Αncient Greek II - Module 40

Ναυσιβιος Πρυμναίῳ: πένης καὶ ἄπορος, οὐκ οὐδὲν ὧν δεῖ τινι περιγίγνεσθαι ἔχων, φοβοῦμαι μὴ ἐγὼ λιμῷ διαφθείρωμαι αὐτός τε γυνή τε καὶ τέκνα. ἠγνόουν ὅσον ἐστὶ τρυφερὰ καὶ ἁβρόβια τῶν ἐν Ἀθήναις πλουσίων τὰ μειράκια. ἔναγχος δὲ Παμφίλου μετὰ τῶν συνηλικιωτῶν μισθουμένου τὸ σκαφίδιον ὡς ἂν ἔχοι γαληνιῶντος τοῦ πελάγους περιπλεῖν ἅμα καὶ συμμετέχειν ἡμῖν τῆς ἄγρας τῶν ἰχθύων, ἔγνων ἡλίκα αὐτοῖς ἐκ γῆς καὶ θαλάττης πορίζεται τρυφήματα. οὐ γὰρ ἀνεχόμενος τῶν ξύλων τῆς ἁλιάδος, ἐπί τε ταπήτων τινῶν ξενικῶν καὶ ἐφεστρίδων κατεκλίθη· οὐ γὰρ οἷος ἔφασκεν εἶναι κεῖσθαι, ὡς οἱ λοιποὶ, ἐπὶ τῶν καταστρωμάτων. καὶ τὴν σανίδα, οἶμαι, νομίζει λίθου τραχυτέραν. ᾔτει παρ᾿ ἡμῶν σκιὰν αὐτῷ μηχανήσασθαι, τὴν τοῦ ἱστίου σινδόνα ὑπερπετασάντων, ὡς οἷός τε εἴη φέρειν τὰς ἡλιακὰς ἀκτῖνας. ἡμῖν δὲ οὐ μόνον, τοῖς ταύτην ποιουμένοις τὴν ἐργασίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πᾶσιν ἁπαξαπλῶς, ὅσοις μὴ περιουσία πλούτου πρόσεστι, σπουδάζεται, οὗ ἔστιν, τῇ εἵλῃ θέρεσθαι· ἐν ἴσῳ γὰρ κρυμοὺς καὶ θάλασσαν φέρομεν. οὐ δὲ μόνος οὐδὲ μετὰ μόνων τῶν ἑταίρων ὁ Πάμφιλος, ἀλλὰ καὶ γυναικῶν αὐτῷ περιττῶν τὴν ὥραν πλῆθος συνείπετο, πᾶσαι μουσουργοί. ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἐκαλεῖτο Κρουμάτιον καὶ ἦν αὐλητρίς· ἡ δὲ Ἐρατὼ καὶ ψαλτήριον μετεχειρίζετο· ἄλλη δὲ Εὐεπίς, αὕτη δὲ κύμβαλα ἐπεκρότει. ἐγένετο οὖν μοι μουσικῆς ἡ ἄκατος πλέα. καὶ ἦν ᾠδικὸν τὸ πέλαγος καὶ πᾶν θυμηδίας ἀνάμεστον. πλὴν ἐμέ γε ταῦτα οὐκ ἔτερπεν· οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐκ ὀλίγοι τῶν ὁμοβίων καὶ μάλιστα ὁ πικρὸς Γλαυκίας Τελχῖνος1 ἦν μοι βασκαίνων βαρύτερος ἵνα ἐμὲ ἐκπλήσσῃ. ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸν μισθὸν πολὺν κατέβαλε, τό τ᾿ ἀργύριόν με διέχει καὶ νῦν ἐκείνου τοὺς ἐπιθαλαττίους ἀγαπῶ κώμους καὶ τοιοῦτον ἕτερον ἐπιστῆναί μοι ποθῶ δαπανηρὸν καὶ πολυτελῆ νεανίσκον.

Adverbs, Conjunctions, Interjections, Prepositions, and Verbs

ἀγαπάω treat with affection, caress, love, be fond of	μεταχειρίζω take in hand, conduct, pursue
ἀγνοέω not perceive, be ignorant, be unaware of	μηχανάομαι contrive, devise
*αἰτέω ask, demand, request; ask for + gen.; ask ‘x’ in acc. for ‘y’ in acc. αἰτεῖ αὐτὸν χρήματα he asks him for money	μισθόω let out for hire, farm out, let; (mid.) hire
ἀνέχω hold up; (intrans.) rise up; (mid.) bear up, endure, put up with + gen. or + part.	οὗ where
ἁπαξαπλῶς in general	περιγίγνομαι be superior to, prevail, overcome + gen.; survive
βασκαίνω bewitch by the evil eye, malign, disparage	περιπλέω sail
γᾰληνιάω be calm, find peace	ποθέω long for, yearn after
*διαφθείρω destroy, corrupt, bribe; seduce; be ruined, perish	πορίζω provide, offer
διέχω keep apart; be apart; hold fast	πρόσειμι be there, be present, belong to
ἐκπλήσσω astound, shock, amaze	σπουδάζω be serious, be earnest; be eager + inf.
ἔναγχος just now, lately	συμμετέχω partake of with, take part in with + gen.
ἐπικροτέω rattle, clash; clap applaud	συνέπομαι follow along with, follow closely + dat.
ἐφίστημι (trans.) set upon, set in charge of; cause to stop; (intrans.) stand upon, by, against; be in charge of (+ dat.)	τέρπω satisfy, delight, gladden, cheer
θέρω heat, make hot	ὑπερπετάννυμι stretch over
καταβάλλω throw down, overthrow	φάσκω claim, allege, assert
κατακλίνω lay down; (pass.) lie down	*φοβέω fear, be afraid

Adjectives and Nouns and Pronouns

ἁβρόβιος, -ον living delicately, effeminate	μειράκιον, -ου τό a boy, lad
ἄγρα, -ας ἡ hunt	μισθός, -οῦ ὁ hire; pay, wages
*Ἀθῆναι, -ῶν αἱ Athens	μουσικός, -ή, -όν musical; elegant
ἄκᾰτος [ᾰκ], -ου ἡ light vessel, boat	μουσουργός, -όν cultivating music; (n.) musician
ἀκτίς, ἀκτῖνος ἡ ray, beam	νεανίσκος, -ου ὁ young man
ἁλιάς, -άδος ἡ fishing-boat or bark	ξενικός, -ή, -όν foreign, alien, mercenary; hospitable
ἀνάμεστος, -ον filled full + gen.	ξύλον, -ου τό wood
ἄπορος, -ον without passage, having no way in, out, through; impassable; impracticable, difficult	ὁμόβιος, -ον living together, sharing the same life
*ἀργύριον, -ου τό coin, money; silver	Παμφίλος, Παμφίλου ὁ Pamphilos
αὐλητρίς, -ίδος ἡ flute player	πέλᾰγος, -εος (-ους) τό the sea
βαρύτερος, -α, -ον rather heavy	πένης, -ητος ὁ poor man; (adj.) poor
Γλαυκίας, -ου ὁ Glaukias	περιουσία, -ας ἡ surplus, abundance; survival
δᾰπᾰνηρός, -ά, -όν lavish, extravagant; expensive	περισσός, -ή, -όν beyond the regular number or size, prodigious, extraordinary, remarkable
εἵλη, -ης ἡ the sunʼs heat or warmth	πικρός, -ά, -όν sharp; bitter; painful; spiteful
ἐπιθαλάττιος, -ᾱ, -ον lying or dwelling on the coast	πλούσιος, -ᾱ, -ον wealthy, rich
Ἐρατώ, Ἐρατοῦς ἡ Erato	πλοῦτος, -ου ὁ wealth, riches
ἐργασία, -ας ἡ work, labor, business	πολυτελής, -ές very expensive, costly; lavish, extravagant
*ἑταῖρος, -ου ὁ companion, comrade	σᾰνίς, -ίδος ἡ board, plank, timber
Εὐεπίς Euepis	σινδών, -όνος ἡ fine cloth, linen, garment
ἐφεστρίς, -ίδος ἡ upper garment, wrapper; mantle, cloak; coverlet	σκαφίδιον, -ου τό a small skiff
ἡλιακός, -ή, -όν of the sun, solar	σκιά, -ᾶς ἡ shadow; shade; reflection, image
ἡλίκος, -η, -ον as big as, of the same age as; how great, what size	συνηλικιώτης, -ου ὁ equal in age
θῡμηδία, -ας ἡ gladness of heart, rejoicing	τάπης [ᾰ], -ητος ὁ carpet, rug
ἱστίον, -ου τό web, cloth, sheet, sail	*τέκνον, -ου τό child
ἰχθύς, -ύος ὁ (ἰχθῦς = nom. or acc.) fish κατάστρωμα, -ατος τό that which is spread upon or over; deck, roof, floor, pavement	Τελχίς, Τελχῖνος ὁ one of the Telkhines, Telkhinian
Κρουμάτιον, -ου ἡ Kroumation	τραχύτερος, -α, -ον more rugged, rougher
κρῡμός, -οῦ ὁ icy cold, frost	τρῠφερός, ά, όν delicate, dainty; effeminate, luxurious, voluptuous
κύμβαλον, -ου τό cymbal	τρύφημα, -ατος τό the object in which one takes pride or pleasure, luxury, abundance
κῶμος, -ου ὁ festival, revel, merry-making	ψαλτήριον, -ου τό stringed instrument; harp
*λίθος, -ου ὁ rock, stone	ᾠδικός, -ή, -όν fond of singing, vocal, musical
λιμός, -οῦ ὁ hunger, famine	ὥρᾱ, -ᾱς ἡ period, season; time of day; the fitting time; beauty, grace, elegance

Module 40 Practice Translating

Translate the sentences below, which have been adapted slightly from Longos’ Daphnis and Khloe (Δάφνις καὶ Χλόη 13.5-15.3). Use your memory to identify endings and their functions. If you forget an ending, consult the Adjective, Αdverb, Noun, and Pronoun Chart or the Verb Chart at the back of the book. If you forget a function, consult the Case and Function Chart in Appendix I. Check your understanding with the answers in the Answer Key, making sure that you understand why each word translates as it does. Now go back and read each sentence two or three times, noticing with each rereading how much better your understanding of the sentence becomes. Make this a habit and you will improve quickly.

13.5. ἔπεισε δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ λούσασθαι πάλιν καὶ λουόμενον εἶδε. καὶ ἰδοῦσα ἥψατο. καὶ ἀπῆλθε πάλιν ἐπαινέσασα. καὶ ὁ ἔπαινος ἦν ἔρωτος ἀρχή. ὅ τι μὲν οὖν ἔπασχεν οὐκ ᾔδει. νέα κόρη καὶ ἐν ἀγροικίᾳ τεθραμμένη καὶ οὐδὲ ἄλλου λέγοντος ἀκούσασα τὸ τοῦ ἔρωτος ὄνομα. ἄση δὲ αὐτῆς εἶχε τὴν ψυχὴν. καὶ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν οὐκ ἐκράτει καὶ πολλὰ ἐλάλει Δάφνιν. τροφῆς ἠμέλει· νύκτωρ ἠγρύπνει· τῆς ἀγέλης κατεφρόνει. νῦν ἐγέλα, νῦν ἔκλαεν. εἶτα ἐκάθητο, εἶτα ἀνεπήδα. ὠχρία τὸ πρόσωπον, ἐρυθήματι αὖθις ἐφλέγετο. (οὐδὲ βοὸς οἴστρῳ πληγείσης τοσαῦτα ἔργα.) ἐπῆλθόν ποτε αὐτῇ καὶ τοιοίδε λόγοι μόνῃ γενομένῃ.

14 “Νῦν ἐγὼ νοσῶ μέν, τί δὲ ἡ νόσος ἀγνοῶ. ἀλγῶ, καὶ ἕλκος οὐκ ἔστι μοι. λυποῦμαι, καὶ οὐδὲν τῶν προβάτων ἀπόλωλέ μοι. κάομαι, καὶ ἐν σκιᾷ τοσαύτῃ κάθημαι. 2. πόσοι βάτοι με πολλάκις ἤμυξαν, καὶ οὐκ ἔκλαυσα. πόσαι μέλιτται <τὰ> κέντρα ἐνῆκαν, καὶ οὐκ ἔκραγον 12. τουτὶ δὲ τὸ νύττον μου τὴν καρδίαν πάντων ἐκείνων πικρότερον. καλὸς ὁ Δάφνις, καὶ γὰρ τὰ ἄνθη. καλὸν ἡ σῦριγξ αὐτοῦ φθέγγεται. καὶ γὰρ αἱ ἀηδόνες, ἀλλ᾿ ἐκείνων οὐδείς μοι λόγος. 3. εἴθε αὐτοῦ σῦριγξ ἐγενόμην, ἵν᾿ ἐμπνέῃ μοι. εἴθε αἴξ ἵν᾿ ὑπ᾿ ἐκείνου νέμωμαι. ὦ πονηρὸν ὕδωρ, μόνον Δάφνιν καλὸν ἐποίησας. ἐγὼ δὲ μάτην ἀπελουσάμην. οἴχομαι, νύμφαι φίλαι, καὶ οὐδὲ ὑμεῖς σῴζετε τὴν παρθένον τὴν ἐν ὑμῖν τραφεῖσαν. 4. τίς ὑμᾶς στεφανώσει μετ᾿ ἐμέ; τίς τοὺς ἀθλίους ἄρνας ἀναθρέψει; τίς τὴν λάλον ἀκρίδα θεραπεύσει, ἣν πολλὰ καμοῦσα ἐθήρασα ἵνα με κατακοιμίζῃ, φθεγγομένη πρὸ τοῦ ἄντρου; νῦν δὲ ἐγὼ μὲν ἀγρυπνῶ διὰ Δάφνιν, ἡ δὲ μάτην λαλεῖ.”

15 τοιαῦτα ἔπασχε· τοιαῦτα ἔλεγεν, ἐπιζητοῦσα τὸ ἔρωτος ὄνομα. Δόρκων δέ, ὁ βουκόλος ὁ τὸν Δάφνιν ἐκ τοῦ σιροῦ καὶ τὸν τράγον ἀνιμησάμενος, ἀρτιγένειος μειρακίσκος καὶ εἰδὼς ἔρωτος καὶ τὰ ἔργα καὶ τὰ ὀνόματα, εὐθὺς μὲν ἐπ᾿ ἐκείνης τῆς ἡμέρας ἐρωτικῶς τῆς Χλόης διετέθη. πλειόνων δὲ διαγενομένων*, μᾶλλον τὴν ψυχὴν ἐξεπυρσεύθη. καὶ τοῦ Δάφνιδος ὡς παιδὸς καταφρονήσας, ἔγνω κατεργάσασθαι δώροις ἢ βίᾳ. 2. τὸ μὲν δὴ πρῶτον δῶρα αὐτοῖς ἐκόμισε· τῷ μὲν σύριγγα βουκολικήν, καλάμους ἐννέα χαλκῷ δεδεμένους ἀντὶ κηροῦ. τῇ δὲ νεβρίδα Βακχικήν, καὶ αὐτῇ τὸ χρῶμα ἦν ὥσπερ γεγραμμένον χρώμασιν. 3. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ φίλος νομιζόμενος, τοῦ μὲν Δάφνιδος ἠμέλει κατ᾿ ὀλίγον. τῇ Χλόῃ δὲ ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν ἐπέφερεν ἢ τυρὸν ἁπαλὸν ἢ στέφανον ἀνθηρὸν ἢ μῆλον ὡραῖον. ἐκόμισε δέ ποτε αὐτῇ καὶ μόσχον ἀρτιγέννητον καὶ κισσύβιον διάχρυσον καὶ ὀρνίθων ὀρείων νεοττούς. ἡ δέ, ἄπειρος οὖσα τέχνης ἐραστοῦ, λαμβάνουσα μὲν τὰ δῶρα ἔχαιρε· μᾶλλον δὲ ἔχαιρεν ὅτι Δάφνιδι εἶχεν αὐτὴ χαρίζεσθαι.

Note

διαγενομένων: supply an implied χρόνων.

Adverbs, Conjunctions, Interjections, Prepositions, and Verbs

ἀγνοέω not perceive, be ignorant, be unaware of	κάθημαι be seated, sit
ἀγρυπνέω lie awake, be wakeful	κάμνω, κᾰμοῦμαι, ἔκᾰμον work, toil, be sick, be weary
ἀλγέω feel bodily pain, suffer	κατ᾿ ὀλίγον less
ἀμελέω have no care for, be neglectful of + gen.	κατακοιμίζω lull to sleep, sleep through
ἀμύσσω scratch, tear, wound, lacerate, mangle	καταφρονέω despise, look down on + gen.
ἀναπηδάω leap up, start up	κατεργάζομαι effect by labor, achieve, accomplish
ἀνατρέφω feed up, nurse up, educate	κάω kindle; set on fire, burn
ἀνιμάω draw up	κάμνω, κᾰμοῦμαι, ἔκᾰμον work, toil, be sick, be weary
ἀπέρχομαι go away, depart	καταφρονέω despise, look down on, neglect + gen.
ἀπολούω wash off	κλαίω or κλάω (aorist: ἔκλαυσα) weep
ἅπτω fasten or bind to; (middle) fasten oneself to, grasp, touch + gen.	*κομίζω take care of; take, carry, convey; carry away; bring; (mid.) acquire; (pass.) come or go back, return
*αὖ, αὖθις (αὖτις) again, in turn, hereafter, in the future	κράζω croak, scream, shriek, cry
γελάω laugh; laugh at + prep. phrase or + dat.; deride + acc.	*λαλέω talk, chat, prattle, babble
*δέω tie, fetter; bind ‘x’ in acc. by ‘y’ in gen.	λούω wash; (middle) wash oneself, bathe oneself
διαγίγνομαι go through, pass	λυπέω give pain to, sadden, vex, annoy (middle and passive) be pained, suffer
διατίθημι dispose, put ‘x’ in acc. into a state of ‘y’	μάτην in vain, idly, fruitlessly
εἴθε introduces a wish	νέμω distribute, allot, assign; pasture, graze; (middle) possess, administer
ἔκλαυσα see κλαίω or κλάω	νοσέω be sick, ail
ἐκπυρσεύω kindle, inflame	*νόσος, νόσου ἡ disease, sickness
ἔκραγον see κράζω	νύκτωρ by night
ἐμπνέω blow	νύττω touch with a sharp point, prick, spur, pierce
ἐνίημι send in or into	πλήσσω strike
ἐντεῦθεν from then, from there	οἴχομαι be off, depart; be undone, ruined
*ἐπαινέω approve, praise	στεφανόω wreathe, crown
ἐπέρχομαι come upon; approach; go or come against, attack	*σῴζω save, keep
ἐπιζητέω seek after, wish for, miss	*τρέφω rear, nourish; thicken; cause to grow
ἐπιφέρω bring, put	φθέγγομαι utter a sound
ἐρωτικῶς lustfully, passionately, in love with + gen.	φλέγω burn, burn up
ᾔδει < οἶδα	*χαίρω rejoice or take pleasure in, enjoy + dat. or participle; be unpunished, be safe and sound; hail or farewell
θεραπεύω look after, tend	χαρίζω do a favor, oblige, please
θηράω hunt	ὠχριάω be pale

Adjectives and Nouns and Pronouns

ἀγροικία, -ας ἡ rusticity, boorishness; the country	κόρη, -ης ἡ maiden, girl
ἀηδών, -όνος ἡ songstress, the nightingale	λάλος, -ον talkative, babbling, loquacious
ἄθλιος, -α, -ον pathetic, miserable, wretched	μειρᾰκίσκος, -ου ὁ lad, stripling
αἴξ, αἰγός ὁ or ἡ goat	μέλιττα, -ης ἡ bee
ἀκρίς, -ίδος ἡ grasshopper, locust, cricket	μῆλον, -ου τό apple or (generally) any treefruit
ἀνθηρός, -ά, -όν flowery, blooming	μόσχος, -ου ὁ, ἡ calf, young bull
ἄνθος, -εος (-ους) τό blossom, flower	νεβρίς, -ίδος ἡ fawnskin
ἄντρον, -ου τό cave, grot, cavern	νεοττός, -οῦ ὁ young bird, nestling, chick
ἁπᾰλός, -ή, -όν soft to the touch, tender	νύμφη, -ης ἡ young wife, bride; nymph
ἄπειρος, -ον inexperienced in + gen.	οἶστρος, -ου ὁ gadfly
ἀρήν, ἀρνός ὁ lamb	ὄρειος, -ᾱ, -ον (-ος, -ον) of or from the mountains
ἀρτιγένειος, -ον with the beard just sprouting	ὄρνις, -ιθος ὁ bird; omen
ἀρτιγέννητος, -ον just born	παρθένος, -ου ἡ a maid, maiden, virgin, girl
ἄση, -ης ἡ surfeit, loathing, nausea; distress, vexation; longing, desire	πικρός, -ά, -όν pointed, sharp, keen
Βακχικός, -ή, -όν of or belonging to Bakkhus	πλείων, πλεῖον (πλέων, πλέον) more
βάτος, -ου ἡ bramble-bush	*πονηρός, πονηρά, πονηρόν worthless, evil, base
*βία, -ας ἡ strength, force, power, might, violence	πόσος, -η, -ον how much, many, large
βουκόλος, -ου ὁ a cowherd, herdsman	πρόβατον, -ου τό sheep
*βοῦς, βοός ἡ ὁ bull, ox, cow	*πρόσωπον, -ου τό face, mask, person
διάχρῡσος, -ον interwoven with gold	σιρός, -οῦ ὁ a pit
Δόρκων, -ωνος ὁ Dorkon	σκιά, -ᾶς ἡ shadow; shade; reflection, image
δῶρον, δώρου τό gift, bribe	στέφανος, -ου ὁ crown, wreath
ἕλκος, -εος (-ους) τό wound, sore, ulcer	σῦριγξ, -ιγγος ἡ shepherdʼs pipe, pan-pipe
ἐννέα (indeclinable) nine	*τέχνη, -ης ἡ art, skill, craft
ἔπαινος, -ου ὁ approval, praise, commendation	*τοιόσδε, τοιάδε, τοιόνδε such, of such a kind
ἐραστός, -ή, -όν beloved, lovely	τουτί = τοῦτο
ἐρύθημα, -ατος τό redness or flush upon the skin	τράγος, -ου ὁ he-goat
ἔρως, -ωτος ὁ love	τροφή, -ῆς ἡ food, nourishment
κάλᾰμος, -ου ὁ reed, reed-pipe, flute; fishing-rod	τῡρός, -οῦ ὁ cheese
καρδία, -ας ἡ heart	*ὕδωρ, ὕδατος τό water
κέντρον, -ου τό sharp point, goad, sting	χαλκός, οῦ ὁ copper, bronze
κηρός, -οῦ ὁ bees-wax	χρῶμα, -ατος τό skin, color, esp. of the skin or body, complexion; paint
κισσύβιον, -ου τό rustic drinking-cup	ὡραῖος, -α, -ον (produced at the right season, ὥρα) seasonable, timely

Module 40 Practice Parsing Greek Sentences

Parse each word of the below sentence.

Identify the part of speech of all words. For interjections, identify them. For nouns, give case and function. For verbs, give person, number, tense, mood, and voice. For adverbs, identify them and state what they modify. For conjunctions, identify them, noting whether they are coordinating or subordinating. For prepositional phrases, give the preposition and the preposition’s object. For adjectives, identify the case and state what noun or pronoun they agree with in gender, number, and case. If the adjective is used as a noun, give case and function. If the adjective is a participle, identify it as an adjective and state what it modifies. When parsing, remember to use the Case and Function Chart in Appendix I.

τίς τὴν λάλον ἀκρίδα θεραπεύσει, ἣν πολλὰ καμοῦσα ἐθήρασα ἵνα με κατακοιμίζῃ φθεγγομένη πρὸ τοῦ ἄντρου;

Check your answers with those in the Answer Key.

Module 40 Top 251–550 Vocabulary to be Memorized

Adjectives and Nouns

βραχύς, βραχεῖα, βραχύ brief, short, small

ἔθνος, ἔθνεος (-ους) τό tribe, people, ethnos

ἰσχυρός, ἰσχυρά, ἰσχυρόν strong, forceful, violent

Κῦρος, Κύρου ὁ Kyros the Great, c. 600-530, Persian king who ruled for about 30 years

νόσος, νόσου ὁ disease, sickness

πούς, ποδός ὁ foot; κατὰ πόδας on the heels

πρᾶξις, πράξιος (πράξηος, πράξεως) ἡ doing, affair, action, condition

στρατιά, στρατιᾶς ἡ army

τρίτος, τρίτη, τρίτον third

χαλεπός, χαλεπή, χαλεπόν difficult, harsh

Module 40 Reading Morphologically by James Patterson

The Asigmatic Aorist Active Participle

Some bases are, by default, aorist so do not add σ to mark aorist aspect. These are called asigmatic aorist bases. They regularly use a thematic connecting vowel, ο, which takes the accent.

Masculine Nominative Singular

The theme vowel, ο, lengthens to form the masculine nominative singular, and τ drops because it cannot end a Greek word:

λιπ/ό/ντ/L	> λιπών (stem vowel is lengthened by ablaut)
ἐλθ/ό/ντ/L	> ἐλθών (stem vowel is lengthened by ablaut)
ἀπο/θαν/ό/ντ/L	> ἀποθανών (stem vowel is lengthened by ablaut)
ϝε/ϝπ/ό/ντ/L	> εἰπών (stem vowel is lengthened by ablaut)

A few asigmatic aorist bases are athematic, meaning that they do not use any connecting vowel. Because there is no connecting vowel to lengthen, they add /ς to form the masculine nominative singular:

βα/ντ/ς	> βάς (ᾱ) (vowel stretching when ντ drops, NOT ablaut)
στα/ντ/ς	> στάς (ᾱ) (vowel stretching when ντ drops, NOT ablaut)

Neuter Nominative Singular

The asigmatic aorist active participle is uneventful in the neuter. Remember that τ cannot end a Greek word so drops in the nominative singular:

Feminine Nominative Singular

As expected, the feminine uses the /Jα/ marker. As usual, τJ becomes σ, ν drops before σ, and the preceding vowel stretches:

λιπ/ό/ντ/Jα	> λιποῦσα
ἐλθ/ό /ντ/Jα	> ἐλθοῦσα
ἀπο/θαν/ό/ντ/Jα	> ἀποθανοῦσα
ϝε/ϝπ/ό/ντ/Jα	> εἰποῦσα
βα/ντ/Jα	> βᾶσα
στα/ντ/Jα	> στᾶσα

Aorist Middle Participles, Sigmatic and Asigmatic

For active participles, the default marker is /ντ/. For middle participles, the default marker is /μενο/ (masculine and neuter) and /μενα/ (feminine).

To form the sigmatic aorist middle participle, to the base without the past time marker ἐ/ or L/, add the aorist aspect marker σ, the connecting vowel α, the middle participle marker /μενο/, and case markers:

λεγ/σ/ά/μενο/ς	> λεξάμενος
λεγ/σ/ά/μενα/Lø	> λεξαμένη
λεγ/σ/ά/μενο/ν	> λεξάμενον

To form the asigmatic aorist middle participle, to the base without the past time marker ἐ/ or L/, add the connecting vowel ο, the middle participle marker /μενο/, and case markers:

βαλ/ό/μενο/ς	> βαλόμενος
βαλ/ό/μενα/Lø	> βαλομένη
βαλ/ό/μενο/ν	> βαλόμενον

The way to translate the middle depends largely on context. It may be reflexive (speaking to oneself), mutual (speaking to each other), or causitive (getting a thing spoken), like when a king has a herald relay a message. Often, the middle conveys a sense of benefit or advantage to the subject.

Module 40 A Synopsis of the Verb

Much of the information in Greek II: A 21st-Century Approach is the presentation of the remaining parts of the verb. When translating, the better you are able to identify verb forms, the easier it will be to understand what is being communicated. Doing a synopsis is a very effective way of mastering the verb.

Consider the below synopsis of βλέπω, βλέψω, ἔβλεψα, βέβλεφα, βέβλεμμαι, ἐβλέφθην see, look at. The finite forms are all in the third-person singular. The participles give you the information you need to produce the correct forms for the cases.

	Active	Middle	Passive
Present Ιnd.	βλέπει	βλέπεται	βλέπεται
Imperfect Ind.	ἔβλεπε (ν)	ἐβλέπετο	ἐβλέπετο
Future Ind.	βλέψει	βλέψεται	βλεφθήσεται
Aorist Ind.	ἔβλεψε (ν)	ἐβλέψατο	ἐβλέφθη
Perfect Ind.	βέβλεφε (ν)	βέβλεπται	βέβλεπται
Pluperf. Ind.	ἐβεβλέφει (ν)	ἐβέβλεπτο	ἐβέβλεπτο

Present Imper.	βλεπέτω	βλεπέσθω	βλεπέσθω
Aorist Imper.	βλεψάτω	βλεψάσθω	βλεφθήτω

Present Subj.	βλέπῃ	βλέπηται	βλέπηται
Aorist Subj.	βλέψῃ	βλέψηται	βλέφθῇ

Present Opt.	βλέποι	βλέποιτο	βλέποιτο
Future Opt.	βλέψοι	βλέψοιτο	βλεφθήσοιτο
Aorist Opt.	βλέψαι, βλέψειε (ν)	βλέψαιτο	βλέφθείη

Present Inf.	βλέπειν	βλέπεσθαι	βλέπεσθαι
Future Inf.	βλέψειν	βλέψεσθαι	βλεφθήσεσθαι
Aorist Inf.	βλέψαι	βλέψασθαι	βλεφθῆναι

Perfect Inf.	βεβλεφέναι	βεβλέφθαι	βεβλέφθαι

Present Part.	βλέπων, -οντος	βλεπόμενος, -η, -ον	βλεπόμενος, -η, -ον
	βλέπουσα, -ούσης
	βλέπον, -οντος

Future Part.	βλέψων, -οντος	βλεψόμενος, -η, -ον	βλεφθησόμενος, -η, -ον
	βλέψουσα, -ούσης
	βλέψον, -οντος

Aorist Part.	βλέψᾱς, -αντος	βλεψάμενος, -η, -ον	βλεφθείς, -έντος
	βλέψᾱσα, -άσης		βλεφθεῖσα, -είσης
	βλέψαν, -αντος		βλεφθέν, -έντος

Perfect Part.	βεβλεφώς, -ότος	βεβλεμμένος, -η, -ον	βεβλεμμένος, -η, -ον
	βεβλεφυῖα, -υίᾱς
	βεβλεφός, -ότος

1 The Telkhinians of Krete, Kypros, and Rhodes were mythological figures, regarded as wizards and envious deities, whose looks could cause harm.

Matrix Verb	Subordinating Conjunction	Dependent Verb
Present	ἵνα, ὅπως, ὡς	Subjunctive
Future	ἵνα, ὅπως, ὡς	Subjunctive
Perfect	ἵνα, ὅπως, ὡς	Subjunctive

Imperfect	ἵνα, ὅπως, ὡς	Optative
Aorist	ἵνα, ὅπως, ὡς	Optative
Pluperfect	ἵνα, ὅπως, ὡς	Optative

Matrix Verb	Subordinating Conjunction	Dependent Verb
Present	μή, μὴ οὐ	Subjunctive
Future	μή, μὴ οὐ	Subjunctive
Perfect	μή, μὴ οὐ	Subjunctive

Imperfect	μή, μὴ οὐ	Optative
Aorist	μή, μὴ οὐ	Optative
Pluperfect	μή, μὴ οὐ	Optative

Fear Clauses for the Future

Sequence of Moods in Purpose and Fear Clauses for the Future

Matrix (head or main) Verb + ἵνα, ὅπως, ὡς + the Subjunctive or Optative Mood

Matrix (head or main) Verb + μή, μὴ οὐ + the Subjunctive or Optative Mood

Translating the Subjunctive and Optative in Purpose Clauses

Translating the Subjunctive and Optative in Fear Clauses for the Future

Module 40 Practice Translating Purpose and Fear Clauses

Adverbs, Conjunctions, Interjections, Prepositions, and Verbs

Adjectives and Nouns and Pronouns

Module 40 Practice Translating

Adverbs, Conjunctions, Interjections, Prepositions, and Verbs

Adjectives and Nouns and Pronouns

Module 40 Practice Parsing Greek Sentences

Module 40 Top 251–550 Vocabulary to be Memorized

Adjectives and Nouns

Module 40 Reading Morphologically by James Patterson

The Asigmatic Aorist Active Participle

Masculine Nominative Singular

Neuter Nominative Singular

Feminine Nominative Singular

Aorist Middle Participles, Sigmatic and Asigmatic

Module 40 A Synopsis of the Verb

Module 40

The Subjunctive and the Optative in Purpose and Fear Clauses

Module 40 Summary

The Optative and Subjunctive Moods

Purpose Clauses and Fear Clauses for the Future

Purpose Clauses