, 701, 716, 849, 923, 936
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 87
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 377, 733–734, 738, 795
Royal Geographical Society 311
Royal Society 575
Russia xvi, 6, 9, 13, 15, 17–19, 22, 25, 27–28, 32, 39, 43, 47, 68, 70, 76–80, 83, 85–86, 88–89, 103, 112–114, 116, 124–126, 128, 140, 169, 173–174, 180–181, 184–185, 191–194, 224, 245, 252, 255–256, 265–268, 271, 277–279, 281, 286–287, 297–298, 300–305, 313, 318–319, 332, 335, 340–341, 344–348, 351–352, 354–355, 357–358, 365, 369–370, 374–375, 377, 385–386, 400, 405, 408–409, 416–417, 423, 446, 479, 518–520, 541, 552–553, 569–570, 575, 578–579, 585, 619, 650, 664–665, 671, 677, 680, 707, 715–717, 723, 732, 751, 759–760, 764–768, 770, 772–775, 781, 784, 794, 796–798, 824, 837, 842, 844, 846, 868, 892
Russian Civil War 124, 585, 619, 775
Russian Revolution 85–86, 124, 287, 348, 351–352, 423, 519, 619, 715. See also October Revolution; See also February Revolution
Saavedra Fajardo, Diego de 597
Sacred Union 416
Saint-Simon, Henri de 20–21, 377, 477, 610, 741, 831–833
Salazar, António de Oliveira 120, 387, 418, 879
Salonica 54. See also Thessaloniki
Sámi people 167, 169, 173–174, 190
Scaliger, Joseph Justus 9, 498
Scandinavia xviii, 38, 81, 167, 169, 173, 180, 190, 475, 518, 630, 695, 781, 892
Schengen Agreement 54–56, 58, 93
Schuman, Robert 60
Schurman, Anna Maria van 498–499, 827
scientific revolution 453–454, 500, 504, 529, 533, 535, 858
Scramble for Africa 115
Second Vatican Council 718–720, 723
Second World War 29–30, 53–54, 59, 87–90, 92, 116, 122, 124, 127–128, 155, 157–159, 189, 191–193, 195–196, 222, 224, 251–253, 255, 257–258, 285, 288–290, 292, 318, 321, 353, 355, 357–359, 367, 383–384, 386–387, 389, 415, 420, 422, 424, 451–452, 455–456, 483–484, 489–490, 517, 519–520, 523–524, 549–550, 554–555, 583, 585–586, 588, 590, 616–617, 622, 627, 648–652, 654–655, 680–681, 683–684, 686, 715, 717–719, 721–723, 752, 755, 781, 784, 808, 810, 841, 849, 882, 910, 940, 943, 945, 948–949
secularisation 138, 141, 159, 224, 442, 466, 701, 703, 706, 710, 715–716, 718, 720, 723
Senefelder, Alois 867
Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de 105
serfdom 79–80, 114, 241–242, 267, 303, 344, 399–400, 402, 408–409, 541, 569, 573–574, 602, 659, 663–665, 667, 669, 671, 767
Sessé, Joseph de 12
Shoah 353, 389, 718. See also Holocaust
Sicilian Vespers 330
Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph 233, 734
Sigismund, John 701
Silent Generation 808
Silesia 53, 167, 203, 289, 369, 500, 575, 920
Siñeriz, Juan Francisco 22
Sinti people 191, 197, 245, 249, 257, 287–289
Sister Republics 336
Situationists 849
Sklodowska Curie, Marie 452
Sládek, Josef Václav 111
slavery 68, 71–74, 83, 104–106, 145, 169, 172, 237–238, 244, 267, 297, 303, 308–309, 311, 314, 336, 379, 405, 409–410, 413, 439, 466, 546, 564, 567, 569, 629, 633, 659, 665–667, 669, 676, 739, 823–824, 826, 876
Slavery Abolition Act 410
Slovakia 54–55, 191, 194–195, 289, 499
Slovenia 55, 88, 161, 195, 287, 621, 685
smallpox 104–105, 140, 148, 533
Smith, Adam 574, 610, 638, 731–732, 738
Smith, Robert Angus 545
social democracy 258, 346–347, 378, 483, 491–492, 609, 616, 618, 743, 753, 879
Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 28, 378, 620, 743
socialism 15, 20–22, 27, 29, 56–58, 76–77, 124, 127, 158–159, 189, 193–196, 223–224, 243, 248, 252–253, 290–291, 318, 325, 339, 346–348, 352–353, 355–357, 377–378, 384, 386–387, 406–407, 411, 413, 416–417, 422–424, 452, 477, 483, 488, 491–492, 519–522, 524, 550, 574, 587, 589–590, 609–611, 617–623, 648, 651–654, 675–677, 681–682, 715, 721–722, 737–738, 741–743, 747–748, 750–753, 809, 811, 828, 833, 845, 849, 909, 941, 945–947
Socialist Realism 845
social security 290, 384, 488, 490, 492, 688
Sokol movement 901
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 680
South America 299–300, 302–303, 313, 356, 666
Soviet Union 26, 30–31, 54, 88, 90, 123–125, 158, 160, 193–194, 196, 222–224, 253, 290, 318–319, 325–326, 386–387, 422, 424, 452–453, 491–492, 550, 553, 555, 585, 589, 619–620, 651, 680, 716–717, 721–722, 750–753, 755, 783–784, 809, 843, 845, 941, 944. See also USSR
Spain xvii, 8, 11–12, 22, 39, 47–48, 55, 59, 66, 68–69, 71–72, 76–78, 80, 88, 90, 100–101, 104–106, 120, 127–128, 138, 156, 168, 171–172, 178–179, 190–191, 195, 206, 211, 214, 237, 245, 253, 255, 257, 266, 268–269, 271, 275, 277, 282, 286, 289, 291, 298–300, 302–304, 308, 323, 330–331, 340–341, 347, 351, 354–356, 358, 364–369, 371, 374, 376, 385, 387, 396–397, 400, 417–419, 438, 443, 469, 502–503, 508, 518, 530, 563, 565–566, 568, 597, 607, 616, 633, 639, 660, 666, 698–699, 715, 719–720, 723, 729, 739, 772, 776, 781, 792, 804, 824, 836, 856, 861, 879, 888, 893, 903, 905, 913–914, 924–925, 932
Spanish Civil War 351, 354–355, 358, 719
Spanish flu 156
Spanish War of Succession 8. See also War of the Spanish Succession
Spencer, Herbert 744
Spinelli, Altiero 31
Springtime of Nations 18, 348. See also Revolutions of 1848
Staël, Germaine de 739
Stalinism 290, 422, 485, 617, 619–620, 751–753, 946
Stalin, Joseph 224, 253, 387, 453, 455, 552–553, 587, 619, 652–653, 680, 717, 721, 723, 751, 845
standardisation 16, 43, 144, 146, 266, 268, 280, 435, 443, 445–446, 455–456, 513, 524, 575, 588, 699, 775, 858, 880, 890, 936, 943–944
St Bartholomew’s Day massacres 728–729
steam engine 432, 434–435, 438, 447, 534, 574, 640, 672, 769, 772, 776
steamship 151, 446, 448–449, 518, 579, 769–771, 776
Stephenson, George 447
St Malo 41
Stockholm School 648
Štolba, Josef 111
Stoppani, Antonio 545
St Petersburg 205, 271, 475, 570, 766–767, 773
Stresemann, Gustav 27
Suarez, Francisco 729
subculture 193, 256, 791, 796, 811, 814–815
Sweden 6–7, 55, 136, 148, 158–160, 170, 173–174, 180, 190, 210, 214, 223–224, 226, 258, 277, 289, 292, 300, 368, 371, 478, 500, 507, 540, 545, 554–555, 569, 586, 616, 749, 803, 902
Switzerland 16–17, 41, 47, 55, 66, 148, 167, 195, 223, 226, 255, 289, 311, 336, 368, 386, 402, 406, 411, 448, 475, 478, 511, 518, 520, 543, 556, 630, 770, 772
Tansley, Arthur 553
Tardieu, André 29
Targowica Confederation 332
Tatishchev, Vasily 767
tea 574, 578–579, 628–629, 633, 642, 662
technology 20, 65, 103, 109, 114, 201, 225, 258, 293, 304, 312–314, 364, 367, 374–375, 429, 431, 433–436, 438–449, 451–452, 454–459, 485, 511, 522–523, 529, 532–534, 536, 539–541, 543, 546, 549–552, 555–557, 574, 580, 590, 611, 615, 623, 632, 638–640, 648, 650, 661, 670–672, 680, 683, 718, 751, 776, 786, 831, 837, 839, 846, 865–867, 870, 872–873, 880, 904, 907–908
telegraph 65, 75, 374, 443–445, 449, 518, 575, 577, 580–581, 673, 769, 831, 866, 870, 872–873
terrorism 55, 347, 353–358, 411–413, 812, 946
terror rojo 355
Tesla, Nikola 447
Thatcher, Margaret 256, 491, 621, 754
Thiers, Adolphe 351
Third Reich 29, 193, 879. See also Nazi Germany
Third World 292, 319, 325, 387, 457, 555–556, 784
Thirty Years’ War 16, 41, 66, 140, 331, 367–368, 371, 499–500, 504, 661
Tiananmen Square Massacre 125
Tintin 121
Tocqueville, Alexis de 740
totalitarianism 123, 185, 485, 517, 519, 652, 749–750, 752, 810, 879, 947–948
Toynbee, Arnold 611
Tracy, Antoine Destutt de 737–738, 747
Trans-Siberian Railway 774
Treaty of Lausanne 718
Treaty of Rijswijk 369
Treaty of Versailles 26
Treaty of Westphalia 16
Treaty of Zaragoza 299
Trieste 53, 58, 77, 81, 205, 575, 586
Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques 731
Twelve Points 344
Twelve Years’ Truce 700
Ukraine xvi, 54, 88, 125, 169, 182, 184, 192–193, 287, 289, 319, 355, 357, 585, 765, 946
Ultramontanism 707
Umberto I 347
unemployment 92, 480, 487–488, 608, 617, 621–622, 650, 673–674, 676, 679–680, 682–685, 687–688
Union Européenne des Fédéralistes (UEF) 31
United Kingdom xvii, 54–56, 79, 87, 93, 159, 179, 180, 244, 265, 272, 277, 286, 292, 321, 341, 347, 385, 387, 405–406, 453, 475, 489, 491, 544, 554, 586, 591, 622, 650, 667, 684–685, 711, 754, 781–782, 803, 812, 814, 880. See also Great Britain
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (CEPAL) 780
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 453, 940–941, 943–944, 948–949
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 89
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) 89
United Nations (UN) 31, 89, 162, 255, 384, 554–555, 780, 913, 940
United States of America 18–22, 26–28, 30, 33, 54, 79, 80–83, 86, 89, 92, 109–112, 116, 119, 123–124, 126–128, 149, 156, 158–159, 225, 238, 252, 256, 289–291, 307–309, 317, 325, 333–334, 347, 354, 356–358, 375, 378–379, 384–388, 402, 419, 439, 446, 455, 458, 491, 518, 523, 579, 581, 583–587, 590, 608, 620, 648–650, 680, 684, 740, 754, 773, 782–784, 811–812, 814, 849, 865, 872, 880–881, 901, 911. See also America
United States of Europe 18–22, 27–28, 378
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 288, 897, 913
universities xv–xvii, 9, 50, 79, 110, 203, 268, 276, 292, 320, 407, 419, 433, 436, 444, 465, 485, 497–504, 507–515, 517–525, 532, 575, 687, 698, 721, 780, 796, 805, 811–812, 827, 844–845, 855, 877, 879–880, 922, 935
urbanisation 75, 80, 150, 232, 246, 251, 398, 437, 443, 452, 473–475, 478–479, 481, 484, 529, 534, 543, 545, 547, 550, 569, 608, 630, 632–633, 642, 660, 662, 673–674, 705, 709, 712, 772–773, 784–785, 799, 801–803, 861, 908, 911, 913, 935, 937
USSR 54, 193–194, 225, 252, 288, 292, 319, 387, 458, 518, 524, 553, 648, 753, 783, 810–811. See also Soviet Union
utopianism 21–22, 375, 377, 470, 473, 476–477, 481, 602, 741–742, 821–826, 828–829, 832–833, 841, 849
Utrecht xix, 369, 498, 797, 827
Vargas, Getúlio 128
Velvet Revolution 423
Venice 9, 99, 171, 435–436, 531, 536, 569, 631, 698, 700, 824, 936, 944
Verdi, Giuseppe 838
Vernadsky, Vladimir 553
Verona, Guarino da 498
Vienna 10, 17, 19–20, 46, 50, 70, 103, 113, 115, 277–278, 340, 343–345, 375, 377, 448, 475, 484, 543, 581, 702, 776, 783, 786, 936, 944
Vienna Treaty 18
Vietnam 90, 127, 159, 325, 356, 420, 458
Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène 936
Virchow, Rudolf 544
Vitoria, Balthasar de 12
Vitoria, Francisco de 104
VKHUTEMAS (Vysshiye Khudozhestvenno-Tekhnicheskiye Masterskiye) 844–845
Voimaliitto resistance movement 902
Warhol, Andy 848
War of Devolution 368
War of Granada 365
War of Restoration 565
War of the Austrian Succession 8, 369
War of the League of Augsburg 368–369
War of the Polish Succession 8
War of the Spanish Succession 369
Warsaw Pact 291, 424, 721, 783
Wars of Religion 41, 140, 329, 331, 698–699, 729
Weather Underground 356
Weisse, Christian Felix 795
welfare state 155, 161, 254, 285, 292–293, 420, 483, 488, 490–493, 609, 616–618, 620–622, 652, 683, 685–686, 688, 753, 755, 799, 804, 908
Westernisation 114, 124–125, 314
Western Rebellion 601
West Germany 54, 56, 90, 124–125, 155, 158, 223, 225, 356, 419–421, 424, 490, 554, 586–589, 810–811. See also Federal Republic of Germany
Wilhelm V 334
Wilson, Woodrow 20, 26, 286, 288, 321, 384
Wolff, Bernard 26, 37, 500, 870
Wollstonecraft, Mary 407
Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom 384
working class 150, 243–244, 252–253, 342, 347, 398, 406–407, 410, 447, 476–477, 480, 611, 615, 617–618, 621, 627, 673–674, 676–677, 686–687, 705, 712, 742–743, 748, 751, 802–803, 811, 814, 831, 839, 861, 871, 880, 898, 904, 907, 945
World Bank 324
World Health Organization (WHO) 225, 453
Year of Africa 322
Yom Kippur War 649
Young Ireland 344
youth culture 795–796, 798, 809–812, 815
Yugoslavia 28, 54, 90, 158, 161, 190, 194–195, 253, 257, 278, 286–290, 351, 355, 357, 385, 421, 620, 687, 717–718, 721, 752, 784–785, 944
Zebrzydowski uprising 332
Zola, Émile 246, 643, 833, 837
Zollverein 575. See also German Customs Union
Zweig, Stefan 51
Zygmunt III Wasa 332
Zygmunt I Stary 332