Contents
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Editors’ Note |
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Preface |
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1. |
Why Another Book? |
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A ‘phantom limb’: the Ottoman Empire and the Revolution |
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The Parthenon and its Meanings |
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The Structure of This Book |
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2. |
The Place |
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Ottoman Athens |
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Haseki’s Wall and Siege Warfare |
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Athens and its Fortifications at the Time of the Revolution |
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Views and Maps of the Acropolis Before and During the Revolution |
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Places of Worship and Greek Cultural Heritage |
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A Changing View of the Classical Past |
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The Philhellenes and Their Influence |
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The Acropolis as a Symbol of a New Greek Identity |
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The Ecosystem of the Acropolis Before the Revolution |
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3. |
The People |
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Population |
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Government and Leadership |
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Life for Christians and Muslims in Athens |
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Cooperation between Christians and Muslims |
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Clothing |
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Farming, Diet and Health |
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Ethnic Minorities and Slavery in Athens |
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The Residents of the Acropolis |
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4. |
The Encounter |
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Classically-Educated Visitors |
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Recovering the Ancient World through Meursius and Pausanius |
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Visitors to Athens in the Long Eighteenth Century |
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The ‘Franks’ of Athens and Elgin’s Acquisitions |
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The Treatment of Ancient Objects Before the Revolution |
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Travelling to Athens and Viewing the Acropolis: Representations of the Experience |
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Recording the Visit |
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Providentialism and the Ancient Monuments of Athens |
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5. |
Communities, Real and Imagined |
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6. |
The Evidence |
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Visual Display and its Uses |
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Ottoman Attitudes and Policies |
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Communication Difficulties during the Revolution |
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The Ottoman Perspective |
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7. |
The New Science and its Enemies. |
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A Tiny Republic of Letters: Spon, Wheler, Vernon and Eastcote |
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Objects, Stone Inscriptions and Artifacts: What They Could Tell |
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Reading versus Observation: Contested Ways of Seeing |
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Controlling the Narrative: The Counter-Scientific Backlash |
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8. |
Towards a Practical Theory of History |
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The Role of Topography and Climate in History |
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Telling Histories, Constructing Narratives |
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The Stories and the Place: Athens and its Relationship to the History-Makers |
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‘Living Inscriptions’: Custom as a Form of Ancient Knowledge |
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9. |
Romanticism and its Rhetorics |
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Romantic Aesthetics and the Place of the Parthenon |
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Walter Pater and the Western Romantic Aesthetic |
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Venerating Pheidias: Attitudes Towards the Ancient Sculptor |
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Romanticism versus Reality |
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10. |
The Choices |
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Safe Against Siege: Finding the Water Fountain |
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11. |
The Siege of 1826 and 1827 |
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12. |
The Surrender |
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13. |
The Last Days of Ottoman Athens |
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14. |
The Living |
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15. |
The Dead |
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16. |
‘The World had need of them’ |
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17. |
The Secret |
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18. |
The Bargain |
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19. |
The Silence |
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20. |
The Stories |
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21. |
Which Pasts, which Futures? |
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‘I confess I felt ashamed of it’: Changing Attitudes to the Removal of Antiquities |
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Understanding the Parthenon’s Engineering |
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Nineteenth-Century Excavations: Creating ‘the true Athens’ |
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The Frankish Tower: An Inconvenient History |
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A New Past and a New Future |
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22. |
Still a Dark Heritage |
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‘[L]ike a cannon ball fired from the Areopagus against the Acropolis’: Paul and Classical Heritage |
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The Areopagus as a New Place of Pilgrimage |
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Christian Providentialism and the Ancient Monuments |
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The Debates on Mars’ Hill: Christianity in Flux |
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23. |
Whose Parthenon? |
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The German Army in Athens: A Display of Conquest |
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Hellenism and Ideologies of Racial Purity |
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‘Men like ourselves’: Competing Claims to Ancient Heritage |
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24. |
The Parthenon in our Time |
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The Acropolis Museum: Understanding at the Monument Today |
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25. |
Heritage |
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Appendix A: The Firman Obtained by Lord Elgin in 1801 and Related Documents |
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1. |
The Firman of 1801 |
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2. |
The Firman of 1805, Instigated by Fauvel and Maréchal Brune, the French Ambassador, that Put a Stop to the Removal of Pieces of the Parthenon from the Building |
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3. |
The Proposal to Seize the Sequestrated Antiquities |
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4. |
Documents Relating to the Obtaining of a Firman that Allowed the Export of the Sequestrated Antiquities |
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5. |
The Ottoman Side of the Correspondence on the Release from Sequestration |
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6. |
The Sale of the Elgin Collection to the British State in 1816 |
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7. |
Note on the Phrase ‘Elgin Marbles’ |
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Appendix B: The Firman of 1821 |
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1. |
Lord Strangford, British Ambassador to Foreign Secretary Lord Londonderry |
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2. |
Lord Strangford, British Ambassador, to Foreign Secretary Lord Londonderry. |
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3. |
Sir William Gell’s Sardonic Comment |
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4. |
Confirmation from Ottoman Archives |
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5. |
Rev. Robert Walsh’s Account, 1836 |
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Appendix C: The Intercepted Letters of the Ottoman Military Commander (‘Seraskier’) Reşid Mehmed Pasha, Often Known as Kiutahi or Reschid |
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1. |
Letter Sent to Stratford Canning, Unsigned but Almost Certainly Obtained from a Member of the Provisional Greek Government |
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2. |
Samuel Howe’s Version, Printed in 1828 |
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3. |
Thomas Gordon’s Version, First Printed in 1832 |
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4. |
Thomas Gordon on the ‘trumpery’ Firman |
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Appendix D: The Firman of 1826 and Other Primary Documents Relating to the Preservation of the Ancient Monuments of Athens Issued by the Ottoman Government |
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1. |
Stratford Canning to Foreign Secretary George Canning, His Cousin, in London, Constantinople, June 6th 1826 |
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2. |
Stratford Canning to Reschid, then Seraskier (Ottoman Army Commander-in-Chief in Greece), 4 June 1826 |
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3. |
Stratford Canning Reports his Success to the Foreign Secretary, 30 September 1826 |
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4. |
Copy of Reschid’s Letter of Reply to Canning, Received in Constantinople c.25 September 1826 |
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5. |
Reschid to Count Guilleminot, French Ambassador, 19 August 1826 |
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6. |
Reschid to the Ottoman Government, 23 August 1826 |
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7. |
Notes on the Monuments of Athens by the Grand Vizier and by Sultan Mahmoud II |
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8. |
Extract from the Summary by the Grand Vizier, Undated |
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9. |
Report of James Emerson, Who Was in Athens in July 1825, in a Book Published Early in 1826 |
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10. |
Stratford Canning tells Captain Hamilton, Commander of the British Naval Squadron, that He Has in Mind to Try to Buy What Remained of the Frieze of the Parthenon and of the Caryatids from the Greek Revolutionaries If They Choose to Destroy the Buildings as an Act of Immolation, 11 June 1826 |
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11. |
The Greek Forces Besieged in the Acropolis in 1826–1827 Threaten to Destroy the Ancient Monuments as Part of a Last Stand |
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12. |
Secret Letter from Stratford Canning to Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston, 9 August 1832, Marking the Start of a Radical Shift in British Policy from Unofficial Support for the Greeks to Active Support for the Ottoman Empire Against Egypt, Nominally a Province of the Empire, and Russia |
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13. |
Stratford Canning to his Wife: Personal Remarks on the Monuments and Lord Elgin, Dated from Athens 16 January 1832 |
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Appendix E: Primary Contemporary Documents Recording the Views of those Who Opposed the Greek Revolution |
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1. |
Lord Strangford, British Ambassador, to Foreign Secretary Lord Londonderry, 25 May 1822 |
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2. |
Institution of Slavery: The Fate of the Women and Boys Captured at the Fall of Missolonghi by the Ottoman and Egyptian forces in 1826 |
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3. |
A Local Account |
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4. |
Report of his Meeting with Reschid, Then the Ottoman Seraskier (Commander-in-Chief) in Mainland Greece, in a Letter from William Meyer, British Consul-General in Preveza, to the Secretary to the British High Commissioner in the Ionian Islands, 12 April 1828 |
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5. |
Letter from the Patriarch of Constantinople Urging the Insurgents to Return to Obedience to the Sultan |
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6. |
Patriarch’s Encyclical Letter, c.June 1827, at Almost the Same Time as the Three Powers Were Concluding the Treaty of London Agreeing to Resort to Military Force. |
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Appendix F: Four Local Descriptions of Athens from the Long Millennium |
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1. |
‘A Relation of the Antiquities of Athens’ |
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2. |
‘About Attica’ |
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3. |
‘Theatres and Schools of Athens’, Sometimes Known as ‘Anonymous of 1460’ First Published in the Nineteenth Century, Now First Translated into English |
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4. |
Two Letters from Synesius of Cyrene to his Brother, c.395 |
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Bibliography |
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Manuscripts and pictures |
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List of Illustrations |
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Index |
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