Contributing authors: Bronwen Powell, Celine Termote, Amy Ickowitz, Katja Kehlenbeck, Barbara Vinceti, Nathalie van Vliet, Gudrun Keding, Barbara Stadlmayr, Patrick Van Damme, Sammy Carsan, Terry Sunderland, Mary Njenga, Amos Gyau, Paolo Cerutti, Jolien Schure, Christophe Kouame, Beatrice Darko Obiri, Daniel Ofori, Bina Agarwal, Henry Neufeldt, Ann Degrande and Anca Serban

2.1

2.2

Food Security and Nutrition

31

2.3

The Direct Roles of Forests and Tree-based Systems

34

2.3.1

Foods Provided by Forests and Tree-based Systems

34

2.3.2

Dietary Choices, Access to Resources and Behavioural Change

41

2.4

The Indirect Roles of Forests and Tree-based Systems

43

2.4.1

Income and other Livelihood Opportunities

43

2.4.2

Provision of Ecosystem Services

2.5

3

The Historical, Environmental and Socio-economic Context of Forests and Tree-based Systems for Food Security and Nutrition

73

Coordinating lead author: John A. Parrotta

Lead authors: Jennie Dey de Pryck, Beatrice Darko Obiri, Christine Padoch, Bronwen Powell and Chris Sandbrook

Contributing authors: Bina Agarwal, Amy Ickowitz, Katy Jeary, Anca Serban, Terry Sunderland and Tran Nam Tu

3.1

Introduction

74

3.2

Forests and Tree-based Systems: An Overview

76

3.2.1

Historical Overview and the Role of Traditional Knowledge

76

3.2.2

Managed Forests, Woodlands and Parklands

78

3.2.3

Shifting Cultivation Systems

80

3.2.4

Agroforestry Systems

85

3.2.5

Single-species Tree Crop Production Systems

89

3.3

The Influence of Forest Landscape Configuration Management and Use on Food Security and Nutrition

96

3.3.1

Interactions between Landscape Components

96

3.3.2

The Influence of Landscape Use and Management of Forests and Tree-Based Systems on Nutrition

99

3.4

The Socio-economic Organisation of Forests and Tree-based Systems

102

3.4.1

Introduction

102

3.4.2

Land, Tree and Related Natural Resource Tenure

103

3.4.3

Gender, Rights to Land and Trees, and Food Security

107

3.4.4

Human Capital, Control and Decision-making in Forests and
Tree-based Systems

110

3.4.5

Financial Capital and Credit: Using and Investing in Forests and Trees

3.5

4

Drivers of Forests and Tree-based Systems for Food Security and Nutrition

137

Coordinating lead author: Daniela Kleinschmit

Lead authors: Bimbika Sijapati Basnett, Adrian Martin, Nitin D. Rai and Carsten Smith-Hall

Contributing authors: Neil M. Dawson, Gordon Hickey, Henry Neufeldt, Hemant R. Ojha and Solomon Zena Walelign

4.1

Introduction

138

4.2

Environmental Drivers

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

5

Response Options Across the Landscape

183

Coordinating lead author: Terry Sunderland

Lead authors: Frédéric Baudron, Amy Ickowitz, Christine Padoch, Mirjam Ros-Tonen, Chris Sandbrook and Bhaskar Vira

Contributing authors: Josephine Chambers, Elizabeth Deakin, Samson Foli, Katy Jeary, John A. Parrotta, Bronwen Powell, James Reed, Sarah Ayeri Ogalleh, Henry Neufeldt and Anca Serban

5.1

Introduction

184

5.2

The Role of Landscape Configurations

187

5.2.1

Temporal Dynamics within Landscapes

187

5.2.2

Trade-offs and Choices at the Landscape Scale

188

5.3

Land Sparing and Land Sharing

190

5.4

Landscapes and Localised Food Systems

192

5.5

“Nutrition-sensitive” Landscapes

5.6

5.7

6

Public Sector, Private Sector and Socio-cultural Response Options

211

Coordinating lead author: Henry Neufeldt

Lead authors: Pablo Pacheco, Hemant R. Ojha, Sarah Ayeri Ogalleh, Jason Donovan
and Lisa Fuchs

Contributing authors: Daniela Kleinschmit, Patti Kristjanson, Godwin Kowero,
Vincent O. Oeba and Bronwen Powell

6.1

Introduction

212

6.2

Governance Responses to Enhance Linkages between Forests and Tree-based Systems and Food Security and Nutrition

6.2.1

6.2.2

6.2.3

Decentralisation and Community Participation in Forest Management

216

6.2.4

Regulating Markets

218

6.2.5

Catalysing Governance Reform

220

6.3

Private Sector-driven Initiatives for Enhancing Governance in Food Systems

221

6.3.1

Introduction

221

6.3.2

The Challenges of Sustainability and Inclusiveness in Food Supply

222

6.3.3

Global Initiatives to Support Sustainable Finance and Supply

224

6.3.4

Emerging Corporate Sustainability Initiatives

227

6.3.5

“Hybrid” Models for Sustainable and Inclusive Supply

229

6.4

Socio-cultural Response Options

232

6.4.1

Introduction

232

6.4.2

Changing Urban Demand

232

6.4.3

Behaviour Change and Education to Improve Dietary Choices

234

6.4.4

Reducing Inequalities and Promoting Gender-responsive Interventions and Policies

235

6.4.5

Social Mobilisation for Food Security

6.5

7

Coordinating lead author: Bhaskar Vira

Lead authors: Ramni Jamnadass, Daniela Kleinschmit, Stepha McMullin, Stephanie Mansourian, Henry Neufeldt, John A. Parrotta, Terry Sunderland and Christoph Wildburger

7.1

Forests and Trees Matter for Food Security and Nutrition

255

7.2

Governing Multi-functional Landscapes for Food Security and Nutrition

256

7.3

The Importance of Secure Tenure and Local Control

257

7.4

Reimagining Forests and Food Security

258