Administration 12, 14, 36, 40, 41, 43, 84, 96–99, 116, 120, 125, 127, 166, 170, 186, 197, 204, 229
administrative divisions 29, 44, 50, 53, 65, 188–91, 197, 243
Afghanistan 19
Aga (see Buryat) 139, 147, 162, 192
Aggression (Japanese) 185
Aimag 40, 127, 138, 156, 190, 191, 237, 243
Altai Mountain 10, 200, 202, 203, 205
Amur River 62, 67, 68, 87, 89, 97, 99, 101, 103, 104, 107–10
Anderson, Benedict 11, 199, 201
Anthrax 186
Architecture 30, 120, 257, 266 (see also Urbanism)
Argun River 165
Arkhangelsk 185
Army
Chinese 38, 42, 45, 127, 200, 204
Japanese 190
Russian (Imperial) 87
Ataman Semenov 151, 167, 168, 171, 173, 178
natural 37
Baruun Shenehen 191
Bayan-Ölgii 237
Bingtuan (see “Shengchan jianshe bingtuan”)
Biography, life story 114–17, 140, 146, 151, 156, 159, 167, 170, 175, 177, 179
Birobidzhan 104
Blagoveshchensk 87
Boli 伯力(see Khabarovsk) 27
anti-Bolshevik movement 151
language 174
Revolution 6
Border
affective 51
border-crossing infrastructure 8, 30, 78, 193, 235–43
borderlands 1, 2, 6–7, 16, 21, 24, 26, 27, 30, 36, 37, 165, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 180, 205
community 151, 162, 166, 167, 172, 176–81, 183, 184, 187, 188, 192, 194
control, procedures 2, 3, 8, 9, 13, 14, 40, 41, 84, 131, 166, 168, 183, 193, 209, 236, 237, 240, 241
crossing 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 16, 28, 30, 51, 64, 69, 111, 112, 116, 131, 135, 148, 149, 150, 154, 157, 158, 162, 184, 203, 205, 235–41
equipment 8–9, 171, 236, 237, 240, 242
guards 10, 30, 41, 61, 64, 65, 69, 103–05, 108, 131, 162, 167, 175, 191, 208
patrols (see Border guards)
subversion 14–17, 99–110, 148–53
Boundaries
agreements 20
physical 28, 32, 53, 201, 248 (Map 4)
political 20, 21, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 42, 50, 51, 52, 56, 62, 90, 99, 137, 140, 150, 183, 184, 185, 199, 201, 209, 248 (Map 4)
social 30, 39, 47, 49, 51, 53, 141, 169, 191, 199, 205
Bribes 102, 105, 106 (Fig. 2), 131, 132, 203
Buddhism 48, 153, 220, 230 (see also Temple)
Buildings 8, 28, 118, 120, 121, 146, 208, 213, 218, 222, 226, 228, 232, 233, 236, 242 (see also Infrastructure)
Buriad (see Buryat)
Buryat
Agin 139, 153, 154, 155, 157, 159, 161, 162, 186
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 138, 195, 196, 197, 212, 216, 225, 236–38
Barguzin 186
Khorin 186
Selenge 186
Shenehen 11, 140, 143, 144, 146, 149, 152–54, 159, 183–98
Business 9, 26, 78, 102–04, 205
Businessmen 123, 125, 127, 135, 203 (see also Entrepreneurs, Traders)
Caterpillar fungus 冬蟲夏草 (Dongchong xiacao), 202
Catfish 101
Central Asia 14, 19, 58, 172, 173, 184, 220
Ceremony (see Ritual)
Chanjuud 113, 114, 118, 123, 127, 135
Check points 8, 9, 193, 199, 204, 208, 236–43
China (People’s Republic of China) 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19–23, 26–30, 33–53, 55–57, 59, 61–63, 65, 67, 69, 72–75, 77, 78, 80–82, 84–87, 89, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 101–05, 107–14, 121, 123–25, 130, 132, 134, 135, 138, 140, 147, 153, 157–59, 161–63, 165, 167, 168, 171–73, 175, 181, 183–85, 187, 189–96, 198, 200–04, 206, 207, 209, 211, 229, 231, 233, 245 (Map. 1)
territorial claims 19, 20, 23, 27, 82, 184, 186, 207, 229
Chinatowns 84
language 15, 19–32, 34–36, 48, 111, 114, 115, 138, 194
people 10, 11, 15, 16, 34, 35, 37–40, 42–51, 53, 71–87, 89, 94–110, 116, 117, 123–29, 157, 159, 170, 172, 186, 191, 196, 202, 203, 207, 213, 215, 218, 219, 228–33
Chinese Central Television (CCTV) 中国中央电视台, 195
Chinese Eastern Railways (CER) 188, 189, 191
Chinggis Khan (Chingis Khan) 28, 32, 37
Chingis Khan’s Northern Wall 28, 32
Chita 64, 155–57, 161, 162, 168, 180, 189
City 9–11, 28, 33, 34, 63, 87, 92, 111–14, 116–18, 120–35, 155, 168, 202–04, 208, 211–33, 245 (Map 1)
Civil War
Chinese, 52
Russian 6, 16, 64, 87, 148, 149, 171, 173–75, 179–81, 183, 185, 191
Civilisation 7, 16, 37, 55–64, 67, 75, 79, 86, 165 (see also “Border civilisation”)
Clichés (see “Stereotypes”)
Coastal waters 31
Collectivisation 185
Colonialism; colony 50, 51, 79, 94, 98, 105, 161, 166, 168, 169, 178, 200, 212, 213, 226, 227, 230, 233
Colonisation 138, 161, 169, 185
Commodity 13, 78, 100, 106, 112, 113, 118, 123, 192, 213, 230–31
Common pool resources 16, 89–93
Cossacks 6, 9, 11, 16, 61, 64–69, 78, 151, 167–81, 185 (see also Guran)
Cossacks, territorial claims 68, 69
Criminality 21, 82, 94, 96, 97, 105, 175, 176, 193
Chinese, 85
Cultural Revolution 文化大革命 (see Revolution)
Culture 1, 2, 6, 7, 20, 26–31, 43, 47–52, 55, 56, 58, 60–66, 71–74, 77, 79, 84, 87, 129, 135, 140, 141, 143, 148, 152, 161, 163, 165, 166, 169–81, 183–88, 194–97, 199, 205, 208, 221
subcultures, 179
Currency (see Money)
Customs 43, 93, 94, 97, 99, 103, 105, 107, 235–37, 240
Customs duties 66
Customs inspection 193
Customs officials 65
Dahurs (see Dagurs)
Darhad, 220
Daurs (see Dagurs)
Delimitation agreements 19
Demarcation 9, 19, 20, 23, 26, 28, 31, 36, 51, 53, 108, 184, 193, 248 (Map 4)
Demographic
shifts, 20
Demographics, 21, 22, 62, 73, 186
Deng Xiaoping 邓小平 192
Diaspora 72, 73, 137-163, 194, 196
Discrimination (ethnic) 14, 156, 168, 172, 178, 180
Distrust 49
Domination 114, 165, 169, 171, 176, 179, 200, 228, 229
Dongchong xiacao 冬蟲夏草 (see ‘caterpillar fungus’)
Donnan, Hastings 2, 6, 8, 11, 21, 26, 37
East Turkestan Republic (Chinese Turkestan) 165, 200
Education 62, 74, 120, 133, 188, 192, 197, 207
Electricity supply 8, 122, 123, 236, 240
Empires 6, 9, 11, 33-53, 55-70, 73, 77, 99, 162, 169, 184, 185, 228, 229
Encroachment (Chinese) 21, 23, 47
Encroachment (Cossack) 69
Encroachment (Russian) 161
Entrepreneurial attitudes 21
Entrepreneurs (Chinese) 31, 84, 106, 109, 125, 203, 230
Erdentsav 238
Erlian 二连 (see Ereen)
Erlian-Zamyn Üüd Free Trade Zone 11, 112, 114, 115, 126, 134
Ethics (see morality)
Ethnicity 2, 6, 9, 11, 25-27, 35, 39, 40, 42-53, 55, 56, 62, 65, 66, 72, 87, 107, 109, 124, 126, 137, 138, 148, 155, 156, 158, 160-162, 166, 168-176, 178, 186-88, 190, 194-97, 199, 201, 205, 214, 216 (see also Relations)
Evenki 16, 55, 67, 170, 176, 185, 186, 191
Ewenki (see Evenki)
Exile 6, 16, 143-153, 170, 172, 214
Expansion (Asian) 75
Expansion (Chinese) 11, 15, 22, 80, 82, 86
Expansion (demographic) 81, 83, 165, 82, 83
Expansion (Russian) 58, 60, 165
Expansion (territorial) 20, 26, 36
Expansion (urban) 114, 117, 118 (Fig. 4)
Exports 13, 77, 80, 99, 102-08, 113, 231, 239
Farms 101, 155, 157, 189, 192, 201, 204
Fei Xiaotong 费孝通 46
Fences 8, 37, 145, 199, 205-207, 209
Fish (conservation) 95, 97, 102, 104
Fish (species) 31, 96, 98, 99-103
Fish (stocks) 89, 90, 97, 98, 100, 103, 108, 109
Fishermen 16, 90, 94, 95, 96, 100, 101, 103, 104, 107-10
Fishing (equipment) 96, 98, 105
Fishing (exports) 199, 102-105, 107, 108
Fishing (illegal/extralegal) 89-91, 96, 98-103, 105, 106
Fishing (informal) 90-95, 97, 99-107
Fishing industry 95, 96, 101, 104
Fishing practices/activities 89-110
Fishing regulations 93-97, 99, 100
Fishing resources 89-101, 103, 106, 107, 110
Fishing rights 16, 31, 93, 96, 102, 106 (Fig. 2)
Foreign 9, 24, 27, 63, 76, 77, 79, 86, 87, 96, 125, 143, 145, 152, 162, 173, 193, 195, 196, 204, 211-233, 239, 242, 243 (see also Stranger)
Foxes 202
Free-trade zones 99, 111-15, 131, 134-35
Freight 118, 120, 123, 135, 186, 237
Frontier (see borderlands)
FSB (Russian Federal Security Service) 9, 64, 65, 93, 94, 97-99, 103-05, 107
Fu Manchu, Dr 74
Fumintai 福明泰 188
Garmayev, Urzhin 190
Genghis Khan (see Chinggis Khan)
Georgia 212
Ger (see yurt)
Germans (Russian Germans) 194
Ghost 9, 49, 127, 211-14, 230, 233
Glasnost’ (see transparency)
Goldfish 108
GPU (Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie) secret police 149, 151
Great Leap Forward 大跃进 200
Guanxi 关系 208
Guomindang 国民党 200
Hailar 海拉尔 151, 153, 188, 189, 192
Haishenwei 海參崴 (see also Vladivostok), 27
Halh (see Khalkha)
Han (non-Han) 49, 52, 190, 205
Han Chinese 27, 35, 39, 40, 43-47, 53, 123, 124, 126, 200, 202, 205
Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) 38
Han heartland 26
Höhhot 呼和浩特 159
Homeland 16, 49, 77, 125, 137-63, 166, 181, 188, 192, 194, 198, 216, 225
Hometown (see Homeland)
Hong Kong 香港 205
Huaqiao 华侨 22
Hulun Buir 呼伦贝尔 138, 139, 140, 151, 157, 186, 188, 190, 191, 195
Hunters 10, 202, 203, 205, 206
Identity 1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 35, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 55, 66, 140, 159, 161, 163, 166, 169, 170, 172, 174, 187, 194, 200, 205
Identity cards 208
Ideology 16, 36, 37, 56, 57, 62, 64, 74, 76, 80, 83, 156, 158, 168, 190, 194, 195, 209, 221, 232
Ili 伊犁
Illegality (see Law)
Imagination 10, 11, 19-32, 37, 38, 46, 53, 56, 60, 67, 69, 83, 86, 99, 138, 148, 151, 162, 169, 177, 199-201, 205-07, 209, 214, 220, 221, 226
Imports 13, 80, 91, 106, 123, 192, 193, 231, 239
Indigenous minorities 30, 55, 66, 67, 77, 99, 102, 105, 106 (Fig. 2), 139, 166-71, 175, 176, 179, 181
Industrial goods (see commodity)
Infrastructure (border-crossing) 8, 30, 78, 193, 235-43
Infrastructure (social/urban) 112, 117, 120, 123, 209, 212, 213, 215, 222, 223, 232
Infrastructure (transport) 118
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 内蒙古自治区 29, 34, 35, 40, 42, 44-46, 49, 50, 52, 123-25, 129, 132, 138, 139, 152, 153, 157-59, 163, 180, 187-90, 195-98
Inner Mongolia TV 内蒙古电视台 (NMTV), 195
Internet 28, 93, 94, 120, 161, 180, 212, 225-27
Iwashita, Akihiro 71
Japan; Japanese 6, 34, 44, 45, 46, 50, 71, 84, 85, 87, 126
militarism 6, 74, 75, 84, 146, 167, 172, 175, 185, 189, 190, 191
Jin Dynasty (1115–1234) 28, 47
Jurisdiction (see Law)
Kanas Lake Nature Reserve 喀纳斯湖 201
Kashgar 喀什 208
Kazakhstan 10, 19, 31, 68, 150, 168, 172, 186, 192, 200, 201, 204, 205, 207, 212
Khalkha (Khalkh) 38, 39, 40, 48, 137, 156, 159, 225, 230
Khamnigans 186
Khorgos 霍尔果斯 203
Khövsgöl 238
Kindergarten (see School)
Kinship 16, 124, 125–26, 137–63, 177, 186, 191, 214
KMT (see Guomindang)
Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) 14, 19, 105
workforce 77
Kuomintang (see Guomindang)
Labour camps 189
Lama (see Buddhism)
Law 7–10, 12–14, 16, 20, 21, 37, 64, 65, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 89–110, 107, 111, 124, 130–31, 141, 148, 150, 158, 165–66, 169, 173, 175, 186, 189, 201, 203, 205–08, 225, 240, 241 (see also Fishing, Market, Migration, Mining, Settlement, Trade)
Legality (see Law)
Legend 75, 146, 147, 168, 173–77, 179–81, 220
Lena River 169
Life story (see Biography) 114–17, 140, 146, 151, 156, 159, 167, 170, 175, 177, 179
Loss
of revenues 90 (see also Poverty)
of territory 22, 78, 84, 143, 161, 165
Manchuria 5, 24, 36, 47, 49, 58, 61, 167, 170, 176, 180, 189, 190, 192, 228
Manchus 10, 34, 36, 38–52, 55, 67–69, 186, 190, 228, 229, 232,
Mankurt 195
Manzhouli 满洲里 9, 28, 157, 245 (Map 1)
Mao Zedong 毛泽东 45
Maps 11, 26, 36, 62, 112, 116–17, 118, 123, 129, 162, 199–202, 206, 207, 212, 215, 225
Maritime Region (see Primorskii Krai)
Market
economy 57, 79–81, 91, 100, 106, 109, 193, 201
Markets 26, 117, 120, 125, 193, 222 (see also Shops)
Marriage 6, 83, 84, 123, 149, 169, 171, 187, 188, 192, 195, 202
Marriage (intermarriage) 6, 83, 84, 123, 169, 171, 202
Memory 41, 47, 49, 72, 112, 137–63, 166, 173, 174, 178–80, 184, 188, 214, 220–28, 230–31, 233
Mengguguo 蒙古国 29
Migrant
phobia 72–74, 76, 87 (see also Stereotypes)
Migrants 12, 14, 22, 72, 82, 123, 124, 125, 128, 158, 166, 170, 171, 172, 197
Buryat 16, 143, 145, 147, 148, 155, 157, 161, 162, 187, 195
Chinese 20, 22, 47, 71–87, 117, 124, 205
Cossack 168, 170, 171, 172, 179, 180
Korean 73
Mongolian 113, 116, 117, 124, 125
temporary-permanent 113, 117, 123, 125, 131, 135
workers (Chinese) 20, 22, 47, 71–87
Migration 13, 72, 77, 80, 138, 139, 142, 148, 168 (see also Law, Refugee)
Buryat 139, 147, 161, 183–98, 246
creeping 84
cross-border 71, 183–98 (see also Border crossing)
pre-revolutionary 22
routes 139, 246 (Map 2), 247 (Map 3)
seasonal/pendulum 73, 80, 125, 141, 147 (see also Nomadism)
Military (see Army)
Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) 27, 29, 37, 38, 44
Mining 31, 78, 211, 215, 218, 233
diamonds 91
gold 91
licences 220
Mistrust (see “Distrust”)
Modernity 9, 26, 30, 36, 37, 42–44, 51, 74, 113, 120, 162, 165, 166, 179, 181, 190, 202, 206, 207, 220–24, 227, 232, 242
Modernisation 171, 174, 177, 188, 192, 194, 239, 243
Money 78, 106, 112, 123, 125, 127, 128, 131, 133, 147, 201–04, 231
Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party 188, 189
Mongolian tribes 28, 40, 42, 48
Mongols
Morality 38, 49, 51, 66, 67, 82, 91, 104, 154, 155, 181, 195, 231
Mosques, 208
Mountain(s) 10, 33, 34, 39, 64, 75, 145, 146, 149, 168, 200, 202, 203, 204, 206, 236
Mungen Shuluun 191
Myanmar 19
Naimaachin 113–18, 123, 127, 135
Nation 7–11, 13–16, 20–23, 26–31, 33–38, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 50, 51, 53, 55–57, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 68, 71, 75, 80–83, 86, 90, 92, 93, 97, 98, 105, 106, 110, 135, 137, 140, 142, 143, 147, 148, 150, 152, 155, 159, 161–63, 165, 166, 169, 171–79, 181, 183–86, 190, 193–95, 199–202, 205–07, 209, 212, 219, 236, 237, 240–42
National airspace 31
Nationalism 6, 16, 27, 36, 39, 40, 42–48, 50–53, 58, 62, 63, 70, 75, 196, 200–02, 206, 207, 209, 210, 214, 229
Buryat 196
Chinese 27, 36, 39, 44, 45, 50, 52, 53, 75
Mongolian 39, 42, 45, 48, 50, 229
Russian 58,
Neimenggu 内蒙古, 29
Neo-Eurasianism (see “Eurasianism”)
Nepal 19
Nomad
encampment, 142, 144, 145, 148, 163, 184, 185
nomadic empires, 37
nomadic invasions, 37
Nomadism 113, 141, 147, 148, 152, 169, 184, 232 (n. 10)
Nomads 39, 41, 46, 53, 123, 137, 144, 168, 170, 184
Nostalgia 67, 142, 183, 192, 224–26
Nutag 49, 138, 141–47, 150, 153, 156–59, 161–63
Nutag (see also Homeland)
Oboo (cairn) 24, 40, 41, 50, 141, 145, 146
Oirad 40
Opium War (1839–1842) 36
Ovoo (see Oboo)
Pakistan 19
Passport 13, 125, 127, 131, 172, 207
Pastoralism 192, 194, 195, 198
Patrols 9, 16, 40, 41, 65, 148–50, 199, 203–06, 212 (see also Border guards)
“Peaceful Rise” 和平崛起 20
Phobia 72–76, 80, 82, 86, 87, 108
Chinese 25, 77, 89, 98, 107, 108
Russian 98
Population 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 34, 35, 39, 46, 50, 55, 56, 63, 64, 65, 69, 75, 77–87, 99, 101, 103, 107, 109, 168, 169, 177, 189, 190, 207, 211–32
Postsocialism 6, 81, 137, 179, 224
Poverty 92, 114, 134, 231 (see also Loss of revenues)
Power 6, 11, 13, 22, 30, 36, 37, 41, 43, 44, 51, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63, 67, 75, 87, 109, 110, 113, 114, 133, 142, 144, 145, 171, 177, 180, 181, 183, 184, 186, 187, 213, 220
Power stations 90, 122, 123, 236
Propaganda 76, 170–75, 178, 179, 181, 201, 207, 228, 229, 232
Purity 9, 16, 34, 59, 67, 72, 157, 178, 180
Putin, Vladimir 63
Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) 5, 9, 10, 20, 35–36, 38–51, 53, 165, 184, 186, 200, 228, 229
Racial discourse; race; racism 6, 10, 72–75, 82–86, 167, 169, 170, 173, 180
Railways 8, 78, 111, 115, 117, 120, 121, 126, 127, 186, 188, 212, 215, 219, 236–38 (see also Chinese Eastern Railway)
Reclamation (of land), 201
Refugees 14, 47, 72, 85, 139, 145, 172, 186, 188, 194
Relations
border 19
cross-border 9, 71, 127, 211, 214, 233
gender 114
interethnic 11, 59, 63, 71–89, 155, 174, 214, 215, 229, 232, 233 (see also Ethnicity)
international 20, 36, 63, 71, 155, 157, 165, 185, 186, 189, 211, 235, 239, 243
power 114
social 125, 139, 142, 150, 156, 158, 171, 177, 183, 188, 194, 196, 198
Religion 48, 51, 67, 68, 79, 91, 168, 172, 178–80, 220
Renminbi (RMB) 人民币 (see Money)
Repatriation 6, 11, 158, 177, 192, 195, 213
Resettlements 72, 168, 195, 197
Resolution (of disputes) 19, 26, 241
Resources
common pool 16,
Revolution
Bolshevik 6
Cultural Revolution 文化大革命 6, 28, 49, 52, 172, 189, 191, 192
Mongolian People’s 188
Rinchino Elbegdorj 188
Ritual 9, 16, 47, 67, 123, 137–63, 173–77, 180, 195, 207, 208, 214, 230, 231 (see also Funeral practices)
Road networks 8, 64, 78, 111, 113, 121, 123, 193, 203, 204, 208, 218, 236–42
Rosgranitsa (Russian Federal Agency for the Development of the State Border) 237, 240, 242
Rumours 20, 221, 213, 219, 224, 229, 230
Russia, Tsarist 56, 166, 168, 169, 175, 200
Russian
language 15, 19–31, 63, 138, 204, 215
people 38, 49, 50, 56, 57, 59, 61, 64–69, 72, 75, 77–80, 83, 86, 89–110, 144, 156, 157, 161, 162, 167, 169–81, 185, 186, 192, 197, 211–14, 218–21, 224–33
Federation 56, 65, 90, 93, 95, 96, 211, 235–37, 240–42
Orthodoxy 28, 58, 66–68, 80, 169, 172
-Japanese War 87
Chum 101
Satellite image 8, 9, 28, 115, 119
Sayan Mountain Range 236
School 76, 113, 120, 172, 178, 192, 195, 212, 216, 222, 223, 225, 226
Sea of Okhotsk 27
Security 14, 63, 65, 69, 77, 97, 109, 185, 204, 208, 209
Selenge
Aimag 238
Buryats 186
River 236
Semenov, Ataman 151, 167, 168, 171, 173, 178
Semenovtsy 173, 175, 177, 179, 180
Settlement
by Buryats 139, 145, 146, 159, 194, 195, 197
by Cossacks 64
by illegal migrants 83
of claims (see Resolution)
Sex industry (see Prostitution)
Shamanism 16, 148, 149, 151, 170, 230, 231
Shanghai 上海, 205
Shanghai Five 192
Shenehen (see Buryat Shenehen, Baruun Shenehen, Shenehen Zuun)
Shenehen Zuun 191
Shengchan jianshe bingtuan 生产建设兵团 200, 201, 204
Shops 117, 118, 120, 125, 129, 178, 193, 208, 212, 213, 216, 229
sex shops 129
Shuangchengzi 双城子 (see also Ussuriisk) 27
Siberia 21, 27, 40, 61, 79, 83, 86, 87, 138, 158, 162, 166, 168, 169, 170, 173, 174, 185, 192, 198, 228, 236
Eastern 138, 151, 158, 162, 166
Outer 165
Sino-Soviet
split 28, 46, 63, 83, 184, 200, 229
Smuggling 7, 64, 77, 91, 94, 97–99, 102, 103, 193
Song Dynasty (960–1279) 38, 47
Songs 64, 67, 69, 150, 151, 157, 162, 229
Sovereignty 14, 40, 51, 71, 75, 81, 97, 191, 201, 212
Soviet
government 22, 28, 45, 46, 183, 185, 215, 220
army (see Army)
period 64, 73, 83, 87, 99, 100, 154, 180
prisons 149–51, 153, 172, 189, 190
secret police 146
Union 5, 19, 30, 37, 56, 57, 58, 68, 137, 143, 146, 152, 154, 156, 157, 165–67, 171, 172, 174, 176, 177, 179–81, 188–91, 193, 201, 209, 212, 215, 216, 225, 226, 232
-Mongolian friendship 154, 155
Spirits 16, 141, 144–46, 148, 149, 196, 231
State (see Nation)
Steppe Dumas 185
Stereotypes 10, 11, 72, 73, 85, 92, 174, 175, 178, 229 (see also Race, see also Rumours)
Stranger 37, 49, 72, 85, 214 (see also Foreign)
Sturgeon 101, 104, 108 (see also Fish)
Symbols 37, 38, 45, 61, 69, 70, 74, 75, 76, 80, 133, 134, 142, 143, 144, 146, 150, 155, 168, 171, 176, 177, 180, 181, 201, 209, 212, 213
symbolic
transactions 144
Taiwan 台湾 27
Tang Dynasty (618–907)38
Tariffs 192
Tatar tribes 28
Tax (collections) 131, 185, 228
Taxi drivers 120, 125, 126, 130, 204, 205, 208
Television 62, 81, 92, 123, 166, 195, 201, 207
Temple 146, 160, 192, 208, 220
Territorial claims 20, 23, 27, 68, 69, 82, 84, 184, 186, 198, 207, 229
Territorialisation 26
Tian Shan 天山 200
Tibet 西藏 207
Tibetan monks 48 (see also Lama)
Tögrög (see Money)
Tourism 30, 35, 113, 114, 134, 135, 202, 205, 243
Trade
cross-border 9, 11, 16, 19, 64, 68, 159, 192, 193, 201, 207, 231
illegal and extralegal 65, 102, 202, 203, 219, 221
informal 7, 104, 111, 213, 219, 221
international 7, 45, 69, 201, 231, 239, 242, 243
retail 78, 80, 113, 118, 125, 135, 230–32, 243
suitcase; itinerant; shuttle 111, 113, 114, 118, 127, 192
wholesale 113, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123, 129, 135, 218, 243
turnover 239
Traders
Chinese 16, 31, 77, 125, 213, 230–32
Mongolian 111, 116 (Fig. 3), 118, 123, 125, 126, 135
Traffic
cargo, goods 235, 239, 240, 241
Tragedy of Accessibility (see “Tragedy of the Commons”)
“Tragedy of the Commons” 89, 90, 93, 110
Train (see Railways)
Transparency (policy of transparency), 211
Transport
public 222
road 125–27, 156, 193, 240, 241, 243
Tsarist Russia (see Russia)
Tsydypov, Tsyden-Eshe 188
Turpan 吐鲁番 203
Uda River 27
Ulaanbaatar 115, 127, 135, 159, 180, 213, 223, 230
Ulkhun 238
Ungern-Sternberg, Baron 87, 167
Urbanism 112, 116–23, 177 (see also Architecture)
Urga (Ulaanbaatar) 188
USSR (see Soviet Union)
Uzbekistan 212
Verkhny Ulkhun 238
Veterinary control 102, 105, 241
Violence 6, 33, 37, 42, 46, 50, 74, 77, 108, 134, 173, 227
Visa regime 13, 14, 104, 113, 125, 192
Wall (see Fence, Great Wall)
War
Chinese Civil War, 52
Opium War (1839–1842), 36
Russian Civil War 6, 16, 64, 87, 148, 149, 171, 173–75, 179–81, 183, 185, 191
Russian-Japanese 87
World War II 69, 139, 151, 178, 185, 190, 215
Water
Website (see Internet)
Wedding 159
Willow Palisade 10, 32, 33–36, 39, 45–47, 50, 53
Wilson, Thomas M. 2, 6, 8, 11, 21, 26, 37
X-ray inspection systems 242
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 新疆维吾尔自治区, 24, 30, 53, 129, 199, 200, 202, 203, 205–08
Yakub Beg 200
“Yellow Peril” 11, 73–78, 81–87
Yunnan Province 云南, 205
Yurt, 114, 115, 131–34, 142, 144, 145
Zabaikalsk 28, 139, 236, 237, 238
Zavkhan 237
zheltoschyok (Elopichthys bambusa), 100, 101
Zhunghar Mongols 200